Durban — Ngo-2007, owayesakuba ngusoqoqosho oyintloko kwiBhanki yeHlabathi, uNick Stern, waluchaza utshintsho lwemozulu njengelona hlabathi ‘lisilelayo’ kwimbali – kuba abo bangcolisa iigesi zegreenhouse bengahlawuliswa nto, nanjengoko besongela izizukulwana ezizayo kunye nobunzima obuninzi bendalo – kwaye ngelo xesha. okomzuzwana, kwanezityholo zika-1991 zomnye owayesakuba ngusoqoqosho oyintloko weBhanki, uLarry Summers, zazivakala.
'Ndicinga ukuba ingqiqo yezoqoqosho emva kokulahla umthwalo wenkunkuma enetyhefu kwilizwe elinemivuzo ephantsi ayinakuphikiswa kwaye kufuneka sijongane nayo', ngokwememo enomsayino weSummers (http://www.whirledbank.org/ourwords/summers.html), nangona eneneni uSummers wayengumkopa nje wengcali yezoqoqosho yaseHarvard uLant Pritchett, abangaphakathi bayamangalela.
Iyavakala ukuba ucinga ukuba yonke inkalo yobomi iyinto yorhwebo, kwaye ukuba ukholelwa ukuba ukurhweba ngekhabhoni yeyona ndlela ilungileyo yokujongana nokutshintsha kwemozulu, ngokwenza ushishino lwabucala lomoya oluququzelelwa ziimarike zezimali (njengeStern neSummers). Ngokwenene 'Intlawulo yeeNkonzo zokusiNgqongileyo' yimantra yabaxhasi beneoliberal 'yoQoqosho oluHlaza' kwi-extravaganza Rio+20 Earth Summit ngoJuni.
Ukukhuthaza ukulungiswa kweemarike ezinobungozi kukungaphumeleli okukhulu kweemarike phantsi kweemeko zokunyibilika kwemarike ngokubanzi, yinguqulelo yamva nje yokusilela kombuso. Ukuba bekulindelekile, u-Barack Obama wonyula i-Summers ukuba ithathe indawo kwi-neo-conservative ngoku ephethe umongameli weBhanki yeHlabathi, uRobert Zoellick (http://www.counterpunch.org/2010/03/19/what-will-robert-zoellick-break-next/), ngoko usenokuba wenza eyona ntsilelo imbi ehlabathini.
Njengakwimeko yenkulumbuso yaseFransi uNicolas Sarkozy wonyula njengomlawuli we-International Monetary Fund uChristine Lagarde ngoMeyi ophelileyo - xa wayephantsi kophando eParis, apho njengomphathiswa wezemali wanika umrhafi ubutyebi kumhlobo wakhe weConservative Party - oku kubonakala kuyenye nje. ukukrazula emazantsi olawulo lwehlabathi jikelele.
Ngokuhamba kukaZoellick, kukhangelwa ubunkokeli beBhanki obukumgangatho kaDominique Strauss-Kahn - owayesakuba nguMlawuli we-IMF kwityala laseNew York lokudlwengula kunye nophando lobuhenyukazi lwaseLille - kunye noPaul Wolfowitz, owayesakuba ngumlawuli we-IMF. Umongameli weBhanki wagxothwa ngo-2007 ngenxa yobudlelwane, nangona ingengomyili wohlaselo lwase-Iraq ngo-2003 lwaseWashington.
UMzantsi Afrika unowawo umgqatswa othandabuzekayo, owayesakuba nguMphathiswa wezeMali uTrevor Manuel (http://www.iol.co.za/sundayindependent/the-myth-of-manuel-s-wizardry-1.1072429), ngubani kwiakhawunti yomnye waseIreland (http://www.paddypower.com/bet/novelty-betting/current-affairs/world-bank?ev_oc_grp_ids=609714) unemiba ka 20-1, kwindawo yesithandathu, njengaku 4-11 kubadlali abaphambili basehlobo.
Nangona kunjalo, yonke le nto yi-trivia, ipolitiki yobuntu nje. Yemba nzulu kwaye uziva ubunzima obukhulu obugcinayo bume bento ukuqokelela kunye nokwakhiwa kweklasi.
Kwa la mandla axhuzulayo ayayicinezela ezopolitiko zaseMzantsi Afrika, kungoko xa uMongameli uJacob Zuma kunye noMphathiswa wezeMali uPravin Gordhan bethetha nepalamente ekuqaleni kwale nyanga, babonisa ukusilela kwehlabathi ekushenxiseni ubutyebi kumaqumrhu atshabalalisayo busiwe kwabo bantu bachaphazeleke kanobom.
Endaweni yoko, uZuma noGordhan banikele ngeebhiliyoni ezingama-40 zeerandi kwizixhobo zenyukliya ukususela ngo-2012-29 (uGordhan engahoyanga ukukhankanya lo mdlalo wongcakazo uphezulu kakhulu kwintetho yakhe), kwaye ubuncinane uyiphinda kabini loo mali kule minyaka imbalwa izayo kwiziko lombane elibaswa ngamalahle, kwiziseko ezingundoqo zezothutho ezithwala ukuthunyelwa kwamalahle kumazwe angaphandle anyuka ngokukhawuleza, kunye neendlela zorhwebo kwindawo yaseRhawutini (enkosi kwimvukelo edumileyo echasene ne-e-tolling, oku akunakufezekiswa ngokuhlawulwa kwabasebenzisi).
Urhulumente uza kuhlawula ityala elinyukayo lokuthotywa kwamanzi amaninzi kumaphondo aseLimpopo naseMpumalanga angcoliseke kakhulu kwimpuma yeJoburg, ngenxa yentlekele 'Yokukhutshelwa kweMigodi ye-Acid' ebangelwe ngu-Eskom kunye namashishini emigodi aphuma kumazwe ngamazwe.
Kwenzeka njani ukuba esi sikwere ngokusindleka ingqungquthela yemozulu yaseThekwini iCOP17 kwinyanga yoMnga ophelileyo, apha kwidolophu yakulo Gordhan, nekwayindawo yombane kaZuma?
Ayilunganga, kodwa iyangqinelana neenkqubo eziwohlokayo kakhulu kwineo-apartheid yentlalo-ecological-economic. Ekuqaleni kwale nyanga, abaphandi beyunivesithi yaseYale naseKholombiya bawulinganisele uMzantsi Afrika kwindawo yesihlanu 'umntu oqhuba kakubi kwezendalo' kumazwe ali-132 afundisiweyo. Iindidi zintathu esisilela kuzo kakhulu yilahleko yamahlathi, ukukhutshwa kwesulphur dioxide kunye nokukhutshwa kwekhabhoni.
Ukugxeka amagosa ezezimali, amandla kunye nemigodi yasePitoli; Abaphathi bakaEskom baseRhawutini; kunye Melbourne- kunye London-ikomkhulu lemigodi kunye nezindlu zesinyithi. La madoda (ubukhulu becala) avumelana nokumoshakala kombane omkhulu ekunyibilikisweni kweemetals ezisisiseko, nangona oko kukhokelela kwelona nqanaba liphantsi lehlabathi lomsebenzi/ kWh kunye nokukhutshwa kwerhasi yegreenhouse ekufutshane nephezulu ngeyunithi nganye yemveliso yezoqoqosho yomntu ngamnye.
Oku kuphambana kwezendalo nakwezemali kuyaqhubeka kuba i-crony-capitalist Minerals-Energy Complex ihleli injalo. Okulusizi kukuba, awona mandla anamandla ekuphembeleleni inkqubo yocalucalulo yabasebenzi abasuka kwamanye amazwe yomelezwa azange abe buthathaka emva kowe-1994, nangona icandelo lezemigodi longeze igalelo elingunothi kwi-GDP yelizwe ngexesha lokukhula kwezimbiwa ngo-2002-08.
Esinye sezizathu yayiligalelo lezemigodi kwishishini lemali eshinyeneyo, elathi ngo-2007 – kwincopho yenkqubela phambili – lafikelela kuma-20 ekhulwini eGDP yoMzantsi Afrika, ngokutsho kweengcali zezoqoqosho zeYunivesithi yaseWits.
Kuloo nkunkuma kunye nokuphuma kobutyebi kufuneka kongezwe urhwaphilizo oluvaliweyo, olubonakaliswe yiChancellor House (i-African National Congress yokunyusa ingxowa-mali) kunye ne-5 yebhiliyoni ye-Hitachi yesivumelwano se-boilers yakwa-Eskom ekucacayo ukuba ayizukunikezelwa ngexesha, kungoko ibeka umngcipheko omnye umjikelo wokungabikho kwe-brown-out.
Emva kweso sivumelwano, uMkhuseli woLuntu woMzantsi Afrika uLawrence Mushwana wafunyanwa ngo-2009, yayingusihlalo wakwa-Eskom uValli Moosa, 'owaziphatha ngendlela engafanelekanga' kuba wathi wanikezela ngekontraki yokuthotywa kwamaxabiso ngongquzulwano lweemfuno ezicacileyo, kuba ngaxeshanye wayesebenza kwikomiti yezemali ye-ANC.
Loo nyaniso ayikhathazi iNgqungquthela yeZizwe eziManyeneyo malunga noTshintsho lweMozulu kwidesika yokurhweba ngekhabhoni, ethi kwintlanganiso yaseBonn inike uMoosa usihlalo 'wePhaneli yeNqanaba eliPhezulu kwiNgxoxo yoMgaqo-nkqubo woPhuhliso olucocekileyo.' Iphaneli ngokuqinisekileyo iya kuzama ukuthethelela ukurhweba kwekhabhoni, ukuthengiswa kwe-air-privatization, nangona i-Emissions-market episodes yaseYurophu yorhwaphilizo kunye norhwaphilizo, singasathethi ke ngokuwa kwexabiso elimangalisayo.
UMoosa ukwahlala kwiibhodi zeehotele zeSun International, i-Anglo Platinum, i-inshurensi yakwaSanlam kunye ne-Imperial Holdings yezothutho nokhenketho – zonke ezinegalelo elikhulu kutshintsho lwemozulu. Ngethuba njengomphathiswa wezokusingqongileyo woMzantsi Afrika ngo-2002, waye waququzelela iNgqungquthela yeHlabathi yoPhuhliso oluZinzileyo eRhawutini, akuzange kuthethwe nto ngemozulu, ngaphandle kwenkxaso yorhwebo lwekhabhoni. Ngemilinganiselo elungileyo, uMoosa ukwangusihlalo weNgxowa-mali yeHlabathi eBanzi (i-WWF) yesahluko seNdalo yoMzantsi Afrika, ekhuthaza urhwebo lwekhabhoni.
Ngokuyinxenye ngenxa yempembelelo ye-WWF, uMzantsi Afrika kutshanje uye wathwaxwa yimeko embi yokusilela koluntu. Iphinde yaboniswa kule veki iphelileyo xa amatshantliziyo ali-100 awohlwaywa kwemozulu ayehlanganisene kwihotele enesidima yaseThekwini ukuze abonelele ngeengxelo zophononongo lwesidumbu ezivela kwingqungquthela yemozulu ye-COP17 kweyoMnga ophelileyo. Abo bathobeke kakhulu (nam ndibandakanyiwe, ngenxa ye-hype egqithileyo yangaphambi kwengqungquthela malunga nezithethe zethu zoqhanqalazo) banexhala lokuba umbutho wobulungisa bemozulu yelizwe awuphumelelanga ukufuna uxanduva lokuphendula kwi-1% yothethathethwano oluphezulu ngaphakathi kwiziko lendibano, ukuyibeka ngokwesayensi. , ukwenza iyelenqe lokutshabalalisa uhlanga nokubulawa kwabantu.
Esona sigxeko siqatha sokungabi namandla kwe-eco-activist yavela kwingqondo ebukhali uAshwin Desai, umbhali wencwadi. Singamahlwempu (Uphononongo lweNyanga, i-2002). UDesai wahlasela 'iiNGOs zomboniso wamagama amakhulu' ezazilawula uqhanqalazo oluphambili oluchasene ne-COP17 kuDisemba odlulileyo nge-3 kaDisemba: 'Imibutho yasekuhlaleni yancitshiswa yaba ngababukeli, kwaye yayivumeleke kuphela ukubonakala kwamathuba athile kunye nomgca omnye; “Amandla!” [Amandla!]'
Ngolo mngcelele osingise eDurban Convention Centre, wakhalaza uDesai, 'wanikezela uMphathiswa wezoBudlelwane baMazwe ngaMazwe, kunye nomongameli weCOP17 uMaita Nkoana-Mashabane kwinginginya eyayihlanganisene ngezantsi. Usebenzise eli thuba ukuxela ukubaluleka koluntu kwaye wathembisa ngokufunda imemorandam. Wayenobubele kwaye enesisa. Ndandizibona ii-NGOs eziselorini zizenza mhlophe ekukhanyeni kolu qwalaselo kwaye mhlawumbi yandisiwe inkxaso-mali.'
Kodwa uDesai uya kuba ngowokuqala ukuvuma ukuba bambalwa kangakanani na amatshantliziyo asekuhlaleni aseThekwini awenze iinzame zokunxulumanisa imozulu neyona nkxalabo yangoku, etshisayo, kuquka nokunyuka kwamaxabiso ombane ngenxa yolwakhiwo lombane olubaswa ngamalahle; izaqhwithi eziqatha (esinye sibangele ubuncinane ukufa kwabantu abasibhozo ngoNovemba 27); kunye nogqabhuko-dubulo lwarhoqo lweshishini lepetroli lasekhaya, elifana ne-Engen yomlilo wokucoca i-oyile kwi-Okthobha edlulileyo we-10 olalise esibhedlele abantwana abali-100 kwiSikolo samaBanga aPhantsi saseSettlers eMzantsi eThekwini.
KuDesai, owancedisa ngokuhlanganisa ngokukhawuleza emva koko, 'Kukho uvavanyo lwe-litmus. Ngowama-2001 [kwiNkomfa Yehlabathi Enxamnye Nobuhlanga] kwakukho umngcelele omkhulu apha, unabantu abamalunga ne-10,000 XNUMX ezitratweni, umngcelele owahluke ngokupheleleyo: uqhankqalazo, uhlaba umkhosi wabalawuli basekuhlaleni, uphethe izithuko kwiiplacards. IsiBhengezo saseThekwini yayisisityholo esibonakalayo sodidi lwethu olulawulayo njenge-arhente yenkunzi yehlabathi kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yezoqoqosho eyayisenza nzulu ukungalingani kunye nokwanda kwentlupheko.'
Okulusizi kukuba, kwezona ndawo zoqhanqalazo ezichasene noshishino esixekweni, akukhathaliseki nokuba iinkokeli zeSouth Durban Community Environmental Alliance zizame kangakanani ukuhlanganisana kwiiveki ezandulela i-COP17 (kwaye nam ndililungu nomhlali), ikhwapha lemizi-mveliso laseAfrika alikwazanga. ngokuqhubekayo unikezela ngaphezulu kwamakhulu ambalwa abaqhankqalazi abavela kumaxhoba angama-300,000 kwindawo.
Ngaba imozulu ngumbandela ongenathemba wokukhuthaza abantu abaninzi? Ophuma kwiZiko leeNgcaciso noPhuhliso oluNgelinye laseKapa, uThembeka Majali uyakhanyela, “Abantu bayayazi into yokutshintsha kwemozulu njengoko benxulumana noko kubunzima babo bemihla ngemihla kwaye beyazi indlela yokuqhelana nokutshintsha kwemozulu – imbalela, izikhukhula ezigxotha abantu [abafudukayo]. kwezinye iindawo zelizwekazi, umhlaba wezolimo ongavelisi mveliso kunye nokuloba, njl.njl – kodwa bayaqonda ukuba mva nje oku kuye kwagqithisa kwaye bafuna ungenelelo lukarhulumente ukuze baphile kwaye ngoku bayayiqonda into yokuba oku kusisisongelo kubomi bomntu.'
Kodwa ezo mfuno zihlala ziwela kwiindlebe ezingevayo. Endaweni yoko, uDesai, ukulungelelanisa ngokuchasene neCOP17 kwaba nolu mphumo udandathekisayo: 'uluntu njengomboniso olawulwa ngobuchule, lunciphisa abantu ukuba babe ziinkokeli ezidlamkileyo, lusebenza njengabalingane begunya.'
Amatsha ntliziyo axhasa umanyano lwe-'C17' lombutho woluntu babenazo zonke iindlela zokungxengxeza zokubonisa buthathaka, kubandakanywa abaxhasi ngezimali abangalunganga (okuhlala kuyinyani, umz. e-US: http://www.alternet.org/story/154290/why_the_environmental_movement_is_not_winning) Nkqu neeNGO ezinkulu (iWWF neGreenpeace) kubonakala ukuba zanikela ngexesha labasebenzi kuphela kodwa azikho ezinye izixhobo. La maqela kunye namanye asebenzela ikomiti ye-C17, afana noluntu lwezenkolo kunye nemibutho yabasebenzi, abambe imisitho ekhuphisanayo kwi-C17's 'INdawo yaBantu', kwiindawo ezikwidolophu iphela, esoyisa injongo yokuhlangana koluntu.
Joked David le Page weyona network yobulungisa bezenkolo, 'Ndicinga ukuba i-Arhente yezobuNtlola yeSizwe ayizihluphi nokuqesha ii-arhente zochuku! Ndiyawubona umba wengxelo: “Enkosi kungquzulwano kuluntu kulo nyaka, akukho arhente zifunekayo ukuze kungene kunye nokuphazamiseka.”’
Nangona kunjalo ukulwa, mhlawumbi, kwakunengqiqo, kuba ngokufuthi kwakubonakala ngathi i-control-freakery kunye ne-intrinsic NGO conservatism yongamela ulungiselelo lwe-C17 (into endazibonela ngokwam xa ndizama ukukhusela indawo yeNdibano yabaseMaphandleni). Omnye umlweli wenkcubeko, uStephen Murphy, wakhalaza ngee-imeyile ezisoloko zinika uncedo olungakhange luphendulwe, ke, 'Ndiyekile nokuzama ukufumana eyona misebenzi mincinci inikezelweyo, ndajika iinzame zam kwi-OccupyCOP17 kwaye durbanclimatejustice.net -isayithi leyo, ngendlela, ngaphandle kohlahlo lwabiwo-mali okanye igunya elilawulwa ngaphezu kwewaka elingaphezulu kwewebhusayithi yeC17, kwaye ukuba uquka Conferenceofpolluters.com kwaye occupycop17.org ebendibaleka ke mna, ngaphezu kokuphindwe kabini. Ngoba? Kungenxa yokuba sidale ithuba lokubeka izikhundla kwezopolitiko kunye namagqabaza, nokuba besingengathi thina ebesenza loo magqabaza.'
Ukugxeka kuka-Murphy malunga ne-C17 apoliticism kwabelwana ngokubanzi, ngenxa yokungaphumeleli komfelandawonye ukuthatha ukuma okusekelwe kubulungisa ngokuchasene nokutshintsha kwemozulu. Embindini wengqungquthela ka-2011 eDurban, uluhlu lwamabango angama-26 lwangeniswa ukuze kuqulunqwe umgaqo-nkqubo wezopolitiko uwonke – kodwa abaququzeleli beC17 bavumile ngandlela thile ukuba naliphi na ilungu lenginginya lingavota nasiphi na isinyanzeliso esinye, kushiyeke ezine kuphela njengezona ziphantsi. -umntu ogqumelelayo.
Ngokuqinisekileyo, abaninzi bancome ngokufanelekileyo amalungu amathandathu aphambili ekomiti yeC17 ngokusebenza nzima (nangona abanye abali-11 babeyi-AWOL). Ifuthe elincinane le-C17 – libonakaliswe kungekuphela nje kukusilela kwabo bathetha-thethwano ekunciphiseni ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo kodwa ekusileleni kwethu ukuvelisa amandla obulungisa bemozulu – ayihambelani kakuhle nomanyano kumaphulo exesha elizayo okusindisa imozulu kunye noqoqosho loMzantsi Afrika kwiziMbiwa- I-Energy Complex kunye nabaphathiswa bezemali.
Ngamafutshane, ukubalwa kwengxelo yengqungquthela yemozulu eyintlekele kufuneka kwakhona kubonelele ngovavanyo lwe-autopsy ye-civ-soc counterpower, kwaye ngethemba, kwakhona, nokuba luxilongo lokuvuselela isidumbu okanye endaweni yoko ukwala 'umanyano' oluphikiswana olunobubanzi obufana nokudibanisa. abarhwebi bekhabhoni kunye nee-eco-socialists… xa ngokwenene, bangcono kakhulu xa bebandakanyeka kungquzulwano olwakhayo.
UPatrick Bond ukhokela iZiko lase-UKZN loLuntu loLuntu, http://ccs.ukzn.ac.za.