I-Elite Ukuzolula Imithambo yokuFudumeza iNkomfa yabangcolisi 28
isishwankathelo
Kwiinyanga eziphambi kwenkomfa yeNkqubo-sikhokelo yeZizwe eziManyeneyo yowama-2023 (eyayibanjelwe eDubai), iindibano ezibanjwe ngabaphezulu behlabathi, 'ezininzi' kunye nelizwekazi laseAfrika zifanele ukuqwalaselwa ngokuyinxenye ngenxa yokuba iindima zabo zisisiseko sokungathembi nto malunga nomgangatho ophantsi. -Ngenisa uluntu lwaseAfrika ukukwazi ukumelana neziganeko zemozulu ezimandundu. Kwiblokhi yaseBrazil-Russia-India-China-South Africa, namalungu ayo amatsha (aphezulu) eBRICS+ asuka kuMbindi Mpuma, kunye nakwingqungquthela yeManyano ye-Afrika, iG20 kunye neZizwe eziManyeneyo kwezi nyanga zidlulileyo, ukuzicingela kunye nokunxibelelana phakathi kwabantu. ukhuphiswano lwaphumelela. Nangona kunjalo, nokuba kumaxabiso amatsha e-Europe angenisa ikhabhoni okanye kurhwebo lokukhutshwa kwekhabhoni e-Afrika, kukho ukuchasana okuvelayo phakathi kwamagunya emozulu yasebukhosini kunye nangaphantsi kombuso. Sekunjalo, zimbini iinjongo eziphambili ezibalaseleyo: eyokuqala, ukucutha unciphiso olukhutshwayo nokuba oko kusongela ukuphila kweentlobo ezininzi; kwaye okwesibini, ukuphepha uxanduva 'lweLahleko & Nomonakalo,' ukulungiswa kunye nezinye iindleko zembuyekezo. Ukuqinisekiswa kwakhona kobulungisa bemozulu kunye nokwandiswa kobutshantliziyo be-Afrika kulungile, kunye nembewu echasayo iqalisa ukuvelisa isiqhamo nakwelona gunya lemozulu liphantsi kombuso, eMzantsi Afrika.
intshayelelo
Izixeko ezininzi zase-Afrika zisandula ukugabadela ngenxa yezaqhwithi zemvula ezibangelwa yimeko yemozulu, kuquka nezikhukhula ezishiya amawaka efile. Kwidolophu eselunxwemeni lweMeditera iDerna, eLibya ngoSeptemba ka-2023, ngaphezulu kwe-13,000 yabahlali basweleka emva kokuba amadama amabini angagcinwanga kakuhle edilikile xa 'iMedicane' (inkanyamba yeMeditera) uDaniel wehla imvula engama-400 mm kwiiyure ezingama-24. (Ngesiqhelo imvula kaSeptemba iba yi-1.5 mm.) EBlantyre, eMalawi ngoFebruwari-Matshi 2023, iNkanyamba uFreddy yafika โ ukusuka e-Australia - kwaye yabulala i-158 kwiidaka zodaka. EKinshasa, ngoDisemba ka-2022, kuqikelelwa ukuba bamalunga nama-200 ababhubhileyo zizikhukula. ELokoja nakwizixeko ezininzi zaseNigeria ukusuka ngoJuni-Okthobha ka-2022, ubuncinci abantu ababhubhileyo abangama-600. EThekwini, eMzantsi Afrika ngo-Epreli ka-2022, 'Ibhombu yemvula' yabulala abantu abangaphezu kwama-500 emva kokuwa kwe-351 mm kwiiyure ezingama-24. Kwaye ngo-2019 i-Cyclone Idai, iipesenti ezingama-90 zeBeira, eMozambique yayiphantsi kwamanzi, ngokufa kwabantu abangaphezu kwama-2000 eMozambique, eMalawi naseZimbabwe. Ngokunjalo, imbalela ibethe ngamandla izixeko zase-Afrika ngenxa yokuba ulawulo lwemfuneko yamanzi belungekho, njengoko kungqinwe liKapa liphantse lathwaxwa yi-'Day Zero' ngo-2018, ingxaki ephindaphindeke kaninzi ukusukela kwiphondo laseMpuma Koloni eMzantsi Afrika, kubandakanya nesixeko esikhulu. yaseGqeberha (eBhayi). Izikhukula zaseNtshona Koloni ngasekupheleni kukaSeptemba zibandakanya i-300 mm ngosuku olunye eFranshoek (kufuphi neKapa), ingxelo โ apho kwasweleka abantu abali-11 (ikakhulu ngenxa yokunyuka kwamanzi okwakhokelela ekubulaweni ngombane kwabantu abasibhozo ababenoqhagamshelo olungekho sikweni, olungakhuselekanga ngenxa yoko. ngokusilela kukarhulumente ukuphumeza umgaqo-nkqubo woMbane oSisiseko waSimahla). ESomalia ngoNovemba, i-29 yafa kwiidolophu zaseBaidoa, eBardere, eLuuq naseGalkacyo ngenxa yemvula erekhodiweyo kunye nezikhukhula.
Ukuthandana ukuya ekuqaleni koo-1980, uninzi lwe-'IMF Riot' e-Afrika ilandele ukunqongophala kokutya okanye ukunyuka kwamaxabiso okuhambelana neemeko ezinqabileyo (Walton kunye ne-Seddon 1994). Ngo-2022, ukunyuka kwamaxabiso amandla kunye nenzala engahlawulekiyo kwityala langaphandle kwimeko yokuhla ngokukhawuleza kwamaxabiso emali yase-Afrika yaphakamisa uxinzelelo kunye namanqanaba oqhanqalazo kwiindawo zasedolophini nasezilalini ngokufanayo (iBond 2023). Ukuphila kwabalimi baseAfrika kunzima ngakumbi ukulungisa emva kwezehlo zemozulu ezigqithisileyo, ngakumbi umhlaba owomileyo, intlango, izikhukhula, imililo yasendle, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kunye nokunyuka kwamaqondo olwandle. Kutshanje uphondo lweAfrika noMzantsi Afrika lubonise ukuba xa kukho imbalela ehlala ixesha elide, imvula inokuzisa isibetho seenkumbi esingazange sibonwe ngaphambili. Ezi ziingxaki ezoyikekayo kuninzi lweAfrika kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni. Amandla okwenza iimfuno zembuyekezo abaluleke ngakumbi, kungekuphela nje ngokunxulumene nengxaki yemozulu kodwa nangenxa yokonyuka kwamashishini otyalo lwemveliso yezizwe ngezizwe-kubandakanywa amafutha efosili kunye nemveliso yezimbiwa amaxabiso anyuke kakhulu ngo-2020-22 - ukuthatha. phezu komhlaba okhulayo waseAfrika olimekayo.
Ukuba sibeka umbuzo, ngendlela Jun Borras okqhubekayo (2022) wenzela Ijenali yeZifundo zaBalimi Abafundi ngo-2022, umgangatho wehlabathi ubonakala usoyikisa, xa kujongwa ulungelelwaniso olubi lwamandla: โZeziphi iindibaniselwano ezibaliswayo kunye nezicwangciso eziliqili zokutshintsha kwemozulu kunye neempendulo zamaziko kuzo kwiimeko zezolimo? Kukuphi ukukhutshelwa ngaphandle kunye nokubandakanywa okubangelwa koku?"
Iisetingi zezolimo zahluke kakhulu, kodwa ngokuthathela ingqalelo i-monolithic elite summitry, iingxaki ekujongwena nazo kuluntu lwezolimo ziye zicace ngakumbi, njengoko zisenza amatshantliziyo aphikisayo. Ukukhutshelwa ngaphandle ngokupheleleyo kwemidla yabantu baseAfrika kunye nokusingqongileyo kumgaqo-nkqubo wemozulu wehlabathi kunye 'neziindawo ezininzi' kubonakala kuqinisekileyo kwi-COP28 nakwiinyanga ezilandelayo, xa siqwalasela into esinokuyifunda ekukhweleni kwiindibano zeenkokheli zamazwe ngamazwe zowama-2023. Amathemba ahlala ephantsi kwimigaqo-nkqubo emitsha yehlabathi (kunye neyesizwe nekamasipala), iinkqubo kunye nenkxaso-mali enokujongana nengxaki yemozulu ngenene. Oku kwangqinwa ngokucacileyo ngeendlela ezathi iintlanganiso zangaphambili zaseka amabali angama-28th INkomfa yeSikhokelo seZizwe eziManyeneyo ngoTshintsho lweMozulu (UNFCCC) iNkomfa yamaQela โ 'COP28' โ eza kubanjelwa e-United Arab Emirates (UAE) ngoDisemba ka-2023.
Iingxelo zoBulungisa beMozulu (CJ) zibandakanya amacandelo anxulumeneyo afunwa ngokuqhelekileyo kwabaphezulu behlabathi nakwilizwekazi ngabaxhasi basekuhlaleni babaluleke kakhulu baseAfrika: ukucotha nokubuyisela umva ukukhutshwa kweGesi yeGreenhouse (GHGs) ngenene 'i-decarbonization' kunye neendlela ezifanelekileyo zokuthinjwa kwekhabhoni; ukukhuthaza izicwangciso-qhinga ze-agro-ecology ukuze kuveliswe ukutya kunye nokubuyiselwa komhlaba; ukuqinisekisa ukuba iintlawulo ezaneleyo "zeLahleko kunye nomonakalo" ziya kumaxhoba ukuze akhe kwakhona emva kwezehlo zemozulu ezigqithisileyo; ukungqinisisa imozulu kwiziseko ezingundoqo ezakhiweyo nezentlalo (ezaziwa njengokuziqhelanisa nokomelela); kunye nokubuyekeza ama-Afrika ngokungaqhubeki kuphuhliso lwekhabhoni ephezulu kuqoqosho lwaseNtshona kunye ne-BRICS+ (iMwenda neBond yowama-2020). Indawo nganye kwezi ixoxiwe kwiSiqukulelo, kunye namatyala obunkokeli be-CJ (ingakumbi abasuka eMzantsi Afrika). Kodwa ngaba uninzi lwamatsha ntliziyo e-CJ kuluntu lwase-Afrika (kunye nolwalungekho sesikweni) lunokuba nefuthe kwiinkokeli zabo zelizwe nezasekhaya ngokunxulumene nale migaqo, kwaye bahlanganise inkxaso yomanyano lwezizwe ngezizwe, ngakumbi xa kufikwa ekuthatheni inxaxheba kwinkqubo yeZizwe eziManyeneyo etyekele kwicala lamandulo lamandulo?
Ekusasazeni amabali abaluleke kangaka, iyantlukwano yeqhinga eyonakalisayo idla ngokuvela phakathi kwabaxhasi bemozulu: abangaphakathi xa bethelekiswa nabangaphandle; I-CJ radicals ngokuchasene nemodareyitha 'yeNtshukumo yeMozulu'; kunye namatshantliziyo eGlobal South ngokuchasene neGlobal North. Kunqabile kakhulu ukuba kubekho ulwahlulo olucacileyo lwabasebenzi olusekiweyo, olunokunceda ekuchongeni iindima ezizezona zifanelekileyo kuluntu olungekhoyo 'abasiki bemithi' abamsebenzi wabo unceda uluntu oluphucukileyo 'abenzi bejam-maker' abadityaniswe kwingqungquthela ye-UNFCCC (Bond 2018). Kwaye kunikwe ulungelelwaniso lwamandla ngokunxulumene nazo zonke ezi mfuno ze-CJ (ngaphandle kwenkonzo yemilebe ye-UN epholileyo, ejolise ekufaniseni isazisi), lincinci ithemba lenkqubela phambili kwiingqungquthela zemozulu yehlabathi ezizayo. Ukulandela i-Dubai kwi-2023, i-COP29 iya kubanjwa yidolophu yaseMpuma Yurophu (iya kumiselwa) kwi-2024. Mhlawumbi kuphela ekupheleni kwe-2025 xa i-UNFCCC ifudukela e-Amazon (eBelรฉm, eBrazil), iya kutshintsha inokwenzeka.
Buthini, ke ngoko, ubudlelwane bamandla obukhoyo, kwaye ibali lemozulu yase-Afrika lihlengahlengisa njani, xa kujongwe iindibano ezinkulu ezininzi ze-elite ngo-Agasti-Septemba 2023, kunye nombono okhulayo we-fossil wembali enkulu yembali yase-Afrika, uMzantsi Afrika?
Ulungelelwaniso olubi lwe-COP28 lwemikhosi, enkosi kuMzantsi Afrika kunye ne-sub-impiriyalizim yaseKenya
Iimpawu zobuthathaka be-Afrika obuphezulu kwi-UNFCCC ngumkhosi, ngakumbi phakathi ku-2023 xa amadoda amabini ayebonwa njengeenkokeli eziphambili zelizwekazi: uMongameli woMzantsi Afrika uCyril Ramaphosa kunye noMongameli waseKenya uWilliam Ruto. Owayesakuba ngusomashishini wemigodi yamalahle (esebenzisa iShanduka, awayenayo de kwangonyaka ka-2014 xa waba ngusekela mongameli), kwaye uneenjongo zokuba reukufakwa kwekhabhoni kuqoqosho loMzantsi Afrika ngento ngo-2019 awayibiza ngokuba 'yinguqu yemidlalo' kwidiphozithi ye-oyile nerhasi elunxwemeni echongwe ngokukodwa yi-TotalEnergies kunye ne-Shell (nangona uphononongo oluninzi luye lwaphazanyiswa ngamatshantliziyo e-CJ kwiminyaka yakutshanje) (Ramaphosa 2019). Lo wokugqibela, owayezichaza njengenkokeli 'yehustler', wabona "iprofayile yakhe yokunyuka kunye nokuphithizela kwengqungquthela yemozulu," njengoko Amandla eAfrika ingxelo: โOnke amandla obuqu kaMongameli waseKenya uWilliam Ruto, indawo enamagama, umtsalane woluntu kunye nokulinywa ngokungenalusini kwamahlakani anempembelelo kwakuboniswaโ xa wayebambe iNgqungquthela yeMozulu ye-Afrika (Amanqaku 2023). Intetho yokuvula kaRuto yamisela ithoni: "Kufuneka sibone ekukhuleni okuluhlaza kungekhona nje imozulu efunekayo kodwa kunye nomthombo wamathuba ezigidigidi zeedola ukuba ihlabathi lilungele ukuxhamla" (Ngam 2023).
Kodwa 'amaqabane anempembelelo' kaRuto - ngakumbi umcebisi ozinze eNew York uMcKinsey, ondima yakhe imbi kwi-Kenya Airways kunye ne-Eskom yaseMzantsi Afrika ikhokelele ekugwetyweni kwezizwe ngezizwe, kunye noMongameli weKomishini ye-European Union u-Ursula van der Leyen, onoxanduva lweyona carbon inkulu emhlabeni. iskimu sorhwebo โ sikwabonakala sinempembelelo kuye. Abagxeki kulo lonke uluntu lwase-Afrika, oluququzelelwe njenge "Ngqungquthela yeMozulu yeMozulu yaseAfrika" (2023), baphelelwe lithemba ngenxa yokuphithizela. kaRuto:
โIkomiti ebizwa ngokuba 'yikomiti yokucinga iitanki' eyenzelwe ukuqhuba iingxoxo kwiNgqungquthela iholwa ngabantu abamele imibutho yase-UK kunye ne-US hayi imibutho yaseAfrika. Umxholo weNgqungquthela โ kubandakanywa amaphulo aphambili โ ikhokelwa nguMcKinsey, kunye neWorld Resources Institute ngoku ekhuphisanayo ukubumba i-ajenda kunye neziphumo zayo. Omabini azinze e-United States kwaye awayikhuthazi iminqweno yeAfrika. Eminye imibutho yase-Afrika eqhubela phambili i-ajenda yaseNtshona nayo inikwe indima enkulu ngokungenakulinganiswa kulungiselelo lomsitho. Iziphumo yi-ajenda yeNgqungquthela ebonisa ubume kunye nomdla wamazwe aseNtshona, oko kukuthi, iimarike zekhabhoni, ukuhluthwa kwekhabhoni kunye neendlela 'ezikhuthaza imozulu'โฆ Ezi ngqikelelo kunye nezisombululo ezibubuxoki zikhokelwa yimidla yaseNtshona ngelixa zithengiswa njengezinto eziphambili zaseAfrika. Noko ke, enyanisweni, ezi ndlela ziza kukhuthaza amazwe atyebileyo noosomashishini abakhulu ukuba baqhubeke bengcolisa ihlabathi, nto leyo eyingozi kakhulu eAfrika.โ
Njengombonakaliso waloo nkxalabo, isivakalisi sesibini kwintetho ephambili kaVan der Leyen yamncoma uRuto: โNdiwamkela kakhulu umthetho waseKenya wokuTshintsha kweMozulu ngo-2023 owasungulwa ngale Ngqungquthela kwaye ugxininisa kakhulu kwiimarike zekhabhoni. Ukugxekwa koluntu kwenza into eyahlukileyo:
Ziphephe zonke izisombululo zobuxoki ezifana neemarike zekhabhoni kunye ne-geo-engineering eziyilelwe ukukhuthaza amazwe atyebileyo kunye nabantu ukuba baqhubeke nokungcolisa kunye nokuguqula iAfrika ibe yindawo yokulahla kunye nentsimi yovavanyo lwezobuchwepheshe. Ukuzalisekisa nokwamkela imigaqo-nkqubo yemozulu ekhuthaza inqanaba elinobulungisa nelilinganayo lokuphuma kuzo zonke iiprojekthi ezintsha ze-oyile, igesi kunye namalahle kwilizwekazi lase-Afrika ngokuhambelana nomdla wophuhliso lwe-Afrika kunye nezindululo zePhaneli yoRhulumente kuTshintsho lweMozulu, i-Arhente yezaMandla yaMazwe ngaMazwe kunye neminye imibutho yezenzululwazi. ngokunciphisa inkxaso-mali karhulumente neyabucalaโ (iNgqungquthela yeMozulu yeMozulu yase-Afrika yokwenene yowama-2023).
Kwaye isityholo sabo sobuqhophololo bangaphandle sasibuhlungu ngakumbi kuba bangaphantsi kwesiqingatha iinkokeli zase-Afrika ezingama-54 ezazizimase iNgqungquthela (umzekelo, uRamaphosa ekhetha ukuya kumbhiyozo wonyulo lwaseZimbabwe oluphikisanayo luka-Emmerson Mnangagwa kunye nokumiselwa). I-AU ngokwayo ithwaxwa ziinkokeli ezibuthathaka: njengosihlalo, uMongameli weZiqithi zaseComoros u-Azali Assoumani (owangena kulawulo ngobhukuqo-mbuso luka-1999) kunye noSihlalo weKhomishini uMoussa Faki. ISigqeba senkundla se-AU, kwiintsuku ezintathu ezidlulileyo, samgweba uFaki โngokuqaqadekaโ kunye โnobukrelekrele,โ kunye โnokuba ngumthetho kuye,โ okubangele โukuchasโ umthethoโ kunye โnokonakala kwegama.โ Amazwe amathandathu ase-Afrika, ngelo xesha, ayenqunyanyisiwe kwi-AU ngenxa yokuhluthwa komkhosi: iGabon, iNiger, iSudan, iMali, iGuinea kunye neBurkina Faso.
Ingxaki yabantu abadumileyo balapha abajongela phantsi iimfuno zelizwekazi yinto endala, esikhumbuza ngesilumkiso sikaWalter Rodney (1972, 41-42) (ngo Indlela iYurophu eyaphuhlisa ngayo iAfrika): โukusebenza kwenkqubo yama impiriyali kuthwele uxanduva olukhulu lokudodobala koqoqosho lwaseAfrika ngokuhlutha ubutyebi baseAfrika nokwenza kube nzima ukuphuhlisa ngokukhawuleza ubutyebi belizwekazi. Okwesibini, umntu kufuneka ajongane nabo balawula inkqubo kunye nabo bangabameli okanye ababandakanyekanga kule nkqubo ichaziweyo. โ
Ipolitiki yemozulu ngumzekelo obaluleke ngakumbi, oqala ubuncinci kwi-2009 Copenhagen COP15, apho ubunkokeli bePan African Climate Justice Alliance (PACJA) batyhola umthetheli-thethwano ophambili wase-Afrika, uMongameli wase-Ethiopia uMeles Zenawi, ngokwenza iyelenqe noMongameli waseFransi uNicolas Sarkozy. "ukuthengisa ubomi kunye nethemba lama-Afrika ngexabiso eliphantsi" (uMwenda kunye neBond 2020). Kuloo ngqungquthela, uthethathethwano lwe-G77-bloc uLumumba Di-Aping (owayengunozakuzaku waseSudan, owathi wagxothwa) ucacisele intlanganiso yePACJA indlela amanye abathunywa baseAfrika โababesonqena ngayo okanye โbabethengweโ ngamazwe ahambele phambili kwezoshishino. Wakhetha uMzantsi Afrika, esithi amanye amalungu elo gqiza azame ngamandla ukuphazamisa umanyano lwembumbaโ (Welz 2009).
Loo ndima iyaqhubeka, kangangokuba eyona ndawo iphakamileyo yokukhupha i-GHG e-Afrika, eMzantsi Afrika, kwiinyanga zamva nje isebenzise kakubi igunya lozakuzo. kuMphathiswa wezeNdalo uBarbara Creecy. Ungusopolitiki owahlukileyo, umzekelo, njengokuphela kwelungu lombutho omhlophe olawulayo owanyulwa kwiKomiti eLawulayo ye-African National Congress National (ANC) ngo-2021. Uyakwazi ukuhlalisana neenkokeli ze-ANC ezixhasa iifosili - hayi uRamaphosa kuphela. kodwa ngokuphandle uMphathiswa wezaMandla oxhasa amalahle kunye nosihlalo weqela elilawulayo uGwede Mantashe (owathi ngo-Okthobha wama-2023 watyhola abalweli bemozulu ngokuba zii-arhente zeCIA) - ngenxa yendlela yakhe yokulawula. Ukubonisa, utyekelo lukaCreecy alubonakalisi nje kuphela iimvume ahlala ezinika irhasi yemethane elunxwemeni kunye nokuqhekeka elunxwemeni, kodwa kwakhona urhulumente woMzantsi Afrika kunye nenkampani yamandla uEskom efuna ukwazisa oomatshini ababini abasebenzisa igesi (4000MW strong) kule minyaka imbalwa izayo. usebenzisa i-44 yepesenti ye-'Just Energy Transition Partnership' (JETP) inkxaso-mali abayiphakamisayo, kwaye ngokugcina oomatshini bamandla abasebenzisa amalahle bavule ixesha elide (nokuba kukwaphulwa kwezivumelwano zemali zeJETP) (Bond 2024).
Ewe, uCreecy uchithe ngo-Agasti-Okthobha ka-2023 evuma ungcoliseko oluphezulu, iiprojekthi ezikhupha izinto ezikhutshwayo ezicetywayo ngamaqumrhu ezizwe ngezizwe. Inkxaso yakhe kwisicwangciso seTotalEnergies sokomba ioli nerhasi kude nonxweme iKapa yamfuna ukuba asikhabe isigwebo senkundla sika-2022 ngokuchasene nesindululo esifanayo se-Shell Oil seWild Coast yaseMpuma Koloni. Uxhase ukuqhushumba kwenyikima yolwandle kufutshane nomda weNamibia yifemu yase-Australia (uMkhangeli) efuna into eqikelelwa ziingcali zejoloji inokuba ziibhiliyoni zemiphanda yeoli kunye netriliyoni yecubic feet zegas deposits. Isizathu sikaCreecy kula matyala sesokuba isigwebo seNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseMakhanda ngoSeptemba ka-2022 ngokuchasene nokuhlolwa kwerhasi elunxwemeni โ esenziwe ziijaji ezintathu, ngokwenxalenye esekelwe ekwala ukuthathela ingqalelo imozulu nzulu โ yayisese (kunyaka kamva) phantsi kwesibheno kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo. Bobabini uShell kunye nogxa wakhe wasekuhlaleni, owayesakuba yimanyano yabasebenzi ekhohlo kunye nosomashishini owalandelayo uJohnny Copelyn, bebenegalelo elikhulu kwiqela elilawulayo loMzantsi Afrika, kodwa iinkundla ezifana nekaMakhanda zihlala zizimele geqe kukhetho olusekelwe kwiqela (ngokwahlukileyo, yithi eZimbabwe okanye eUnited States of America).
Kwangaxeshanye, iCreecy iphumeze ukurhoxiswa kongcoliseko kwesona sikhululo samandla esibaswa ngamalahle esona sikhulu kwilizwekazi (Kusile), ukuze umzi-mveliso wakwaEskom โ ovelisa ama-4800MW ukuba usebenza ngomphunga ogcweleyo โ ukwazi ukukhupha isulfure dioxide ebulalayo kunye ne-nitrous oxide ngaphandle kweFlue Gas Desulfurization, imvume izazinzulu ziqikelela ukuba ziya kubulala amakhulu aliqela abahlali abakufutshane. Kananjalo ngo-2023, wamangalelwa ziingcali zokusingqongileyo ezisekelwe kuluntu (i-Vaal Environmental Justice Alliance) ngokuvumela i-Indian steel giant ArcelorMittal's foundries ukuba ikhuphe iigesi eziyityhefu zehydrogen sulfide ngaphezu kwemida esemthethweni. Okokugqibela, ukunyuswa kwakhe kwempikiswano yeyantlukwano yezityalo nezilwanyana eza kulawulwa yiarhente yeepaki zephondo ezinqongopheleyo incedise umvelisi wamandla ombane wefosili edadandayo waseTurkey, iKarpowership, iinqanawa zayo ezisebenza ngerhasi yeNdalo eyiLiquefied wanika imvume yokusebenza kumazibuko amathathu anovakalelo nangona kukho inkcaso ezinzileyo yokusingqongileyo kwimihlaba yomngcipheko weenqanawa kumgangatho womoya wasekhaya, kwizinto eziphilayo zaselwandle kunye nohlahlo lwabiwo-mali lokukhutshwa kwe-GHG yaseMzantsi Afrika.
Le ndlela yokusebenza inabela kwimisebenzi eyonakalisayo yelizwekazi, kwaye ngenene imozulu yaseMzantsi Afrika kunye nomonakalo obanzi wokusingqongileyo awumtshanga. Njengoko uSam Moyo noParis Yeros (2011, 19) bachaza ngo-2011, ungquzulwano lomdla kwilizwekazi laseAfrika luphawu lobudlelwane beBRICS nama impiriyali: โInqanaba lokuthatha inxaxheba kwiprojekthi yomkhosi waseNtshona nalo lahlukile kwimeko enye. kwelandelayo, nangona, umntu enokuthi, kukho 'i-schizophrenia' kuyo yonke le nto, eqhelekileyo ye-'sub-imperialism'." Ukwenza umzekelo, ngaphezu kwe-1200 yamajoni oMkhosi woKhuselo weSizwe waseMzantsi Afrika athe angenelela eMozambique ukusukela ngo-2021 - ngokomyalelo kaMongameli waseFransi u-Emmanuel Macron kunye nokuqhwabela izandla kwi-US African Command, egameni le-TotalEnergies' i-$ 20 yebhiliyoni ye-Liquefied Natural Gas (nxamnye ne uvukelo lwamaSilamsi wendawo) (Bond 2022).
Oku kulandela ukuthunyelwa komkhosi wasePitoli ukusukela ngo-2013 kumkhosi we-UN 'wokugcina uxolo' kwimpuma yeDemocratic Republic of the Congo, kwindawo engekuphela nje izimbiwa ezixhatshazwa ziifemu zaseMzantsi Afrika, kodwa ngokwandayo, amafutha efosili (afana neLake Albert. I-10 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi ze-oyile eyathi ngo-2010 yanikwa uKhulubusa Zuma, umtshana walowo wayesakuba ngumongameli woMzantsi Afrika uJacob. Ukuthunyelwa okufanayo kwiRiphabhlikhi yaseMbindi Afrika kwalandela inkunzi yaseMzantsi Afrika yoshishino lweziko kodwa kwacuthwa xa ngo-2013, amajoni abhukuqa umkhosi omncinci we-SANDF eBangui. KuSamir Amin (ebhala kwi-post-humous autobiography yakhe), iziganeko ezinjalo zityhila indlela ukusuka kwi-sub-impiriyalizim yocalucalulo ukuya kwiniyoliberalism yasemva kocalucalulo kwathetha ukuba โakukho nto itshintshileyo. Indima yoMzantsi Afrika yama-impiriyali angaphantsi kwayo iye yomelezwa, isalawulwa njengodla bodwa kwimigodi yase-Anglo-Americanโ (Amin 2019).
Ekuqaleni kuka-2023, uCreecy wakhethwa ukuba alawule imisebenzi ebalulekileyo ye-UNFCCC nguSultan Al Jaber, igosa elichopheleyo elivela kwi-UAE, nokwasebenza njengomphathi oyintloko weNkampani yeOli yeSizwe yase-Abu Dhabi (ifemu eneeofisi zayo ezingenelele kulawulo lwenkomfa phakathi. -2023 nangona kukho ukungqubana okucacileyo komdla). UCreecy uza kusebenza njengenkokeli esebenzisanayo (ekunye nomphathiswa wendalo esingqongileyo waseDanish) weGlobal Stock Take (GST) โ okt, elinganisa ukuba amazwe esizwe akucuthe kangakanani na ukukhutshwa koqoqosho lwawo โ ngo-2022 ebebambene nosihlalo wekomiti yeCOP27 evavanya ukuthomalalisa. Umncedisi wakhe uRichard Sherman ulawula iLoss & Damage Fund, inkqubo eyathi ngo-Okthobha ka-2023 yaphantse yawa, wavuma wathi: โKuhlwile, sidiniwe, sidanile. Siye, ubukhulu becala, asiphumelelangaโ (Sengupta kunye noGoswami 2023).
Akukho gqiza laseAfrika elakha lanefuthe elinjalo kumgaqo-nkqubo wemozulu, okoko uMzantsi Afrika usingathe i-COP17 eDurban ngo-2011 walandelwa yiMorocco ngo-2016, kuzo zombini ezi zihlandlo kulungiselelwa umdla wabathungi (njengoko kuxoxiwe ngezantsi). Umsebenzi we-GST ka-2023 kulindeleke ukuba ungathinteli kuphela ulwimi olubalulekileyo โlwesigaba sokuphuma samafutha efosiliโ, kodwa kwakhona uhlambe ukutsha nokuvuza kwemethane ehlabathini, nangona inamandla aphindwe ka-85 njengerhasi yegreenhouse kuneCO2 kwisithuba seminyaka engama-20. Imibhobho yerhasi yaseMzantsi Afrika yaduma ngogqabhuko-dubulo ngo-2023, nakumbindi weRhawuti โ njengoko uphuhliso olukhulu lwerhasi yemethane kunye neeprojekthi zemibhobho zazisenziwa kunxweme lwaseIndiya nolweAtlantiki kunye nezindululo zokuqhekeka elunxwemeni.
Nokuba uCreecy wayefuna ukulungisa imozulu nzulu, umhlaba wehlabathi awulunganga. Ukwenza umzekelo, iingqungquthela ezine zika-Agasti-Septemba zilandelelana ngokukhawuleza zabeka iqonga le-COP28 eyintlekele, evumela zombini i-UAE kunye noMzantsi Afrika ukuba badlale into enokuthi ithathelwe ingqalelo 'indima ye-imperial ethembekileyo' kumfelandawonye neNtshona kunye ne-BRICS. Okokuqala, intlanganiso ka-Agasti yeBrazil-Russia-India-China-South Africa BRICS Bloc eRhawutini yandise iqela kumalungu ali-11, kubandakanywa abathathu - iSaudi Arabia, i-UAE kunye ne-Iran - kunye nokukhutshwa okukhulu kunye neoli okanye igesi okanye igesi, kunye nabanye ababini. , iEgypt neArgentina, enoovimba abakhulu abasetyenziswayo ngoku. Okwesibini, iNgqungquthela yeMozulu ye-Afrika yokuqala yenzeke eNairobi ekuqaleni kukaSeptemba. Okwesithathu, kwimpelaveki elandelayo, iG20 yadibana eNew Delhi. Yaye okwesine, kwisiXeko saseNew York, ukususela ngoSeptemba 18-22, iNgqungquthela yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo yahlanganisa iinkokeli zehlabathi. La yayingamathuba abalulekileyo ekuchazeni amabali, amaqhinga, kunye nobudlelwane belizwekazi laseAfrika xa kufikwa kumgaqo-nkqubo wemozulu wehlabathi โ kwaye zonke ziyasilela kubuncinane obufunekayo ukukhusela abantu baseAfrika kwintlekele yemozulu emandundu.
Ukuseta inqanaba le-UNFCCC ngokunciphisa umda wokucuthwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo kunye noxanduva 'lokuhlawula umngcolisi'
Izandulela ezintathu ze-UNFCCC COP zifuna ukukhankanywa ngokomxholo - i-COP2009 ka-15 e-Copenhagen, i-COP2011 ka-17 eThekwini, kunye ne-COP2015 ka-21 eParis - kunye nobudlelwane bamandla bubonakaliswe kwiintetho zegosa eliphambili lemozulu lase-US, uJohn Kerry, ngoJulayi ka-2023.
ISivumelwano sase-Copenhagen simele isiphelo soxanduva lokuphendula ngemozulu yehlabathi, yintoni ngentlanganiso eyimfihlo yamazwe amahlanu exokozela ihlabathi liphela, evumelana ukuba inkqubo yokuzithandela 'esezantsi phezulu' iya kuthatha indawo yezibonelelo ezibophelelayo zeProtocol yaseKyoto. Njengoko uBill McKibben (2009) wakhalaza ngoBarack Obama:
โWavuthela iZizwe Ezimanyeneyo. Uluvo lokuba kukho uluntu lwehlabathi oluthetha ukuba kukho into enyamaleleyo ngobu busukuโฆ xa usondela kakhulu kumbindi wezinto ezibalwayo โ amafutha efosili esembindini woqoqosho lwethu โ ungalibala ngawo. Asinamdla. Uyakhathaza, kwaye xa utshona ngaphantsi kwamaza, asifuni kuva kakhulu ngayo. Elona themba lithandekayo lelungelo laseMelika leminyaka engama-50 lafezekiswa kuba ekugqibeleni amalahle asembindini woqoqosho lwaseMelika. Sele sikwenzile oku ngemfazwe noxolo, kwaye ngoku sikwenzile ngokufudumala kwehlabathi. Yintoni kanye kanye ingongoma ye-UN ngoku? Wenza intlangano yabangcolisi ababalaseleyo, nababeya kuba ngabangcolisi bomoya.โ
Umonakalo wabo uzakuhlala ixesha elide, ukanti iinkokeli ezingcolise kakhulu ze-'BASIC' - u-Ignacio Lula da Silva waseBrazil, uJacob Zuma waseMzantsi Afrika, u-Manmohan Singh wase-India kunye no-Wen Jiabao wase-China-abadityaniswe ngu-Obama kwintlanganiso ye-UNFCCC emva kokuba bephumile e-ofisini. , nangona uLula wabuya ngo-2023, ekuhambeni kwexesha wafumanisa ukuba ihlathi laseAmazon litshintshile ngokungenakuthintelwa ukusuka kwi-carbon sink ukuya kwi-net emitter. Ngeli xesha, uZuma waphinda wavela kwakhona kwimeko yemozulu embindini ka-2023 (kwiintsuku nje ezimbalwa phambi kokuba axolelwe ngokudelela inkundla kwityala lakhe lorhwaphilizo eliqhubekayo KwaZulu-Natal): eZimbabwe, wathengisa ngetyala 'ezizigidi ezibini' zecarbon offset evela eRussia yaseSiberia bahlekwa njengabangenaxabiso kwaye ekugqibeleni bakhatywa ngabaququzeleli benkomfa yeVictoria Falls (Lang 2023). Ubuqhophololo obucacileyo obunjalo, indlela uZuma aziphethe ngayo eCopenhagen ngo-2009 yayihambelana neemfuno zamazwe angcolisekileyo. Ke ngo-2011 ngexesha lokusindleka kwe-COP17, ubunkokeli bakhe babhiyozelwa nguthethathethwano weSebe leLizwe lase-US u-Todd Stern (2011), owaxelela uNobhala welizwe lase-US u-Hillary Clinton โngempumelelo ebalulekileyo ye-United Statesโ eThekwini, ngakumbi ezona njongo ziphambili zongcoliseko lwendalo. ekunciphiseni uxanduva, okanye yintoni kwi-UNFCCC ebizwa ngokuba yiNdibaniselwano kodwa eyoHlulekileyo yoXanduva.
Ukungafuni kwe-US ukuhlawula imbuyekezo, ehlangene ne-BASIC kunye nezinye ii-emitters ezinkulu, zaqinisekiswa kwiSivumelwano seSimo sezulu saseParis se-2015. Ngokutsho kukaSaleemul Huq kunye noRoger-Mark De Souza (2015) weZiko le-Woodrow Wilson, "Imvumelwano ngokuphuhlisa amazwe ajongene nobutyala nembuyekezo abonakaliswe kwisicatshulwa sesigqibo sesiVumelwano, esiphawula ukuba akukho nto inokwenzeka yokubanga ubutyala kunye nembuyekezo yeLahleko nomonakalo,โ okt iindleko zeziganeko ezigqithisileyo zokutshintsha kwemozulu. Kwaye nge-13 kaJulayi 2023, esikhundleni sikaClinton njengoNobhala welizwe lase-US ngexesha lothethathethwano lwaseParis, uJohn Kerry, wangqina kwiKomiti yeNdlu yabaMeli boBudlelwane baNgaphandle (2023) njengomthunywa wemozulu woLawulo lweBiden. Wabuzwa nguBrian Mast waseFlorida waseRiphabhlikhi malunga nokulungiswa kwemozulu:
I-Mast: "Ngaba uceba ukubophelela iMelika kwimbuyekezo yemozulu: oko kukuthi, kufuneka sihlawule elinye ilizwe kuba bebenesikhukula okanye inkanyamba okanye isaqhwithi okwethutyana?"
UKerry: โHayi. Naphantsi kwayo nayiphi na imeko.
Mast: "Kulungile, ndiyavuya ukukuva usithi andinayo."
UKerry: "Kutheni ungenzi isikhuzo ecaleni kwayo."
Mast:โNdizakunibhalela ngesikhuzo kwaye ndiyavuya kuba sinemvumelwano malunga nokuba andazi ukuba ipen yam emnyama izosebenza na. Sobona. Nantso ke, nasi isikhuzo sakho!โ
UKerry: โโฆ Kukho ukuqukunjelwa kwengxowa-mali ethe yadalwa, le nto ibizwa ngokuba yi-lahleko kunye nengxowa-mali yomonakalo, nto leyo eluqwalaselo nje. Ayinatyala kuyo. Sibeka amabinzana ngokuthe ngqo ekukhanyeni nakuphi na ukuba netyala. โ
Loo magama mahlanu okugqibela abonisa ukuchaswa ngokupheleleyo kweWashington 'kwintlawulo yomngcolisi,' ebandakanya ide facto ukusilela kwityala lemozulu, ukukhatywa kwezibophelelo ezisemthethweni ezibonelelweyo kwiinkqubo ezininzi zesizwe zolawulo lokusingqongileyo. Isigqibo esinjalo sikwanceda iimfuno zasePitoli kunye nezeBRICS, kuba nazo zinetyala lembuyekezo.
BRICS+ ukutshatyalaliswa kwemozulu eRhawutini
Ukuziqhelanisa nemozulu ye-BRICS kwaye ngoku i-BRICS+ (inamalungu amatsha amathandathu) kukuzicingela, njengoko kungqinwe kumanyano lwamazwe aphantsi/obukhosi kunye ne-United States, iYurophu kunye nezinye ii-emitters ezinkulu ngo-2009, 2011 kunye no-2015, kunye no. amalungiselelo eCOP28. Oko kuzingca kubonisa amazwe ali-11 avelisa ama-58 ekhulwini okukhutshwa kweegesi ezingcolisayo ehlabathini kunye nama-43 ekhulwini eoli yehlabathi.
Kodwa akukhathaliseki nokuba ingakanani na i-BRICS - kwaye ngokukodwa i-BASIC - iinkokeli ziyadibana namagunya ama-impiriyali ekuchaseni ukucuthwa kokukhutshwa kwezinto ezifanelekileyo kunye nokubuyisela, kukwakho into yaseBrazil. ukuxhomekeka ingcali yethiyori u-Ruy Mauro Marini (1972) uyibize 'intsebenziswano echasayo': iingxabano phakathi kwe-internecine ezilandela iindlela zasekhaya zokuqokelelwa kwenkunzi ezingquzulanayo nezo zamagunya ehlabathi. Ngokuqinisekileyo, kwizinto ezisebenzayo (ezingekho rhetorical), uninzi lwe-BRICS lulawulwa yi-neoliberal yezemali, amaqela alawulayo e-pro-trade, ahambelana ne-capitalism eyonakalisayo yehlabathi, kwaye nangona ngamanye amaxesha kukho ungquzulwano olugqithisileyo lwemimandla (eRashiya / eUkraine, I-Israel/Palestine, Central Asia, the Himalaya Mountains and the South China Sea) kunye neengxoxo zezimali 'ze-dollarization', kukho umgaqo-nkqubo wamazwe amaninzi odibanayo kwi-UNFCCC.
Kwaye nangona kunjalo i-carbon-intensive character yentsebenziswano echasayo iye yamisela inqanaba lokubonisa ukuchasana okunxulumene nemozulu kunye neNtshona ngokumalunga 'nezohlwayo zemozulu' ngendlela yeCarbon Border Adjustment Mechanisms (CBAMs). Ukuqala kwiManyano yaseYurophu ngo-Okthobha ka-2023 (kodwa imirhumo isetyenziswe kuphela ngo-2026), kwaye mhlawumbi ilandelwa ngabanye abarhwebi abavela kumazwe angaphandle, i-CBAM yongeza imirhumo kwizinto ezithunyelwa ngaphandle ezinamaqondo aphezulu e-GHGs egxininisiweyo, apho uqoqosho lokuthumela ngaphandle lungenayo irhafu yekhabhoni eyaneleyo. (ngaloo ndlela imele inkxaso-mali engacacanga yokukhutshwa kwekhabhoni). KweyeThupha, isiBhengezo saseRhawutini seBRICS sakhalaza,
โSiyayichasa imiqobo yorhwebo kuquka leyo iphantsi kwe Isizathu sokuhlangabezana nokutshintsha kwemozulu esibekwe ngamazwe athile aphuhlileyo kwaye sikubethelele ukuzibophelela kwethu ekwandiseni ulungelelwaniso kule miba. Sigxininisa ukuba amanyathelo athathiweyo ukulwa nokutshintsha kwemozulu kunye nelahleko yezityalo nezilwanyana ezohlukeneyo kufuneka ibe njalo I-WTO iyahambelana... Sivakalisa inkxalabo yethu kuyo nayiphi na imilinganiselo ye-WTO engangqinelaniyo yocalucalulo eya kuthi lugqwetha urhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe, beka emngciphekweni imiqobo yorhwebo emitsha kunye nomthwalo wokutshintsha ukulungisa imozulu kunye nelahleko yezityalo nezilwanyana ezohlukeneyo kumalungu e-BRICS nakumazwe asaphuhlayoโ (ugxininiso longeziweyo) (i-BRICS yowama-2023).
Ibinzana apha limele inguqu yokukhanyela kwemozulu, kuba kukho sele ukugqwetheka okugqithisileyo kurhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe, utyalo-mali nakwimali ngenxa yokusilela kwenkqubo yongxowankulu ekufakeni ngaphakathi kwimibhobho ekhutshwayo yeGHG, ungcoliseko kunye nokuncipha kobutyebi ekubaleni amaxabiso. Ngenxa yesoyikiso seentlekele zemozulu kunye ne-ecocide ekhokelela kwihlabathi, ngakumbi kumazwe e-BRICS+, umnqweno wokugcina izinto ezigqwethekileyo ezichasene nendalo โngoyena kusilela kwemarike kukhulu okubonwe lihlabathi,โ ngokutsho kwengcali yezoqoqosho yaseBritane uNick Stern (2007). Inene, ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukusukela ngo-2021, iqela elilawulayo loMzantsi Afrika โ zombini urhulumente kunye nequmrhu โ liphinde laphinda lathi izohlwayo zemozulu ezizayo zaseNtshona ngokuchasene nokuthunyelwa kwemveliso yamandla kumazwe angaphandle ngamandla sesona sizathu siphambili sokuba uqoqosho lukhuphe ikhabhoni. Ngenxa yamandla agqithisiweyo okubaselwa ngamalahle afakwe kwiimveliso zelizwe ezithunyelwa kumazwe angaphandle, irhafu iya kumiselwa ngamazwe athathe amaxabiso aphezulu ekhabhoni โ $100/tonne kwi-EU Emissions Trading Scheme, xa kuthelekiswa ne-Pretoria ye-$0.35/tonne โ ukuze kuthintelwe. 'ukuvuza kwekhabhoni'.
Ezo ntlawulo zinokuba yingozi kakhulu kwiifemu zaseMzantsi Afrika ezibizwa ngokuba zii-Energy Intensive Users Groups firms: ezingama-27 ingakumbi amaqumrhu ezizwe ngezizwe aseNtshona asebenzisa ama-42 eepesenti ombane onqabileyo welizwe ikakhulu ekusetyenzweni kwemithombo yezimbiwa ezingahlaziyekiyo. Ngokusengqiqweni bayayichasa i-decarbonization kuba kukho 'amandla esiseko' amancinci kunye neendleko eziphezulu zenkunzi zangaphambili ezinxulumene nelanga, umoya kunye nokugcinwa. I-BRICS ikhalazela imirhumo ethi, โphantsi kwesizathu sokuhlangabezana nokutshintsha kwemozulu, [iya kumiselwa] ngamazwe athile aphuhlileyo.โ
Esi sikhalazo, ukusukela ngowama-2010, siye sachazwa ngabemi boMzantsi Afrika ngokuzibophelela okumandla kuphuhliso lwekhabhoni ephezulu, asikho ngokuphandle njengowayesakuba nguMphathiswa wezoRhwebo noShishino uRob Davies. Ebhalela iAfrican Climate Foundation, uDavies (2023) wathi, โI-CBAM ngumlinganiselo lowo, ngokokubona kwam, kufuneka waliwe, uchaswe kwaye ucelwe umngeni ngayo nayiphi na indlela okanye iqonga leengxoxo. Ukuqulunqa isicwangciso soku kungxamisekile ngokuphindiweyo ngenxa yokuthambekela kwayo ukuba kuphinde kuphindwe kwezinye iindawo ezininzi. โ Amanyathelo angxamisekileyo eMzantsi Afrika, ucebise ukuba, yilahleko yebhiliyoni e-1.5 yeedola ngonyaka kwintsimbi, i-aluminiyam kunye nentsimbi ethunyelwa eYurophu, kunye neekhemikhali, iiplastiki kunye neemoto eziza kulandela kungekudala.
UDavies (2023) akazange athathele ingqalelo ezintle icala lokulahlekelwa kwezo mpahla zithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, oko kukuthi uMzantsi Afrika uya kubandezeleka okusezantsi kwisitokhwe sawo semithombo engahlaziyekiyo (oko kukuthi, izimbiwa ezingena kuninzi lwesinyithi esenziweyo) ngoko ke uya kuxhamla ekugcineni indalo. butyebi kwizizukulwana ezizayo. Akazange acinge ngeendleko zombane kwimigodi enzulu, ukunyibilikiswa kwesinyithi, ukusetyenzwa kwesinyithi, iikhemikhali zepetroli, iimoto ze-injini ezivuthayo kunye nezinye izinto ezithunyelwa ngaphandle. Inzuzo yokubuyisela loo mandla kumashishini afuna abasebenzi abaninzi, amashishini amancinci kunye nemizi icacile kuye nawuphi na uMzantsi Afrika otsala nzima ngokucinywa kukagesi. Akazange ayihoye iNdleko yeNtlalo yeCarbon evela kumashishini anamandla anjalo, okuthi ukuba ilinganiswe kwi-$ 3000 / tonne ye-CO2 ekhutshweyo, kwaye emva koko isetyenziswe kwi-500 megatonnes yokukhutshwa kwelizwe lonyaka, iphantse ibe kane ngaphezu kwe-GDP ye-2023 elindelwe nguMzantsi Afrika ye-400. I-XNUMX yeebhiliyoni zeerandi.
Utyekelo lukaDavies ngokubhekisele koku kukhutshwa kwekhabhoni ephezulu lunokuchongwa kumsebenzi wakhe njengoMphathiswa wezoRhwebo noShishino ukusukela ngowama-2009-19, xa wayexhasa ulwakhiwo lweziko lombane elitsha elibaswa ngamalahle, uphuhliso lwerhasi yokuqhekeka kwelitye elinqambileyo, iimoto zedizili nezepetroli kunye nolwakhiwo lweziko lombane olutsha. iilori (kwaye akukho zithuthi zombane) kunye namanye amashishini anekhabhoni ephezulu (ingakumbi iMusina-Makhado Special Economic Zone enobuqhophololo), zonke ziqhutywa ngamaqumrhu ezizwe ngezizwe akhuphe iingeniso ngaphandle. Ngenene kwiimeko ezininzi, inkqubo yokubuyiswa kwengeniso iye yaququzelelwa 'kuMqukuqelo weZimali ongekho mthethweni,' kangangokuba uMzantsi Afrika uye wafumana 'uluhlu olungwevu' yiFinancial Action Task Force ngoFebruwari 2023 ngenxa yolawulo oluhlala luxengaxenga lukaNondyebo kunye noReserve Bank, malunga. nto leyo uDavies angazange ayikhalaze esidlangalaleni.
Yiyo loo nto ngamanye amaxesha kukho umahluko obalulekileyo phakathi kwezinto ezinomdla wobukhosi kunye noqoqosho oluphantsi, ngokokhuphiswano lwe-internecine. Ubukhulu becala, izinto eziphathekayo zinomdla ngokubanzi dibana, njengokuba amabhongo e-BRICS asenawo ukuphumeza into ebambekayo Indima kulawulo lwamashishini ahlukeneyo, hayi ukuyiphakamisa (njengabaninzi abazibophelele kwi-hype kunye nethemba elithanda ukuzenza). Ngenxa yokuba amazwi athile agxininisayo kunye naMazantsi 'achasene ne-imperial' aphakamisa intswela-bulungisa yezoqoqosho lwezizwe ngezizwe njengento exhalabisayo, isihendo esinengqiqo sabakhi-mkhanyo abanotyekelo oluqhubekayo kukuxhasa intetho yabo-naxa ingathelekiswa nezenzo. Kodwa izohlwayo zemozulu ngokuchasene ne-mega-emitters kwi-BRICS + ayililo lala maxesha, nokuba umbutho ophambili wothethwano lwemozulu yeBRICS, iBASIC, uzibandakanye kwidabi lokulwa ne-CBM. Njengoko uMphathiswa wezeNdalo eMzantsi Afrika uBarbara Creecy (2023) wakhalaza ngomhla wama-20 kuSeptemba 2023 kwintlanganiso yabaphathiswa be-BASIC,
"Ifestile yamathuba ivala ngokukhawuleza ukucinezela i-EU kunye nabanye abalinde emaphikweni ukuba babeke irhafu ye-unilateral egameni lesenzo semozulu, ukuba balahle izicwangciso zabo okanye bazilungise ukuze bazenze zibe semthethweni, ezifanelekileyo kunye nokutshintsha kwemozulu. Ngokwesebe lethu lezorhwebo, i-Afrika iza kuphulukana malunga ne-26 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi ngonyaka ngamnye kwiirhafu ezithe ngqo kwi-EU kwisigaba sokuqala se-CBM kuphela. Kungekudala abanye, kubandakanywa i-USA, i-UK kunye neKhanada baya kulandela umzekelo we-EU kwaye uluhlu lwempahla erhafiswayo luya kukhula. Impembelelo eseleyo iya kuba ngaphezulu kokurhoxisa nayiphi na imali yemozulu kunye nenye inkxaso esiyifumene kuMantla wehlabathi kunye nokujongela phantsi uphuhliso lwethu oluzinzileyo. "
Abaphezulu baseAfrika baphoxa abantu babo eNairobi
Iinkokeli zaseMzantsi Afrika ezifana neCreecy ayizizo zodwa zamandla kwilizwekazi ezichasa ubulungisa bemozulu, kwihlabathi nasekhaya. Ngokukhawuleza kwengqungquthela ye-BRICS eNairobi naphambi nje kwe-G20, โIsiBhengezo seeNkokeli zase-Afrika sase-Nairobi ngoTshintsho lweMozulu kunye nekhwelo lokuSebenzaโ sithathelwe ingqalelo ngokuyinxenye ngenxa yokusasazwa kwamajelo eendaba ngezinto ezixhalabisayo zabagxeki base-Afrika base-CJ. Emva kwesamithi ye-BRICS, okunye ukuchasana okubalulekileyo kukuba, kwelinye icala, abantu ababalaseleyo base-Afrika bayaqonda ukuba amaqhinga (afana neemarike zekhabhoni) akhona ukulungisa eyona ngxaki igqithisileyo yemarike yehlabathi: ii-GHGs azifakwanga ngaphakathi kwiindleko iimveliso. Kodwa kwelinye icala, imbono yabo kukunyanzelisa ukuba kubekho akukho manyathelo okulungisa athathwayo kwicala elinye, esifana nesohlwayo se-CBAM sokungenisa elizweni esinokuthi silungelelanise iimveliso ezikhutshwayo eziphezulu ingakumbi eMzantsi Afrika, ngokumisela intlawulo. Ke isibhengezo se-AU (2023) safuna, ngokungqinelana neengxelo ze-BRICS kunye ne-BASIC, ukuba "imirhumo enxulumene norhwebo kunye nemiqobo enganeno kuluhlu lweerhafu kufuneka ixhomekeke kwiingxoxo kunye nezivumelwano zamazwe amaninzi kwaye ingabi ngamanyathelo acalanye, angenamthetho okanye anocalucalulo..."
Ngaphandle kokuxhasa abangcolisi belizwekazi kulo mzekelo, iSibhengezo saseNairobi siye sanikezela ngokubanzi kuzakuzo lwe-McKinsey, umz. โThina, ziNtloko zamazwe ase-Afrika nooRhulumenteโฆ 27). Uzwilakhe waseYiputa u-Abdel-Fattah El-Sisi uye wabamba i-COP2023 e-Sharm el-Sheikh ekupheleni kuka-27, umsitho owabonwa ngabakhi-mkhanyo abangathathi ntweni (hayi iintloko zombuso ezithetha ngozakuzo) njengokusilela okukhulu ngokubhekiselele kumgaqo-nkqubo wemozulu wamazwe ngamazwe kunye nolawulo lwemisitho, ngeyona nxalenye incinci ngenxa yokuhlanganiswa kwe-elite zaseYiputa yi-US, amanye amagunya aseNtshona, i-BRICS kunye nabangcolisi be-ultra-polluters kuMbindi Mpuma. Uluntu lwaseYiphutha lwalucinezelwe ngendlela ecwangcisiweyo njengangaphambili, njengoko sele kuphindaphindwa eDubai ngowama-2022.
IsiBhengezo saseNairobi sibize โuluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe ukuba lube negalelo koku kulandelayo: Ukwandisa amandla okuvelisa e-Afrika ukusuka kuma-56 GW ngowama-2022 ukuya kutsho ubuncinane kuma-300 GW ngowama-2030โฆโ (AU 2023). Lo mnqweno uvakala uncomeka; nangona kunjalo, kubuchule bobalo-mali be-AU, 'ukuhlaziywa' kuquka amandla ombane amakhulu, okuthi ngenxa yeemeko ezahlukeneyo (kuquka imbalela edodobalisa umthamo wamadama, okanye izikhukula ezibeka esichengeni isidima samadama amaninzi), ayifanelekanga. Ilizwe elisindleke i-AU, i-Ethiopia, ligrogrisa uluntu olusezantsi kuMlambo iNayile ngeDama lokuVuselela, kunye namadama amabini amakhulu acetywayo โ iProjekthi yoMbane waManzi ye-Inga ecetywayo ye-Inga Hydropower Project kuMlambo i-Congo emazantsi omlambo ukusuka eKinshasa naseMpanda Nkua kuMlambo iZambezi eMozambique - iya kuba negalelo ukukhutshwa kwemethane ephezulu njengoko uhlaza lwasemlanjeni lubola. Ngaphezu koko, ukuhlangabezana nethagethi ye-100 GW ngo-300 kuya kubiza (ngokoyilo lwangaphambili) i-2030 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi, nto leyo engenakucingeleka xa kujongwe ukuba netyala eligqithisileyo kweli lizwekazi kunye nokungabikho koqhagamshelwano ekucinyweni kwamatyala okwenyani. Amabali amabini abaluleke kakhulu ezoqoqosho e-Afrika 'amabali empumelelo' yoo-600, iZambia neGhana, aye ayeka ukusebenza ngo-2010-2022.
Isibhengezo saseNairobi sigxininise "... inguqu yehlabathi kuqoqosho lwekhabhoni ephantsi kulindeleke ukuba ifune utyalo-mali ubuncinci i-USD 4-6 yetriliyoni ngonyaka kwaye ukuhambisa loo nkxaso-mali kufuna ukuguqulwa kwenkqubo yezemali ..." (AU 2023) . Kodwa ekuphela kwendlela 'inguqu' enjalo enokuvumela ngayo utyalo-mali kwikhabhoni ephantsi yekhabhoni yobukhulu, kuxa unikezelo olubanzi lwecandelo lezemali luvunyelwe, kunye nenkxaso-mali enkulu ebonelelweyo. Into eqondwa yi-AU kukuba okwangoku, ubudlelwane bamandla abuyivumeli le nkqubo. Ekuphela kwento evunywa ngababhali besiBhengezo saseNairobi kukuba ngoku, izinga lenzala liphezulu kakhulu, ngakumbi xa kujongwa amaxabiso emali ehlayo:
โIindleko zokuboleka ngokugqithisileyo, amaxesha amaninzi aphindwe ka-5 ukuya kwisi-8 oko kuhlawulwa ngamazwe afumileyo ('ulwahlulo olukhulu lwezemali'), ngunobangela wengxaki yamatyala elizwe elisaphuhlayo kunye nomqobo kutyalo-mali kuphuhliso nakwintshukumo yemozulu. Simema ukwamkelwa kwemithetho-siseko yokuboleka okuzimeleyo kunye noxanduva olubandakanya ukureyithwa kwamatyala, ucazululo lomngcipheko kunye nezikhokelo zovavanyo lozinzo lwamatyala kwaye sibongoza iimarike zezimali ukuba zizibophelele ekunciphiseni lo mahluko ubuncinane ngama-50 epesenti okt ukusuka kwi-5% -8 ekhulwini ukuya kwi-2.5 - 4.0 ipesenti ngo-2025โฆ ikhuthaze utyalo-mali lwehlabathi kwiindawo ezibonelela ngezona nzuzo zininzi nezibalulekileyo kwimozuluโฆโ (AU 2023).
Olu qulunqo lwesakhelo lubandakanya uhlengahlengiso olungenasimilo kumalungiselelo enkxaso-mali yamazwe ngamazwe, eludinini. Oko kunokunceda ababoleki abambalwa, njengendawo yokuhlala yodidi oluphakathi eMzantsi Afrika (nocalucalulo lwabo olucacileyo lobuhlanga) okanye amashishini emveliso aphuma kumazwe amaninzi aphuncuka kuthungelwano olungathembekanga. Ngokwenyani, kule meko yokugqibela, kukho iifemu ezininzi ngoku ezifuna ukuhlamba amandla azo ukuze zithintele isohlwayo se-CBAM ekuthengiseni kumazwe angaphandle, kunye nezalathiso zakwangoko zokuba zinokugqiba 'zichole icherry' 'isiqhamo esijinga kancinci' esinxulumene nokuvuselelwa. amathuba ombane, njengokugcinwa kwamandla okumpontshwa kakuhle. Sele, 'ukujikeleza' kwabo kombane osuka kwiziza ezimandla kakhulu elanga - njengeentlango zoMntla Koloni - zigqithise umthamo wokuhanjiswa kombane apho, ngenxa yokunqongophala kuka-Eskom kutyalo-mali ekwandisweni kweegridi kwiminyaka yakutshanje. Kwaye kolona qoqosho lunabileyo lwezezimali eAfrika, uMzantsi Afrika, inzala ephezulu iyafuneka ukuze kutsalwe inkunzi, ngoko ke nababoleki abaphambili bahlawula i-12 lepesenti yezinga lonyaka kangangoko. Kwaye kubatyali-mali abalinganayo (ubunini) abafana nabaVelisi boMbane abaZimeleyo baseMzantsi Afrika, imbuyekezo ephezulu ngolo hlobo kutyalo-mali iqhelekile (ama-30 eepesenti ngonyaka kwi-venture capital), ukuba ezona ndawo zingcono zelanga nezomoya sele zithengiwe (umz. 4 GigaWatts yaseMzantsi Afrika). Iimfuno zephaneli yelanga kwindawo yokuhlala kunye namashishini amancinci 'kwisiqingatha sokuqala sika-2023 kuphela). Akukho themba lokuvelisa ii-GWs ezinqwenelekayo ezingama-300 ngaphandle kokubhalwa phantsi komlinganiselo wenzala okanye izibonelelo ezithe ngqo.
Isibheno esikhethekileyo seenkokheli zase-Afrika malunga namazinga asezantsi (i-4 yepesenti eyohlukileyo koko kuhlawulwa ngababoleki baseNtshona) kuya kwenza kancinci kakhulu ukutshintsha le calculus isisiseko ngenxa yemiqobo yelizwekazi lokufikeleleka kunye nokutshona ematyaleni okugqithisileyo okukhoyo: โinkqubo yokurhafiswa kwekhabhoni yehlabathi kubandakanywa nerhafu yekhabhoni. kurhwebo lwamafutha efosili, uthutho lwaselwandle kunye nokuhamba ngeenqwelomoya, ezinokuthi ziphinde zongezwe yirhafu yentengiselwano yemali yehlabathiโ (AU 2023). Ngokuqinisekileyo esi sisicelo esincomekayo, kodwa kuvela iingxaki ezimbini. Okokuqala, iirhafu zekhabhoni ezinjalo zikholisa ukuba 'zihlehlise' ekuchaphazeleni kakubi abantu basemaphandleni abanemivuzo ephantsi kakhulu (ingakumbi ngamaxabiso aphezulu epetroli), ngoko ke kubalulekile ukucacisa ukuba ubulungisa bokusasazwa bukhapha nayiphi na loo nyuso-ngxowa-mali.
Okwesibini, kwangaxeshanye, iinkokeli zaseAfrika zicebisa ukuba kunyuswe irhafu karhulumente ngeendlela eziqikelelwayo kwimarike ngokuthi, ngokwenyani, 'umoya ube wabucala' ngokurhweba ngezinto ezikhutshwayo kunye nokunciphisa: โUkukhokela ekuphuhliseni imigangatho yehlabathi, iimethrikhi, kunye nomgangatho wehlabathi. iindlela zentengiso ukuxabisa ngokuchanekileyo kunye nokubuyekeza ukukhuselwa kwendalo, ukungafani kwezityalo nezilwanyana, ukuxhamla ngokubambisana kwezentlalo noqoqosho, kunye nokubonelela ngeenkonzo zemozuluโฆ Ukuphumeza umxube wemilinganiselo ephakamisa isabelo se-Afrika seemarike zekhabhoniโ (AU 2023). Ukubonakalisa ubuzaza besi senzo, i-UAE yabhengeza ukuba iza kuthenga i-450 yezigidi zeedola zeekhredithi zekhabhoni yase-Afrika ngo-2030 (nangona ikwimo "yeleta yenjongo engabopheleli"). Abameli baseYurophu nabase-US bathembise ngenkxaso engachazwanga. (Iintloni zokungenelela kukaZuma kwintengiso yekhabhoni eZimbabwe azichazwanga.)
Umnqweno kaRuto wawukukuba amazwe ase-Afrika aqhubeleke nokukhuthaza i-extractivism enekhabhoni ephezulu โ imigodi enzulu, ukunyibilikiswa, ukusetyenzwa kunye nokwenziwa kwezinto โ ezilawulwa ngamaqumrhu ezizwe ngezizwe asuka eNtshona nakwiBRICS. Oko kuya kubandakanya ukuzinikela ekukhuseleni ezi mizi-mveliso xa zithumela ngaphandle izimbiwa, isinyithi kunye nezinye iimpahla ezigqityiweyo kwiimarike zaseNtshona ezinemigangatho ephezulu yokusingqongileyo. Impendulo yesiBhengezo saseNairobi kule nkxalabo, nangona kunjalo, iya kuba kukuba ekuhambeni kwexesha kuya kuba njalo ehlaziyekayo hayi amandla efosili eya kunika amandla i-extractivism: "Ukuqhubela phambili ushishino lohlaza kwiLizwekazi liphela ngokubeka phambili amashishini anamandla ombane ukuze aqalise umjikelo olungileyo wokusasazwa kwamandla ahlaziyekayo kunye nomsebenzi wezoqoqosho, kugxininiswa ngokukodwa ekongezeni ixabiso kwizipho zendalo zase-Afrikaโ (AU 2023).
Nangona kunjalo eso sikhundla siqhuba umngcipheko wokwenyani wokuba njengoko ugcino lwelanga, umoya kunye namandla lunatyiselwa kwiAfrika iphela, 'ukubekwa phambili' kwemizi-mveliso yokucoca kuya kuvumela iziqhamo zecandelo elihlaziywayo ezijinga kancinci ukuba zixwilwe ngamaqumrhu, kungabikho namnye oshiyekileyo wesiqhelo. abantu. Ngoko ke inkxalabo iphakanyiswa ngabaxhasi bomdla woluntu kumashishini anamandla ezizwe ngezizwe' kwisizukulwana esilandelayo 'yehydrogen eluhlaza' ethunyelwa ngaphandle esuka eAfrika isiya eYurophu (inokuba ikwimo yeeseli zebhetri okanye iammonia), endaweni yokuba ifumaneke kubathengi basekuhlaleni (umz. ixesha elifutshane, iinjini zebhasi kunye neelori, kodwa zinokubanakho ukuvelisa umbane ngokubanzi). Okwangoku, isiseko sezimbiwa ekrwada kuqoqosho oluluhlaza, ngakumbi idiphozithi ye-lithium enzima kwindawo enye enkulu kakhulu - i-Bikita, eZimbabwe - isathunyelwa ngaphandle (ngelori nge-Beira) ngaphandle kokufumana inzuzo nangona umthetho wesizwe we-2022 uvimbela ukuchithwa okunjalo. (Embindini ka-2023, ukuchaswa okubonakalayo okuphezulu koku yi-Harare-based Centre for Natural Resource Governance ubuncinane kukhokelele ekuvalweni kwexesha elifutshane lomgodi.)
Ngelixa iSibhengezo saseNairobi siqaphela impembelelo engalinganiyo yokutshintsha kwemozulu e-Afrika, le yayingeyiyo indibano yokufumana izisombululo kwiintlekele zobuntu eziye zaveliswa yimozulu embi kwilizwekazi liphela. Ubulungisa - ekucingelwa ukuba lelona candelo libalulekileyo lotshintsho lwamandla - akuthethwanga kwisibhengezo, kwaye akuzange kubonakale kwi-ajenda. Mhlawumbi ngokungothusiyo kumsitho oququzelelwe nguMcKinsey, bekugxilwe ekwenzeni imali ngengxaki yemozulu ukuqhubela phambili ukukhula nophuhliso. โIngaba le ngqungquthela sele imisele inqanaba elitsha lenkqubo yokutsalwa kweemveliso egameni lophuhliso โlohlazaโ lwaseNtshona?,โ kubuza i-NGO kaJust Share kaTracey Davies (2023) oyi-NGO kaJust Share, yaphendula ngokuqinisekisayo:
โIimarike zekhabhoni zibalasele, ngamandla azo okuvumela abangcolisi abakhulu ukuba babuyekeze ukukhutshwa kwerhasi yegreenhouse ngokuyihlawulela ukuyiphelisa ngokuchasene neziphumo zokuthinjwa kwekhabhoni kumahlathi aseAfrika kunye neemangrove. Kodwa amakhulu amatsha ntliziyo awayehlanganisene eNairobi kwilizwekazi liphela athi iimarike zekhabhoni ngenene ziyindlela yokutshintsha umthwalo wokuthomalalisa ukukhutshwa kwemveliso kumazantsi ehlabathi, ngelixa enika ilizwe liphela imvume yokuqhubeka nokungcolisa. Bekukho ingqwalasela enkulu 'ekuphekeni okucocekileyo', izithethi ezisuka koosopolitiki kunye nabezoshishino bavakalisa inkxalabo entsha efunyenwe ngamakhulu ezigidi zamaAfrika apheka ngeenkuni, amalahle kunye neparafini. Le yingxaki ebalulekileyo ekufuneka isonjululwe. Kodwa iziganeko kule ngqungquthela, ezifana nokusungulwa kwengxelo edibeneyo ye-International Energy Agency kunye ne-African Development Bank, ibonisa ukuba iinjongo ezincomekayo zabo basebenzela ukujongana nayo basemngciphekweni omkhulu wokuxhwilwa lishishini legesi lehlabathi. Kuyacaca ukuba intlantsi eqaqambileyo (eMcKinsey?) iqonde ukuba iphulo 'lokupheka okucocekileyo' sisithuthi esihle sokuqinisekisa izicwangciso zokwandisa irhasi yefosili kwilizwekazi liphela."
I-G20 yongeza i-AU kwaye isusa amabhongo emozulu eDelhi, ngelixa i-UN inyathela amanzi eNew York.
Ingqungquthela yesithathu enkulu phakathi kwe-2023 eyaqinisekisa ukuba kuya kuba nzima kangakanani ukutshintsha i-dynamics kwinkqubo yeZizwe eziManyeneyo, yayiyi-G20 eDelhi ngoSeptemba 8-9. Amathemba e-G20 aqale avuselelwa ngo-Okthobha ka-2008, xa intlanganiso yokuqala eWashington DC yenzeke phakathi kokudodobala okukhulu kwezimali okwakufuna inkxaso yezoqoqosho yamazwe ngamazwe kunye nokuba semthethweni. Ngaphandle kwazo naziphi na ezinye izinto eziphunyeziweyo kule minyaka ili-15 ilandelayo, impumelelo uninzi lwabathathi-nxaxheba kunye nabagqabaza abachazwe njengembali yongeza iManyano ye-Afrika (i-AU) njengelungu elisemthethweni leqela. Ukongeza, abaphandi beYunivesithi yaseToronto abafunda izithembiso ze-G20 kunye nezinto abazifezileyo bathi ingqungquthela yase-Indonesia ye-2022 ibeke iinjongo eziye zaphunyezwa kakhulu kunyaka olandelayo xa kufikwa kwimozulu (ukuhambelana neSivumelwano seMozulu saseParis kwi-85 yepesenti yempumelelo) kunye nophuhliso oluzinzileyo (90). ipesenti).
Abanye baye bade bathi iG20 ngobuchule bokusingathwa kozakuzo yiNkulumbuso yaseIndiya uNarendra Modi kuthetha ukuba uthungelwano luye lwaba sisithuthi sokuqhuba i-US kwi-multipolarity, ngakumbi kuba imisebenzi emithathu elandelayo ye-G20 iya kuba seBrazil, eMzantsi Afrika kwaye. iunited States. Kwingcali yezoqoqosho uJeffrey Sachs (2023), kwingqungquthela yaseDelhi,
โSilibonile ilizwi lamazwe asakhasayo kwezoqoqosho lisithi sifuna ukuba notshintsho kuqoqosho lwamazwe ngamazwe. Kwaye wonke umntu wahambisana nalo nto kwaye akukho mntu waphula inkquboโฆ ukongezwa kwe-Afrika kwi-G20 โ into ebendiyikhuthaza iminyaka eliqela โ yingxaki enkulu kakhulu kuzo zonke izizathu ebesixoxa ngazo kunye nawe. kwiiveki zakutsha nje ne-BRICS kunye namandla aguqukayo ehlabathiโฆ Iingxoxo ngoku zidlulela eBrazil noLula kwaye uza kuqhubela phambili konke oku kwisikhundla esiphindwe kabini njengomongameli we-G20 nanjengelungu eliphambili le-BRICS. Ke kulo nyaka uzayo siza kuba neNgqungquthela yeBRICS eKazan, eRussia kwaye siza kuba neG20 eBrazil, kwaye ndicinga ukuba izinto ziza kutshintsha.
Okona kubaluleke kakhulu, ngelixa engakhankanyi imozulu (ngaphandle kweLula ekwabambe i-COP30 ngo-2025), u-Sachs unethemba lokuba njengoko kuvela ubuninzi babantu, iintlobo zeemeko eziphuhlisayo i-Afrika nazo zinokuwa:
โUkuba [amazwe ase-Afrika] amanyana aya kuphumelela ngokupheleleyo kwaye into esiya kuyibona kukuba iAfrika ifikelela kwisixhenxe ukuya kwishumi ekhulwini lokukhula okunyukayo unyaka nonyaka kule minyaka ingama-40 izayo, njengoko yenzayo iTshayina ukusuka ngo-1980 ukuya kowama-2020, njengoko i-Indiya isenza ukusukela ngo-2000 2040. I-Afrika iya kuba kwindlela enye kunye nokulibaziseka kweminyaka engama-20, ndingathi i-20 yeminyaka yokuqala. Kodwa into esiza kuyibona lutshintsho olukhulu ukuba ama-Afrika enza le nto akhangeleka ngathi ayenzayo ngoku, kwaye oko kukumanyana kuba njengoqoqosho lwelizwekazi elinye elikhusela iimfuno zalo kwaye lilandele iimfuno zalo kunye kwiindawo zehlabathi kunye. ubunkokheli behlabathi. Iza kuba lihlabathi elahluke kakhulu nelinethemba kakhulu.โ
Iimpawu zemeko yobunzima bemozulu, ukuba sematyaleni ngokugqithisileyo, ukuxhomekeka kwimveliso ephambili, kunye newonga levassal kwiinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe kunye nabaxhasi baseNtshona- ezinokuthi oorhulumente basemkhosini baseNtshona Afrika baphazamise ngokufutshane kodwa kwinqanaba ngubani kurhulumente olawula inkqubo- hlala unjalo, ukuba i-ajenda ye-BRICS ye-multipolarity iyaqhubeka nokwandisa ubume bamandla obukhoyo. Ngapha koko, u-Adriano Nuvunga, usihlalo weZiko leDemokhrasi noPhuhliso eMozambique, โI-AU ngumbutho omele ubukhulu becala iimfuno zabasemagunyeni. Ayinamazinyo kwaye ayisebenzi, kwaye izibonakalisa ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuba ayinakukwazi ukuqinisekisa impumelelo, ukhuseleko, noxolo kubo bonke abantu baseAfrika "(Cascais 2023).
Ingqungquthela yaseNairobi iqinisekisile ukuba ngokomgaqo-nkqubo wemozulu, abanamandla - e-Afrika kwaye i-G20 ngokufanayo - zizinikele ekuthengiseni umoya wabucala kunye nokuthengisa ilungelo lokungcolisa kwiimarike zekhabhoni, ngoko akumangalisi ukuba kuncinci kwavela eDelhi ukukhuthaza abagcini bendalo. Bekukho ukuzinikela okungacacanga kumandla ombane ahlaziyekayo aphinda-phinda kathathu (ngaphandle kweendlela ezithile zoncedo lwenkxaso-mali ezibonelelweyo), nto leyo UMlawuli we-Arhente yaMandla yeHlabathi uFatih Birol (2023) ubizwa ngokuba "Kukude nokwanela ukuhambelana nethagethi ye-1.5C," okanye ukujongana nokusasazeka kweziyobisi zefosili. Ngokucacileyo, kanye njengakwi-COP2021 ka-26 eGlasgow, xa i-imperial/sub-imperial yase-US, i-China kunye ne-Indiya idityanisiwe ukuze yamkele ulwimi โlwenqanaba eliphantsiโ ngokunxulumene namalahle, i-G20 yaphinda yaliphepha igama elithi โisigaba sokuphumaโ okanye ukukhankanya ngokwenene. kwamanye amafutha efosili ngaphandle kwamalahle. Umamkeli weG20 wonyaka ongaphambili, UMongameli wase-Indonesia uJoko U-Widodo (uNobhala weKhabhinethi yeRiphabhlikhi yase-Indonesia ngo-2023), ugxeke ukunqongophala kwenkxaso-mali yemozulu yesisa, ebiza izibophelelo zaseDelhi nje 'zintetho.'
Kwi-Modi, eyona nto iphoxekayo ingumfuziselo yayingabonisi mboniso kaXi Jinping kunye noVladimir Putin. UModi uphumelele indumiso ngemanyano yakhe yehlabathi jikelele ye-biofuel, kunye ne-US kunye neBrazil, "ukunceda ukukhawulezisa iinzame zehlabathi zokuhlangabezana nokujoliswe kuko kokukhutshelwa ngaphandle kwe-net-zero ngokuququzelela urhwebo lwe-biofuels evela kwimithombo ebandakanya inkunkuma yezityalo kunye nezilwanyana," nangona i-biofuels. zikwangumngcipheko kwimveliso yokutya yehlabathi ngenxa yokhuphiswano lomhlaba wezityalo. Njengoko ingcali yezolimo yaseIndiya uDevinder Sharma esitsho, oku "yayingeyonto imfutshane kwimpazamo yembali", kuba iG20 kufuneka "icinge ukondla abantu kuqala, iimoto zinokulinda. Ukutya akufuneki kuphambukiswe kwimisebenzi engenanto yakwenza nokhuseleko lokutya lwasekhaya โ(Mukherji 2023).
Ngokutsho kwengcali yezoqoqosho uJayati Ghosh (2023), i-G20 nayo yasilela ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwinqanaba le-geopolitics, apho uxinzelelo oluninzi kumaxabiso okudla okuziinkozo lwehlabathi lwavela ngo-2022 emva kokuhlasela kweRashiya e-Ukraine. Ngeli nqaku, wathi, i-G20 phantsi kwe-Modi "yayibuyisela umva kwingxelo yase-Bali, umongameli wase-Indonesia, apho uhlaselo lwase-Ukraine lwase-Ukraine lwagwetywa kwaye apho kwabakho isicelo sokurhoxa kwangoko." Umphathiswa wezangaphandle waseRussia uSergey Lavrov wonwabile sesi sibhengezo kuba, njengoko uGhosh (2023) watshoyo, iG7 ibona โubunkokeli obukhoyo eIndiya bubaluleke kakhulu enkundleni kunokumelaโฆ .โ UGhosh (2023) uqhubeke,
โEyona nto imbi kakhulu kukuba le G20 ayenzanga nto kwiingxaki ezinkulu zexesha lethuโฆ [nangona] iintlekele ezinkulu ezenzeka kwihlabathi liphelaโฆ . Kwakungekho nto ekusombululeni ingxaki enkulu yetyala, nto leyo kumazwe amalunga nama-80 namhlanje isenza mandundu amathuba okujongana nokutshintsha kwemozulu, ngokunjalo. Ukanti lo ibingumba wokuba i-Indiya yenze enye yezona zinto zixhalabisayo kumongameli wayo. UModi wayethe, 'Siza kusebenzela ukusombulula ingxaki yamatyala.' Akukho nto kuloo nto. Ukuthula okoyikekayo ekunqongophelweni kwezicwangciso zerhafu, umzekelo, iirhafu zobutyebi kwabo bazizityebi kakhulu kunye nokwabelana ngolwazi oluya kwenza ukuba, okanye isivumelwano esingcono serhafu yenkampani kuneso sikhoyo ngoku etafileni. Akukho nto malunga nokufumana izixhobo eziya kwenza ukuba amazwe ajongane kungekuphela nje nokuthomalalisa, kodwa ngoku kukujongana neempembelelo zokutshintsha kwemozulu abaninzi abajongene nazo. โ
Kwiiveki ezimbini emva koko, ingqungquthela yeenkokheli zeZizwe eziManyeneyo eNew York yaqinisekisa ukugxeka kukaGhosh ngokukhubazeka kwabantu abakhethekileyo. UNobhala-Jikelele u-Antรณnio Guterres (2023) ushwankathele:
โUbushushu oboyikekayo buneziphumo ezimanyumnyezi. Amafama anxungupheleyo abukele izityalo zithwelwe zizikhukula, amaqondo obushushu ashushu abangela izifo kunye namawaka abaleka esoyika njengoko imililo yembali ivutha. Intshukumo yemozulu iyancipha ngenxa yobungakanani bomngeniโฆ Uluntu luvule amasango esihogo.โ
Ukuvuselelwa koqhanqalazo lwemozulu yaseNew York-nangona incinci kakhulu kunemizamo ka-2014 kunye no-2019-yazama ukubonisa le ngxaki kunye nokuchasana, kuba njengoko u-Amy Goodman noDenis Moynihan (2023) bathi, "abantu abangama-75,000 baqhankqalaza eManhattan, bedibana kufutshane neZizwe eziManyeneyo. ikomkhulu. Nangona yayingumyalezo oya kwiinkokeli zehlabathi, ibhena ekwiqonga lerali ifundeka ngolu hlobo, 'Biden: End Fossil Fuels'... nabaqhankqalazi abali-149 ababanjwe ngaphandle kweFederal Reserve Bank yaseNew York, njengenxalenye yombutho okhulayo ocela umngeni kubaxhasi bezemali befosili. ishishini lamafutha.โ Ujoliso luquka โiMyuziyam yoBugcisa bale mihla, ngokunxulumana ngokusondeleyo nosomashishini oyibhiliyoni, uHenry Kravis, umseki wefemu yotyalo-mali yaseWall Street i-KKR. Phakathi kweengoma zoqhankqalazo yayikukuba, โSifuna umoya ococekileyo, hayi omnye usozigidi!โโ
Isiphelo: Ithemba le-Afrika linokuthi (?) linyuke kubavukeli boMzantsi Afrika abangama-impiriyali
Abachasi ngokuchaseneyo nabaphezulu bemozulu yehlabathi baye bavela kwasekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-2000, xa imiba yobulungisa bemozulu yaseAfrika yayixhaswa ziinkokeli ezikwinqanaba eliphezulu lehlabathi, ulungiselelo lwazo lufanele ukufundelwa. Kodwa okokuqala, ayethini amabali abo, eAfrika nakwihlabathi jikelele? I-ajenda ye-CJ yakhelwe kuzo zombini iindawo zoqhanqalazo lwehlabathi - ngakumbi ii-COPs - kunye nakwiindawo ezisekelwe kwimozulu ephantsi. Ezinye zibandakanya iindawo ezineentlekele zemozulu, ngakumbi kuMazantsi eAfrika. Kodwa ekwenzeni oku kutsiba kwejografi kunye ne-scalar, iyantlukwano kwiimfuno phakathi kwe-CJ kunye 'nentshukumo yemozulu' eqhelekileyo iye yacaca ngakumbi. Qwalasela eminye imizekelo yamabali anxulumene neemfuno ze-CJ:
+ Amatsha-ntliziyo aseAfrika, ngokungafaniyo neenkokeli zawo, asoloko esebenzisa amagama afana nembuyekezo kunye 'netyala lemozulu.'
+ Xa kufikwa kwimali yemozulu ehlala ibonakaliswa yiNtshona, amatshantliziyo e-CJ anyanzelisa izibonelelo, angaqhubeki nokuphinda amatyala enziwe ngemali yangaphandle.
+ Iingcali zobuchule ze-CJ kudala zicebisa iindlela - ezifana 'neMillion yeMisebenzi yeMozulu' eMzantsi Afrika - ukuba inkxaso-mali kufuneka ifake isandla kwiJust Transitions ukuya phezulu, hayi iindidi zeJETP zaseWashington-London-Frankfurt-Paris-Brussels eMzantsi Afrika.
+ Xa kuziwa kwitekhnoloji, amatsha ntliziyo eCJ ayayichasa imiqobo yePropati yoBukrelekrele kwitekhnoloji elungileyo yoluntu (ilanga, umoya kunye nokugcinwa kwamandla).
+ Amatsha ntliziyo e-CJ aphelelwe lithemba kuguqulelo lwabucala lwamandla ahlaziyekayo afumanekayo kwiindawo ezininzi, ezinokhetho oluncinci lobunini obudibeneyo kunye nolawulo lweegridi zombane zasekhaya.
+ Iimfuno zabo zobulungisa bamandla zibandakanya uMbane oSisiseko waSimahla kunye nezinye iindlela zokungahoxisi ezijolise kubufazi.
+ Amatsha ntliziyo e-CJ abeka iinzame ezinkulu ekuthatheni inxaxheba, ukubonisana kunye nokwahluka, ngakumbi xa kujongwa ukuba ingakanani ingxaki yemozulu echaphazela abafazi, abantu bomthonyama, uhlanga kunye nobuhlanga, udidi kunye nezinye izinto zesazisi, ngokuyinxenye ngenxa yomthwalo ongekho sikweni welahleko, umonakalo, uhlengahlengiso kunye nokunciphisa. iindleko ziwachaphazela kakhulu la maqela.
+ Amatsha ntliziyo e-CJ anyanzelisa ukuba ashiye amafutha efosili e-Afrika ngaphantsi komhlaba, kwaye alwa ngobukroti nokuphonononga elunxwemeni naselunxwemeni.
+ Abanye abaphembeleli be-CJ baphikisa ngelithi ukuhlawulwa kwetyala lemozulu ephuma phezulu yenye yeendlela zokubuyisa ingeniso ethe yalahleka, ngaphandle kokuba inkxaso-mali ifika ngqo ebantwini (umz. ngokwemodeli yeSibonelelo seNgeniso yeSiseko esetyenziswa e-Otjivero, eNambia ekuqaleni. 2010s).
+ Kwaye uninzi lwamatsha ntliziyo e-CJ luxhasa iinguqulelo 'zezohlwayo zemozulu' - umz., ukuchithwa kwe-50 yezigidi zezigidi zeedola kwii-asethi zabatyali-zimali kwiziko kumafutha efosili, eqhutywa zii-NGOs zamazwe ngamazwe; okanye i-Xi kaSeptemba 2021 ukucuthwa kwezixhobo zombane ezibaswa ngamalahle ecaleni kwe-Belt&Road; okanye (eyenziwe ngokutsha) izohlwayo zemozulu ezikhuthazwa ngeerhafu zomda waseYurophu - ukuba inceda kwiidabi zabo ngokuchasene nezinyibilikisi zekhabhoni ephezulu kunye nephezulu-methane-powered, imigodi enzulu kunye nezinye ii-guzzlers zamandla ezingafanelekanga, kwaye ukuba ingeniso evela kwiirhafu ezinjalo zijikeleziswa emva ukuhlawula ityala lemozulu yaseYurophu.
Ezi zezinye zeendawo apho isithethe se-CJ sisuka kumgaqo-nkqubo wemozulu eqhelekileyo. Kodwa uvavanyo lokwenyani lomzabalazo wamandla kule meko yobomi nokufa iyaqhubeka ibe yindlela ezibaliswayo eziguqulelwa ngayo kuqhanqalazo lwemozulu kunye nezinye iindawo zoxinzelelo ezijolise ekuguquleni iimbono zabanamandla, okanye ukubenza buthathaka. Oku kubandakanya nokuba ngaba bagunyazise abantu abaphezulu okanye hayi, kwaye njani; apho iinkqubo ezisesikweni zijika amabali abe lixabiso โ okanye kwelinye icala, adityaniswe โ uthethathethwano nemibutho yamandla ekumgangatho ophezulu eyonakalisa ngenye indlela; kunye nezifundo ezivela kwiphulo langaphambili le-Afrika ngokubanzi elathi kumashumi amabini eminyaka adlulileyo lasombulula ingxaki enkulu: ukufikelela kweyeza lokuthomalalisa intsholongwane kagawulayo ngokusebenzisa inkqubo yamazwe ngamazwe enamandla eyenze unyino olumandla, ngaloo ndlela inyusa iminyaka yokuphila kwilizwekazi ngokumangalisayo.
Kuloo meko yokugqibela, uloyiso kuMbutho weHlabathi wezoRhwebo ngo-2001 lwaphuma kwindibaniselwano yenkcaso yasekuhlaleni โ eyayikhokelwa eMzantsi Afrika yi-Treatment Action Campaign (TAC) hayi ngokuchasene nomongameli wabo okhanyelayo uGawulayo kuphela (uThabo Mbeki) kodwa ngokuchasene nesebe leBig Pharma. izityalo kunye nezindlu zozakuzo zikaRhulumente waseNtshona - kunye nenkxaso yehlabathi jikelele kunye nee-NGO zezempilo zamazwe ngamazwe (ingakumbi i-Medicins sans Frontieres) kunye neentshukumo zentlalo ezisekelwe kumazwe angama-impiriyali (ingakumbi i-ACTUP! kwizixeko ezininzi zase-United States). Kuthe ngo-1999 i-TAC yaqalisa ukuthethelelwa kumazwe ngamazwe, kwakungekho ngqiqweni ukuba imfuno yeecocktails zasimahla, zamayeza enziwe afana nalawo aveliswe ngabenzi we-AIDS (ebezixabisa i-$10,000 ngonyaka) ziya kwenziwa zifumaneke ngeenkqubo zempilo zoluntu zase-Afrika eziphelelweyo (Bond 1999). Kodwa iNgxowa-mali yeZizwe eziManyeneyo yokuLwa uGawulayo, iSifo sePhepha kunye neMalariya iye yabonelela ngenkxaso-mali (njengoko yenze i-PEPFAR karhulumente wase-US), ngoko ke โ kunye neSivumelwano saseMontreal esathi sanqumamisa ukukhutshwa kwe-CFC (ngaloo ndlela ibuyisela umva umonakalo we-ozone) โ isebenza njengemigangatho emibini yehlabathi. isandulela santoni inokwenziwa ukuba ibhalansi yemikhosi ekugqibeleni itshintshelwe kubulungisa bemozulu.
Ngokuqinisekileyo kukho ithuba lokuba isiseko sengca sase-Afrika siphakame ngendlela amatsha ntliziyo amaninzi ase-Afrika abonisa ukuba kunokwenzeka ngayo kumashumi amabini eminyaka eyadlulayo, ebeka uxinzelelo kuzo zombini iinkokeli zabo kunye nabaphezulu behlabathi (Heywood 2021). Kukwakho amathuba okuba abantu abafana noRamaphosa noRuto baqhubeke nokungaphumeleli kwiingingqi zabo zovoto. Kwimeko apho, ubunkokeli obuvela kumatsha-ntliziyo aphakamileyo buya kuqhubeka bugxeka abantu ababalaseleyo, njengoko kudala besenziwa ngabantu abafana nongasekhoyo uWangari Maatthei, umkhuseli wehlathi waseKenya owaba nguwongwa weNobel Prize kunye nosekela-mphathiswa; UNnimmo Bassey, umyili wezakhiwo waseNigeria kunye nembongi eququzelela iNiger Delta yakhe yamkelwa ngeMbasa yokuPhila ngokuLungileyo; Unozakuzaku uDi-Aping, owathi emva kwe-COP15 yase-Copenhagen wavalwa ngokusisiseko ekuthetheleleni apho kodwa wahlala esebenza kwezinye iimeko ezinje nge-โAmalungelo ezizukulwane ezizayoโ; isifundiswa-litsha-ntliziyo uBoaventura Monjane ophuma kumbutho wabalimi baseMozambique kunye neYunivesithi yaseWestern Cape Institute for Poverty, Land and Agrarian Studies; Abaququzeleli be-NGO baseKenya uMithika Mwenda kunye no-Augustine Njamnshi, owaseka inethiwekhi - i-PACJA - kunye namaqela amalungu angaphezu kwe-1000; inkokeli yesahluko se-Friends of the Earth yaseMozambique uAnabela Lemos; Umseki weZiko laseZimbabwe loLawulo lweMithombo yeNdalo uFarai Maguwu; kwaye okona kubalulekileyo, njengelizwi lolutsha eliphambili kwilizwekazi, itshantliziyo laseUganda uVanessa Nakate. Abanye baziinkokheli zeNgqungquthela yoBulungisa beMozulu ye-Afrika enamalungu angama-27 ethe yaqhuba i-Counter COP ekupheleni kukaSeptemba ka-2023, nombono wayo usekelwe ekugunyazisweni nasekugxothweni kwenkqubo ye-UN, echaseneyo nokuphembelela abantu bangaphakathi kunye noqhanqalazo oludityanisiweyo lwePACJA. Emva kobunkokheli basekhaya, belizwekazi kunye nehlabathi jikelele kunye nokwakhiwa kwentshukumo, ngamatsha ntliziyo asuka ezantsi asuka ekuqaleni koo-2009 aye acacisa iindlela ze-CJ (Mwenda kunye neBond 2000).
Loo nkqubo yaqala e-Afrika ngo-2004, xa iQela laseThekwini lezoBulungisa beMozulu laliseka kwinkomfa yamazwe ngamazwe ukuze ligxeke inkqubo esakhulayo yeemalike zekhabhoni kunye nokususwa kwezinto eyayigunyaziswe ngabaphezulu behlabathi eKyoto COP ngo-1997. Abanye baseMzantsi Afrika Umzabalazo wengingqi, welizwekazi kunye nehlabathi jikelele ekuthetheleleni ubulungisa bemozulu: uKumi Naidoo, itshantliziyo elichasene nocalucalulo waseThekwini owaba yintloko yeGreenpeace International ukusukela ngowama-2009-15; Amatsha ntliziyo e-Indian Ocean 'Wild Coast' uNonhle Mbuthuma kunye noSinegugu Zukula abachase ngempumelelo irhasi nentlabathi; Inkokeli ye-EarthLife Afrika uMakoma Lekalakala; Umseki weNdibano yaManina aseMaphandleni uMercia Andrews; USamantha Hargreaves kunye noTrusha Reddy we-Women in Mining anti-extractivism network; Sunny Morgan of Debt4Climate; uVishwas Satgar, uCharles Simane, uFerrial Adam, u-Awande Buthelezi, uJanet Cherry nabanye abakwi-Climate Justice Charter Movement efikelela kwezona ndawo zikude kuthungelwano lwe-eco-socialist; umenzi bhanyabhanya ophumelele ibhaso uRehad Desai; umseki weNGO uBobby Peek; ULiziwe McDaid weGreen Connection oncedise ukuphembelela uqhanqalazo oluchasene negesi elunxwemeni; uDesmond D'Sa weManyano yezokusiNgqongileyo yaseMzantsi Durban; isazi ngentlalo yoluntu uJacklyn Cock; UMalik Dasoo kunye no-Anita Khanna kwi-Extinction Rebellion; UFerron Pedro we-350.org kunye no-Alex Lenferna weManyano yoBulungisa beMozulu abafuna amaqhina anamandla nabasebenzi; kunye namagqwetha aqinileyo kwiZiko lamaLungelo okusiNgqongileyo, iZiko leMithombo yezoMthetho kunye neCullinan kunye neeNdibaniselwano ezibaxhasayo.
Ngaphandle kwezithethe zezopolitiko ezaphukileyo ezithetha ukuba ngamanye amaxesha kukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo kunye nokhuphisanayo lweengcamango kunye nokuqhelaniswa kobuchule kwindawo yomzabalazo wemozulu, intshukumo yabo yobutshantliziyo ngamanye amaxesha iye yahlawula ngokuchasene noRamaphosa, iMantashe, iCreecy kunye nemibutho yasekhaya neyamazwe ngamazwe yefosili ethi, njengoShell noCopelyn, bondla abezopolitiko baseMzantsi Afrika ngeminikelo yesisa yephulo. Iziza zamatshantliziyo ziquka iilwandle kunye nezikhululo zepetroli (zakwaShell kunye neTotal) apho kuye kwakho amakhulu oqhanqalazo oluchasene nokuphononongwa kwerhasi ukusukela ekupheleni kuka-2021, iihotele zika-Johnny Copelyn, ikomkhulu lika-Eskom kunye necandelo lezamandla kunye nokusingqongileyo, i-Standard Bank (eyona inkulu e-Afrika, ilitye elinqabileyo lefosili. -umxhasi wezabaso), ikomkhulu leenkampani zeoyile (ingakumbi iSasol kunye neTotal), ifem yokubonelela ngomkhosi enxulumene ne-Israel kunye ne-offshore gas extraction (Paramount Group), kunye ne-World Bank's Johannesburg kunye ne-ofisi yasePitoli. Eli ziko lokugqibela lalikwakwi-radar yamatsha ntliziyo ase-Afrika, litsala abaqhankqalazi abangaphezu kwewaka e-Morocco apho iNtlanganiso yoNyaka yeBhanki yayibanjwe phakathi ku-Okthobha.
Ngenxa yokuba abantu baseAfrika abachasi bongcoliseko olukhulu, abaxhasi babo ngezimali kunye namazwe abaxhasayo baya kuqina, i-nuances yezopolitiko zemozulu kwinqanaba lehlabathi zihlala zilahlekile. Kodwa xa eNairobi yenene I-Africa Climate Summit egcwele amatsha ntliziyo achaza izinto ekujoliswe kuzo ezifihlakeleyo ezifana nezisombululo zobuxoki zokulungiswa kwethekhinoloji kunye neemarike zekhabhoni, kwaye xa kwiindawo ezininzi ezibambekayo izigxeko ezithe kratya zeeprojekthi zongcoliseko zixhomekeke ekuhlolweni kwabemi, kuhlala kukho inkqubela phambili ekhuthazayo. Ingcamango yobulungisa bemozulu inokuthi, kwinqanaba elithile, igxininise kwi-eco-socialism epheleleyo, endaweni yokutsalwa ngasemva kwiinguqulelo zesenzo semozulu kunye ne-ecological-modernization market kunye ne-tech-fix strategy, njengoko i-elites ifuna. Kodwa imfuneko yokugcina ukuthandabuza okunzulu malunga nobudlelwane bamandla ngaphakathi kwe-COPs kunye namabali aphuma kwipolitiki yemozulu yehlabathi, ayisoze iphele - ngakumbi eDubai ngo-2023 kunye nokuba yintoni enokuthi ibe likhoboka le-fossil eMpuma Yurophu ngo-2024, ngaphambi kokufudukela eDubai ngo-2025. IAmazon apho mhlawumbi ibhalansi yemikhosi iya kuphuculwa ngo-XNUMX.
(Uguqulelo lweli nqaku luya kuvela kwiJenali yeZifundo zabaLindwayo.)
Ucaphulo
IManyano yeAfrika. Ngo-2023. Nairobi, 6 Septemba. https://www.afdb.org/sites/default/files/2023/09/08/the_african_leaders_nairobi_declaration_on_climate_change-rev-eng.pdf
Amin, S. 2019. Uguquko olude loMzantsi weGlobal. ENew York: Uphononongo lweNyanga yeendaba.
Birol, F. 2023. "Intloko ye-Arhente yaMandla yamazwe ngamazwe ithetha neCarbon Brief." Isishwankathelo seCarbon, 15 Septemba. https://www.carbonbrief.org/debriefed-15-september-2023-g20s-big-bet-on-renewables-libyas-catastrophe-interview-with-iea-chief/
Bond, P. 1999. Ijenali yaMazwe ngaMazwe yeeNkonzo zeMpilo, 29, 4, iphepha 765-792. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.2190/4MA6-53E3-LE1X-C1YY?journalCode=joha
Bond, P. 2018. "Iintshukumo zeNtlalo yoBulungisa beMozulu ngexesha lokuhla koLawulo lweHlabathi." e S.Lele, E.Brondizio, J.Byrne, GMMace kunye no J.Martinez-Alier (Eds), Ukucinga ngokutsha ngeNdalo. Umqulu 23. Cambridge, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, pp.153-182. https://esforum.de/publications/sfr23/chaps/SFR23_08_Bond.pdf
Bond, P. 2022. โL'impรฉrialisme Fossile Franรงais, le Sous-Impรฉrialisme Sud-Africain et la Rรฉsistance Anti-impรฉriale.โ Ngokwenene Marx, 72, 2, iphepha 78-97. https://www.cairn.info/revue-actuel-marx-2022-2-page-59.htm
Bond, P. 2023. โIngozi kunye nokutshiswa kweAfrika.โ Ijenali yezifundo zezoPolitiko nezoLawulo, 4, 1, 2023, iphepha 1-21. https://cpvp.org/media/JPAS-Vol-4-Special-Edition-February-2023.pdf
Bond, P. 2024. โIminqathe yokuxhasa iMozulu kunye neeNtonga eMzantsi Afrika.โ kwi-J.Jรคger kunye ne-E.Dziwok (eds), Ukuqonda iMali yoHlaza. Ashgate: Edward Elgar, 2024, pp.200-214. https://www.e-elgar.com/shop/gbp/understanding-green-finance-9781803927541.html
Borras, S, I.Scoones, A.Baviskar, M.Edelman, N.Peluso kunye noW.Wolford. 2022. "Ukutshintsha kwemozulu kunye nobunzima bezolimo." Ijenali yeZifundo zabaLima, 49: 1, 1-28. https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2021.1956473
IBrazil-Russia-India-China-South Africa BRICS. 2023. โIsibhengezo saseJohannesburg II โ BRICS neAfrika.โ ERhawutini, nge-23 ka-Agasti. https://brics2023.gov.za/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Jhb-II-Declaration-24-August-2023-1.pdf
UNobhala weKhabhinethi weRiphabhliki yase-Indonesia. 2023. โIngqungquthela yeG20 yaseIndiya.โ Jakarta, 9 Septemba. https://setkab.go.id/en/indias-g20-summit-president-jokowi-addresses-measures-to-tackle-increasing-global-temperatures/
Cascais, A. 2023. โIngaba i-AU iyasilela kwindima yayo njengomlamli?โ Deutsche Welle, 25 Meyi. https://www.dw.com/en/is-the-african-union-at-risk-of-failing-in-its-role-as-a-mediator/a-65730521
Creecy, B. 2023. โIntlanganiso yaseBrazil, uMzantsi Afrika, i-Indiya kunye neQela laseTshayina kumda we-UNGA.โ ENew York, nge-20 kaSeptemba. https://www.gov.za/speeches/minister-barbara-creecy-meeting-brazil-south-africa-india-and-china-group-margins-unga-20
Davies, R. 2023. โUkujonga iiNgxaki eziNtsha kwi-Nexus yoRhwebo kunye noTshintsho lweMozulu.โ IPhepha leSiseko seMozulu saseAfrika, eKapa. https://africanclimatefoundation.org/news_and_analysis/navigating-new-turbulences-at-the-nexus-of-trade-and-climate-change/
Davies, T. 2023. โUkuqweqwedisa unobangela weMozulu.โ EKapa, โโJust Share, 23 Septemba. https://justshare.org.za/op-eds/hijacking-the-climate-cause/
Ghosh, J. 2023. โIhlabathi Liphantsi โKwezinto Ezibalulekileyoโ.โ Inew York. 12 Septemba. https://www.democracynow.org/2023/9/12/g20_summit_india_2023
Goodman, A. kunye noD. Moynihan. 2023. "Ukulwela Ithemba KumaSango Esihogo.โ Amaphupha aqhelekileyo, 23 Septemba. https://www.commondreams.org/opinion/climate-gates-of-hell
Guterres, A. 2023. โAmazwi okuvula kaNobhala-Jikelele kwiNgqungquthela yamabhongo eMozulu.โ IZizwe eziManyeneyo, eNew York, ngomhla wama-20 kuSeptemba. https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/speeches/2023-09-20/secretary-generals-opening-remarks-the-climate-ambition-summit
Heywood, M. 2021. Phakama! Yima! ERhawutini: Media24 Boeke.
U-Huq, S. kunye no-R. De Souza. 2015. "Ayilahlekanga ngokupheleleyo kwaye yonakaliswe." Washington, DC, The Wilson Centre, 22 December. https://gbv.wilsoncenter.org/article/not-fully-lost-and-damaged-how-loss-and-damage-fared-the-paris-agreement
Lang, C. 2023. โKwakutheni ukuze uJacob Zuma amele iBelarus kwi-Africa Voluntary Carbon Credits Market Forum eZimbabwe?โ I-REDD Monitor, 8 Julayi. https://reddmonitor.substack.com/p/why-did-jacob-zuma-represent-belarus
Marini, RM 1972. "I-Brazilian Subimperialism." Uphononongo lweNyanga. Februwari, 23(9):14-24. ' https://doi.org/10.14452/MR-023-09-1972-02_2
Marks, J. 2023. Amandla eAfrika, 490, 11 Septemba. https://www.africa-energy.com/news-centre/article/kenya-rutos-profile-rises-climate-summit-hustle
McKibben, B. 2009. Igrist, 18 Disemba. https://grist.org/article/2009-12-18-with-climate-agreement-obama-guts-progressive-values
Moyo, S. kunye no P. Yeros. 2011. โUkucinga ngokutsha ngethiyori yokuqokelela kwakudala,โ iPhepha linikezelwe kwiNkomfa yesi-2 ye-IIPPE, nge-20โ22 kaMeyi 2011, e-Istanbul, eTurkey. https://ccs.ukzn.ac.za/files/Yeros%20Moyo%20sub%20imperialism.pdf
Mukherji, B. 2023. โNgaba ukunqongophala kokutya e-Asia kuza kwandiswa yi-Global Biofuels Alliance entsha, nezityalo zijikwe?โ Iposti yasekuseni yaseTshayina, 23 Septemba. https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/economics/article/3235516/will-asias-food-shortages-be-exacerbated-new-global-biofuels-alliance-crops-diverted
UMwenda, M. kunye no-P.Bond. 2020. kwi-B.Tokar kunye no-T.Gilbertson (Eds), UBulungisa beMozulu kunye noHlaziyo loLuntu. London: Routledge, 2020, pp.108-128. https://www.routledge.com/Climate-Justice-and-Community-Renewal-Resistance-and-Grassroots-Solutions/Tokar-Gilbertson/p/book/9780367228491
Ngam, R. 2023. โUlindelo Oluphezulu, Iziphumo Eziphantsi.โ EBerlin: Isiseko seRosa Luxembourg. https://www.rosalux.co.za/publications/high-expectations-underwhelming-results
Ramaphosa, C. 2019. โINtetho engoBume beSizwe.โ IPalamente, eKapa, โโngomhla we-7 kweyoMdumba. https://www.gov.za/speeches/president-cyril-ramaphosa-2019-state-nation-address-7-feb-2019-0000
ISamithi yokwenyani yeMozulu yaseAfrika. 2023. "Ngaphezu kwemibutho yoluntu ye-500 ikhupha umnxeba ophuthumayo wokusetha ngokutsha iNgqungquthela yeMozulu ye-Afrika." eNairobi, ngoSeptemba. https://www.realafricaclimatesummit.org/
URodney, W. 1972. Indlela iYurophu eyaphuhlisa ngayo iAfrika. ELondon: iBogle-L'Ouverture Publications.
Sachs, J. 2023. "Uqhekeko lweNgqungquthela ye-G20." The Durban, 11 Septemba. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gP4NlFchZ9w
Sengupta, T. kunye no-A. Goswami. 2023. โNikela ingqalelo kwinto eyenzekayo ngeNgxowa-mali yoLahleko noLonakaliso,โ Wehle uphantsi emhlabeni, 27 Oktobha. https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/governance/pay-attention-to-what-s-happening-with-the-loss-damage-fund-92503
Stern, N. 2007. UQoqosho loTshintsho lweMozulu. I-Cambridge: I-Cambridge University Press.
Stern, T. 2011. โUkusongwa kweDurban.โ I-imeyile eya kuHillary Clinton, nge-13 kaDisemba. https://wikileaks.org/clinton-emails/emailid/24887C05784614
IKomiti yase-US yeNdlu yabaMeli baMazwe angaPhandle. 2023. "Ubungqina bukaJohn Kerry." EWashington, DC, nge-13 kaJulayi. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=48fREs0rJbw
Walton, J. kunye noD. Seddon. 1994. IiMarike zasimahla kunye nezidubedube zokutya. Oxford: Basil Blackwell
Welz, A. 2009. โImiboniso yeemvakalelo e-Copenhagen.โ Adam Welz'sWeblog, 8 Disemba. https://adamwelz.wordpress.com/2009/12/08/emotional-scenes-at-copenhagen-lumumba-di-aping-africa-civil-society-meeting-8-dec-2009/
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
Nikela