UPatrick Bond
In
EZimbabwe, uMongameli uRobert Mugabe ubonakala ngathi uphumle kwingqondo yakhe,
nto leyo eyayinokubangela ukuba ilizwe lakhe elizizigidi ezili-12 lingene kwimfazwe yamakhaya. Yintoni le
inento yokwenza noqhanqalazo lwaphakathi ku-Epreli oluchasene neBhanki yeHlabathi kunye neHlabathi
INgxowa-mali yeMali?
Iyabhidisa,
UMugabe uyagqwesa kwi-IMF-bashing, exelela abasebenzi beNgxowa-mali ukuba "Vala
phezulu!" ngasekupheleni konyaka ophelileyo. Kodwa ukusukela kwinkululeko ngo-1980 ukuya kuthi ga ngoku, uye
walilandela icebiso labo ngokungasileliyo. Ewe, kwiminyaka nje emihlanu eyadlulayo, iZimbabwe yayinjalo
"Ibali lempumelelo" elitsha laseWashington, njengoko iHarare yamkele
imigaqo-nkqubo yezoqoqosho ekhuthazwa yiBhanki kunye nababolekisi be-IMF, kwaye yaqhutywa ngokubambisana
ukuzilolonga emkhosini kunye nePentagon.
izinto
yawa ngokukhawuleza. Oonozakuzaku bamaZantsi eAfrika banikina iintloko zabo
Udano ngenxa yezithembiso zikaMugabe ezihlehlisile ngokukhawuleza zangoLwesihlanu-enze kuThabo
UMbeki kunye nezinye iinkokheli zasekhaya-ukuthomalalisa intetho yobuhlanga, ukubuyisela umva umhlaba
Ukuhlaselwa kweefama ezimhlophe ezili-1,000, kunye nokulungisa imicimbi yemali kunye neBrits,
I-IMF kunye noorhulumente abanikelayo.
Is
UMugabe waphambuka, okanye endaweni yoko wadlala ingqiqo ebuhlungu ngokuyinxalenye yeyakhe
ukwenza, kodwa kunyanzeliswe ngokuyinxenye ukusuka phezulu? Ngaphantsi kwesoyikiso sokwenene sokulahlekelwa
ipalamente kwiMovement for Democratic Change ekhokelwa ngabasebenzi kunyulo oluzayo,
ubhenela kwi-authoritarian populism: egg kumawaka ambalwa abahlaseli bomhlaba
ukubuyisela iinkumbulo zomzabalazo weRhodesian 1965-80, a
Ngexesha apho iZimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) imele ngokwenene
intshukumo edumileyo ezinikele ekubuyiseleni umva ubunini bomhlaba obungamathanga.
Kunjalo
kwangethuba, ababukeli beZANU babona iingxaki ezimbini ezinkulu: eyombutho
umgangatho wodidi kunye nolungelelwaniso olunokubakho kwinkunzi yangaphandle.
Kwezopolitiko
Isazinzulu uRudi Murapa (ongumongameli ngoku weYunivesithi yaseAfrika, eZimbabwe
okwesibini ngobukhulu) wabhala ngo-1977 ngomanyano phakathi "kwezopolitiko
ubunkokheli be-petit-bourgeois obunebhongo, i-proletariat exhomekeke kwaye ephelelwe lithemba kunye
baxhatshazwe ngokungenalusini kwaye ngokusisiseko abangabalimi."
yaqikelelwa
Murapa, โEmva kwenkululeko yesizwe, ubunkokeli be-petit-bourgeois bungakwazi
lahla umanyano lwabasebenzi kunye nabalimi kwaye uphume njengomthetho omtsha
iklasi ngokufumana iminyinyiva ethile evela kwinkunzi yangaphandle neyasekhaya kwaye, ngo
inyani, ukwenza umanyano olutsha kunye nale mikhosi baya kuyidinga ukuba bahlale kuyo
amandla. Ewe kunjalo, ukuzibophelela komlomo, iKenya, kubantu abaninzi, kuya kuba njalo
yenziwe."
Zi ngxelo
ukuba iZANU "ithengisiwe" iyathetheleleka, ngokobuchwephesha-ayinikezelwanga kuphela
Ukunyuka ngokuthe ngcembe kurhwaphilizo, kodwa into yokuba uninzi lomhlaba kunye nobunye ubutyebi
yasasazwa ngokutsha ukusukela ngo-1980 iye kubahlobo hayi kwinkitha-kodwa inzulu
awanelisiyo. Kuza kuphinda kuthethwe neAfrican National Congress, njengoko kwakunjalo
eZambia kaKenneth Kaunda ngokunjalo nendlalifa yakhe uFrederick Chiluba.
kunjalo,
ukuhlasela ukufumana i-petit-bourgeois-ekwakhuthaza abamhlophe
Abantu baseZimbabwe bahluthe umhlaba kunye nokusebenza kwabantu bakowabo ukuqala ngo-1890โumngcipheko
ukujongela phantsi umba wesibini: indima yoxinzelelo lwezimali kwihlabathi.
Kanye
Izohlwayo ezichasene neRhodesia zemali zasuswa, iZimbabwe yenza ukhetho olubi lomgaqo-nkqubo
kwaye wanikezela kwi-armtwist yiWashington. Umphathiswa wezemali uBernard Chidzero
(owathi kamva waba ngusihlalo we-IMF/iKomiti yoPhuhliso lweBhanki) waboleka imali eninzi
ekuqaleni, ukubala ukuba imbuyekezo-eyayifuna i-16% yemivuzo yokuthumela ngaphandle
Ngo-1983-ingaba, wagxininisa, "yehla kakhulu de siqikelele ukuba iya kuba
malunga ne-4% kwiminyaka embalwa ezayo. "
The
Umbolekisi ophambili, iBhanki yeHlabathi, yavumelana ngelithi: โUmlinganiselo wenkonzo yamatyala kufuneka
ziqale ukwehla emva ko-1984 nokuba kukho izixa ezikhulu ezongezelelweyo zangaphandle
ukuboleka." Oku kwakulingana kwezoqoqosho ne-sucker-punch, kwi
Ngokwenyani, ukubonelelwa kwamatyala eZimbabwe kuye kwanda ukuya kutsho kuma-37% okuthengisa ngaphandle
ingeniso ngo-1987.
Inkcitho
iimeko zavela ngokukhawuleza. Ngo-1985, i-IMF yanyanzelisa uMugabe ukuba anciphise imfundo
inkcitho, kwaye ngowe-1986 izibonelelo zokutya zehla zaya kutsho kwisibini esithathwini samanqanaba ka-1981.
Ngokufanayo,
Uhlaziyo lomhlaba lwenene aluthintelwanga kuphela "ngumthengisi ovumayo,
Umthengi ovumayo" wenza isivumelwano kunye noIan Smith's Rhodesians eLancaster House,
kodwa ngenye indlela yeBhanki yeHlabathi: ukuhlamba abalimi ngezinto ezifikelelekayo
micro-mboleko. Ukusuka kwisiseko esincinci ngo-1980, i-arhente ephambili yamahlakani eBhanki yanikezela ngama-94
000 mboleko ngo-1987. Kodwa ngaphandle kotshintsho lwesakhiwo kwiimarike zezolimo, i
Iqhinga lebhanki liphanzile, njengoko ama-80% ababoleki abasilelayo ngo-1988 nangona kunjalo.
iimvula ezintle.
Uhlalutyi
U-Ibbo Mandaza wakhalaza ngo-1986 esithi, โImali yemali yezizwe ngezizwe iye, ukusukela ngoko
iLancaster House Agreement, ibiyeyona nto iphambili kulwakhiwo lwangaphakathi kunye
iinkqubo zangaphandle zombuso eZimbabwe."
Vu melwano
UThandike Mkandawire, intloko yeZiko loPhando leZizwe eziManyeneyo elizinze eGeneva
kuPhuhliso loLuntu, "Kubonakala ngathi urhulumente wayenexhala kakhulu
misela iziqinisekiso zayo kunye nehlabathi lezemali."
The
Uqoqosho olukhulu lwaba mbi kakhulu xa uChidzero wacenga uMugabe ukuba arhoxe
Ulawulo lwexesha leRhodesian kumaxabiso kunye norhwebo lwangaphandle / ukuhamba kwemali,
ukukhulula uqoqosho ngeNkqubo yoLungiso lwezoQoqosho (ESAP)
ngo-1991. I-ESAP kwakucingelwa ukuba "yasekhaya," kodwa abasebenzi beBhanki yeHlabathi bayila
uninzi loxwebhu, olwalufana ngokubonakalayo kwezo zinyanzeliswe ngaphaya
Afrika ngexesha le-1980-90s.
ESAP
izise ukonyuka okukhawulezileyo, okungazange kubonwe ngaphambili kwinzala kunye nokunyuka kwamaxabiso,
ezaye zandiswa (kodwa azibangelwa) yimbalela ngo-1992 nango-1995.
idliwe kweli lizwe, imarike yemasheya yehla nge-65% ngasekupheleni kwe-1991 kwaye
imveliso yehle ngama-40% kule minyaka mine ilandelayo. Ngokumangalisayo,
Uvandlakanyo lwe-ESAP lweBhanki luka-1995 lwayichaza "yanelisa kakhulu"
(elona nqaku liphezulu linokubakho).
Kaninzi
Sesichengeni kunanini na ngaphambili, imali yaseZimbabwe yahlaselwa ngokuqatha
ngexesha lika-1997 lentlekele yase-East Asia, yehla nge-74% ngexesha elinye leeyure ezine emva kohlaselo
UMugabe uzibandakanye nongquzulwano lwase-DRC kwaye wahlawula imali eninzi yomhlalaphantsi kuqhanqalazo
iingcali zenkululeko.
Ukusabela
ekwandeni kokungathandwa kwabantu kunye nezidubedube ezimbini zokutya zaseHarare, uMugabe wade wacela abathathu
imigaqo-nkqubo exhasa abahluphekayo ngo-1997-98: ukumiselwa kwakhona kolawulo lwamaxabiso ekutyeni okusisiseko,
ukuguqulwa kwee-akhawunti zotshintshiselwano lweshishini kwimali yasekhaya, kunye nomnqantsa
iirhafu zokungenisa elizweni zodidi oluphezulu. (Kwaye ngobudenge waqinisa ixabiso ledola yaseZimbabwe
phezulu.)
The
I-IMF kunye nabaxhasi babamba ngokucacileyo imali enzima de kwaba bathathu
imigaqo-nkqubo iyatshintshwa. Ngoko iZimbabwe ichitha imali yayo enzima ihlawula amazwe angaphandle
ababolekisi, kwaye abanayo imali yokuthenga ipetroli. Ubunzima bezoqoqosho
eluma, kokukhona uMugabe egxadazela kwezopolitiko.
Intoni
izifundo ezivela eHarare? Baphephe iibhanki zangaphandle ezithengisa nzima. Ngakumbi-kwaye
ngokunyaniseka-kwabe ngokutsha ubutyebi nomhlaba. Kwaye uphephe imigaqo-nkqubo yohlengahlengiso lwezakhiwo
oko kwenza mandundu ukungalingani, ukuzinza nokuba sesichengeni. Ngaba iinkokeli kwi
IMovement for Democratic Change, nakuloo mcimbi nasePitoli, ithathele ingqalelo?
Nokuba kutheni,
abaqhankqalazi abangakumbi-kuquka nabase-Harare abazinze ecaweni, abachasi bamatyala-bangabo
ukujoyina iphulo lehlabathi lokuvala i-IMF kunye neBhanki yehlabathi, kanye ngenxa
ubungqina obuninzi bolu hlobo, obuvela eZimbabwe nakwihlabathi leSithathu liphela.
Ezinze eGoli
isifundiswa Patrick Bond iyasebenza Jubilee 2000 intshukumo, kwaye umbhali
I-Uneven Zimbabwe: Uphononongo lwezeMali, uPhuhliso kunye noPhuhliso oluNgaphantsi (eAfrika
World Press, 1998) kunye neLite Transition: Ukusuka kuCalucalulo ukuya kwiNeoliberalism
UMzantsi Afrika (Pluto Press, 2000).
UPatrick
I-imeyile yebhondi: [imeyile ikhuselwe] ifowuni: 2711-614-8088 ekhaya: 51 Somerset Road,
Kensington 2094 eMzantsi Afrika umsebenzi: kwiYunivesithi yaseWitwatersrand Isidanga
ISikolo soLawulo loLuntu noPhuhliso lwe-PO Box 601, eWits 2050, eMzantsi
I-imeyile yaseAfrika: [imeyile ikhuselwe] ifowuni: 2711-488-5917 ifeksi:
2711-484-2729