Bond
In
South Africa, three interesting processes related to "sustainable
development"–that ghastly phrase, denoting an allegedly more eco-friendly
capitalism, often with a few "polluter-pays" regulations and social safety- net
provisions added to orthodox neoliberalism–are underway as we move to the
phakathi ku-2001.
Okokuqala, amalungiselelo ayatshisa eRio+10 extravaganza apha ngokulandelayo
September. That’s the tenth anniversary meeting of the "World Summit on
Sustainable Development" (http://www.johannesburgsummit.org)
endibhale ngayo, ngokuphoxayo mandivume, kuZNet ngoJanyuwari. Isibini,
isikhumbuzo seNkqubo yoHlumo, iNgqesho kunye noKwabiwa ngokutsha isinika
ithuba lokujonga ukuba uhlengahlengiso lwesakhiwo esikhule kakuhle ekhaya lusebenze njani
Mzantsi Afrika.
Okwesithathu, ngomhla woku-1 kweyeKhala i-African National Congress kulindeleke ukuba iyigcine
iphulo likamasipala likamasipala lithembisa ukunika abantu isibonelelo sasimahla
amanzi, ugutyulo kunye nombane, kodwa ukuba imeko yesine eMzantsi Afrika
Esona sixeko sikhulu siyinto edlulayo, sesinye isithembiso esaphukileyo. Makhe sijonge
umba ngamnye ngokulandelelana.
The
owona mnyhadala wokufudumala kweRio+10 kukwenziwa kwe-Alexandra
Ilokishi, esecaleni kweSandton, ihlomela ledolophu elitofotofo eliza kusingatha
inkomfa. UMzonke Mayekiso ngumququzeleli welinye lamaqela asekuhlaleni aphambili
in Alexandra, and he bewails the "forced removals" of hundreds of families to
I-Diepsloot, ilokishi emalunga nama-40 km kude:
The
only thing that people were told was that the authorities want to "renew"
Alexandra. Bubuxoki nje. Abantu akuzange kuboniswane ngokufanelekileyo, kwaye banikwe
akukho ukukhetha. Ngapha koko, abahlali babize inkampani yabucala eyenzayo
the bulldozer demolitions of our houses "the red ants," because their overalls
zibomvu. Ngabasebenzi abamnyama kodwa bekhokelwa ngabaphathi abambalwa abamhlophe. Ulungelelanisiwe
ukuxhathisa kusakhula.
The
imeko yezemali ibalulekile: inxalenye encinci yesizwe nomasipala
uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali olunikezelwe kulwakhiwo lwezindlu ezifanelekileyo. Imalunga nesihlanu kuphela
ichithwa ngurhulumente njengoko kufuneka ukunciphisa ixesha localucalulo
ukusilela kwezindlu ezizizigidi ezithathu. Oko ke kukwangumsebenzi we-neoliberal
umgaqo-nkqubo woqoqosho olukhulu.
Second, then, it is time to revisit the so-called "Growth, Employment and
Redistribution" (Gear) strategy, which was announced with great fanfare five
years ago, on June 14, 1996. Then deputy president Thabo Mbeki joked, "Just call
me a Thatcherite." At the same time, finance minister Trevor Manuel immediately
commented that the strategy was "non-negotiable" in its broad outlines.
In
IBritane kumashumi amabini eminyaka eyadlulayo, ibonakalisa ukuzimisela okufanayo, kukaMargaret Thatcher
imigaqo-nkqubo yacutha icandelo likarhulumente, yehlisa inkcitho kwiinkqubo eziphambili zentlalo,
yavelisa ukungalingani okukhulu, yanciphisa imisebenzi yemizi-mveliso ngokukhawuleza, yavumela imali ukuba
Izandyondyo zelizwe, zaqhuba kakubi kwidemokhrasi kuqulunqo lomgaqo-nkqubo,
kwaye yalushiya uluntu luthe chatha ngakumbi kwaye lwahlukanisiwe kunalo naliphi na ixesha kwinkumbulo.
kodwa
ngelixa uThatcher wazuza kwioli yoLwandle lwaseMantla kunye nokunyuka okumangalisayo ko-1980s
isiXeko saseLondon (singasathethi ke ngokoyiswa kwembali yabasebenzi abacwangcisiweyo kunye
imithetho-siseko yeLabour Party), ngokuchaseneyo, uMzantsi Afrika uphulukene kakhulu
umhlaba wentlalo noqoqosho ngenxa yeentsingiselo zakutsha nje kurhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe kunye
iimarike zemali. Kwaye ke uthelekiso lwemodeli yeGear yeminyaka emihlanu
Uqikelelo kunye nento eyenzekayo ngumsebenzi otyhafisa kakhulu,
ngakumbi kwabo baxabisa ubulungisa kwezoqoqosho. Ngaba imodeli yeGear yasilela ngenxa
yengozi ebingalindelekanga yowe-1997-99 eMpuma Asia? Ezinye iingcali zezoqoqosho zitsho njalo, kodwa zonke
izinto zazingahambi kakuhle ngaphambi kokuwohloka kweThailand phakathi ku-1997. Umzekelo, iimodeli
ekhokelwa ngu-Andre Roux weBhanki yoPhuhliso yaseMazantsi e-Afrika, umcebisi u-Iraj
UAbedian noRichard Ketley beBhanki yeHlabathi, baqikelele ukudalwa kwemisebenzi enkulu
halfway through 1996– 126,000 new formal, non-agricultural sector jobs– when
enyanisweni abangama-71,000 XNUMX balahleka ngaloo nyaka.
Endaweni yokuba abekwe ityala ngokuziphatha kakubi okanye ukugxothwa kwezoqoqosho
Umsebenzi, iinkokeli ezintathu zeGear zavuzwa ngemivuzo ephezulu kakhulu,
ngokulandelelana, Investec, Standard kunye neDeutsche Banks, apho basebenza khona ngoku. Kwaye
mhlawumbi leyo yayiyeyona ngxaki iphambili kaGear: yayingumgaqo-nkqubo woqoqosho olukhulu
koonobhanki, hayi kuluntu lwaseMzantsi Afrika. Akumangalisi ukuba iibhanki '
two main ambitions–lowering the budget deficit and inflation–were amongst the
kuphela uqikelelo apho iGear yadibana nayo. I-bias yaqinisekiswa, ngelo xesha, nguNick
Barnardt, an economist at BOE NatWest Securities: "It is a clear choice for the
market-related way of doing things and a defeat for the ANC left-wing."
The
Congress of South African Trade Unions reacted with "serious reservations." If
ukopha emsebenzini kwakunganelisi ngokwaneleyo, phakathi ku-1998, imarike yemasheya
yawa ngesiqingatha ukususela ku-Epreli-Septemba, imali yaphuphuma ngaphandle kwelizwe kunye ne
irandi yehle phantse ngama-30% kwisithuba seeveki. Okunye ukuwohloka okukhulu kwemali
kunyaka ophelileyo wabonisa ukuba nokuba abezemali bayonwabela Gear kaThixo lukhuni umgaqo-mali
kunye neemarike ezinkulu ezikhululekileyo, oko akuthethi ukuba indibaniselwano
yenza uzinzo kuqoqosho olukhulu. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, kucacile.
kwaye
if the "hot money" roller coaster wasn’t destructive enough, the Gear era also
babone abona bavelisi baseMzantsi Afrika kunye ne-inshurensi bevota ngeenyawo zabo,
ukuseka uluhlu lwabo oluphambili kwi-London stock exchange: Anglo
American, Billiton, Old Mutual, South African Breweries (eyesine kwihlabathi
inkulu kakhulu), iDidata, kwaye kwinyanga ephelileyo nakwiDeBeers diamond monolith (edityaniswe ne
Anglo American ngosapho lwakwa-Oppenheimer).
Ukuphelelwa lithemba malunga nokucudiswa okukhulu kwemali enzima ephuma kwi
inzuzo/ingeniso ephumayo eya eLondon ingqinwe kwisigqibo sasePitoli samva nje sokuba
reverse policy and apply for a World Bank loan–reportedly $200 million–for
ukulungiswa kwesibhedlele. Kodwa njengoko kuxoxwa kwiqonga lephulo lomAfrika
National Congress in 1994, "The RDP must use foreign debt financing only for
ezo ziqalelo zenkqubo ezinokwandisa amandla ethu
earning foreign exchange."
The
Reconstruction and Development Programme continued, "Above all, we must pursue
imigaqo-nkqubo ephakamisa ukuzimela kwesizwe kwaye isenze sikwazi ukunciphisa
dependence on international financial institutions." Instead, thanks to the 1995
Ukupheliswa kwerandi yemali kunye nokuqhubela phambili kweGear liberalization, George Soros
put it bluntly in a Davos interview in January: "South Africa is in the hands of
international capital." Manuel’s position as chair of the World Bank/IMF during
Unyaka ka-2000 awuzange utshintshe izinto, ngokunjalo nowayesakuba litshantliziyo uMamphela Ramphele.
isikhundla somlawuli olawulayo weBhanki kuphuhliso loluntu sichaza nayiphi na into ebonakalayo
utshintsho.
The
Ingqiqo emva kwe-Gear, ngokuqikelelwayo, isekelwe kwithemba lokuba ukukhula okukhokelwa kukuthunyelwa kwempahla kumazwe angaphandle kuya
ukwandisa uMzantsi Afrika kuqoqosho olunabisayo kwihlabathi. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ukurhweba
minister Alec Erwin is arguing that Northern "dinosaur industries" (sic) like
ezolimo kunye nemveliso kufuneka zingenwe ngexabiso eliphantsi laseMzantsi Afrika.
Given the hypocrisy of continuing Northern protectionism– like the Bush
Administration’s steel industry bonsala last month–it would appear that at
kuqala ukuba neentloni uErwin unenqaku. (U-Erwin wanyuselwa njengonobhala-jikelele
woMbutho woRhwebo weHlabathi, ngenxa yendima yakhe ekukhanyeleni iNkomfa yeZizwe eziManyeneyo
Urhwebo kunye noPhuhliso lwamazinyo ukusukela ngo-1996-99, lumkeleni le chap, bahlali.)
Ku
ukufikelela kuhlumo olukhokelwa kukuthunyelwa kwempahla kumazwe angaphandle, isicwangciso kukubonelela ngenkxaso-mali enkulu yezinto ezahlukeneyo
sorts–including the world’s cheapest electricity (which is why the US accuses
SA of "dumping") to large minerals- processing firms, so they can earn the hard
Imali yaseMzantsi Afrika ifuna ukuhlawulela ityala ngexesha localu-calulo
ezisuka kumazwe angaphandle. Ayiyongcaciso yam yolondolozo.
Ku
ndifike kwindawo yam yesithathu, kwiiveki ezimbalwa ezidlulileyo, ndityelele isixeko saseMpuma Koloni
Mandela Metropole–formerly known as Port Elizabeth–to see this travesty for
myself. The proposed "Coega" deep-water port and Industrial Development Zone (IDZ)
ngawona manyathelo ophuhliso aphambili kweli lizwe lihlwempuzekileyo eMzantsi Afrika
amaphondo, kunye neyona projekthi inkulu yolwakhiwo inkulu ecetywayo eMzantsi Afrika
iphelele. Utyalo-mali karhulumente iya kuba ubuncinane $200 million izibuko entsha, ukuze
yenziwe yinkampani karhulumente iPortnet, kunye namakhulu ezigidi ngaphezulu
ezinye iinkuthazo.
kugqibela
ngeveki, amakhulu abantu abafumana imivuzo ephantsi bebexhathisa ukugxothwa kumashumi eminyaka
Indawo yokuhlala eCoega. Baye baba luphawu lokungaphumeleli ngurhulumente-abucala
I-Coega Development Corporation ukuba ilandele indalo esingqongileyo nentlalontle
Uvavanyo lwempembelelo, uthatho-nxaxheba loluntu kunye neendleko ezisemgangathweni
hlalutyo.
Ecaleni kwengcali yezoqoqosho yasekhaya, ndenze ixesha elide, i-turgid critique ye-orthodox
uhlalutyo lweendleko-inzuzo (http://www.queensu.ca/msp
phantsi kophando lwangasemva, ngu Hosking/Bond), ngoko ke akayi kuhlala kuloo ndawo
Ibali leCoega ngoku (ngaphezulu liyafumaneka apha
http://www.coega.org). Iingxaki zomntu zinyanzele kakhulu.
The
Amaxhoba afuduswa kwiilali zasemaphandleni kumntla weMandela Metropole
Iseti exinene ngokumangalisayo yezindlu ezincinci ze-choc-a-bloc ezibizwa ngokuba yiWells Estate. Yabo
iinkomo nezitiya zemifuno ziphakathi kwamaxhoba. Kodwa eyona nto ikhathaza abaninzi,
lithemba lokuhlawula amaxabiso edolophu kunye neentlawulo zenkonzo kwi pension encinci.
(Okwangoku, i-Wells Estate ayinawo umbane namanzi kodwa oko kutyholwa
ingxaki yexesha elifutshane.)
kugqibela
ngeveki kumabonwakude wesizwe, iinyembezi zaphuma kubahlali ababelapho
washukuma ngenkani. Njengokufuduswa kwabantu e-Alexandra kwiveki ephelileyo, le yayiyenye
umboniso weentsuku zakudala ezimbi.
The
ziyenyuka iindleko. Abahlawuli berhafu kuzwelonke abayi kugxothwa kuphela ukuba bakhuphe irhafu
izibonelelo kunye nokuphelisa ilahleko yengeniso yerhafu kwindawo ecetywayo ekungahlawulisi rhafu kuyo.
Ukongeza, abantu abanemivuzo ephantsi njengabo bafudukele eWells Estate baya kuba
ucele ukuncama ngaphezulu, ngendlela yamanzi aphantsi kunye nombane ongenayo
Abaqeshi be-IDZ, oko kufanele ukuba ibe yeyabo endaweni yoko.
The
Ukuchasana kuyanda ngenxa yesigqibo seMandela Metropole
Ukucinywa kweenkonzo zamanzi nombane kwabo bangakwaziyo ukuhlawula, ngaxeshanye
ukuba iinkonzo zoncedo lwasimahla zenzelwe ukuba zibekho, ngoJulayi 1. Ebudeni buka-Epreli
(inyanga yokugqibela apho iirekhodi zikhona), phantse abahlali abangama-4,000 babekho
baqhawulwe kumbane kunye ne-1,430 emanzini, kunye namashumi amawaka amaninzi
kuluhlu lwabantu abasaza kunqunyulwa. Kunokuvumela iintsapho ezihlwempuzekileyo ukuba zenze
bahlala beqhagamshelwe kumanzi nombane, isixeko sibonakala sinexhala lokuwanqamla
ukucima.
In
inyaniso, injineli isixeko ingxelo kwibhunga metro kwinyanga ephelileyo ukuba abo
were cut off because of high arrears "are likely to demand their Free Basic
Services allocation each month" which "will lead to an unsupportable load on the
disconnection/reconnection service." Not only did he recommend against providing
iinkonzo kumakhaya angathathi ntweni ngasemva. Kwabo basemva kakhulu, i
umgaqo-nkqubo kukuqhoboshela nokuthengisa iimpahla zekhaya.
Kunjalo
isizathu samatyala amaninzi asemva lixabiso eliphezulu leenkonzo ezikhoyo. Kulo nyaka,
uninzi lwabasebenzisi beMandela Metropole bahlawula i-60% ngaphezulu ngekiloWatt ngeyure yombane
than large businesses. The "free basic services" promised in Mandela Metropole
bakhohlakele. Kumbane, i-50 kWh kuphela ngenyanga iya kufumaneka simahla, nto leyo engaphantsi
ngaphezu kweentsuku ezine zokusetyenziswa yi-avareji yekhaya elinengeniso ephantsi. Ngamanzi, a
usapho lwabasibhozo luya kufumana iilitha ezingama-25 umntu ngamnye mahala suku ngalunye, ezaneleyo nje ezimbini
ukugungxula kweloo.
The
Isisombululo semetropole enkulu njengoMandela asintsonkothanga. Imigaqo-nkqubo kufuneka
zitshintshwe ukuze abasebenzisi abakhulu babonelele ngenkxaso-mali kubasebenzisi abanengeniso ephantsi, ngokusebenzisa a
"rising block tariff" system that gives everyone sufficient to meet basic needs.
Intsalela ephakanyiswa kubasebenzisi bevolumu enkulu inokulinywa ngokukhawuleza ibe yinkunzi entsha
utyalo-mali kwiziseko ezingundoqo. Iinzuzo zentlalo ziya kubandakanya ukudala imisebenzi,
ukuphuculwa kwempilo yoluntu, imveliso ephezulu yabasebenzi, i-microenterprise spinoffs kunye
ukulingana ngokwesini.
kodwa
kanye isicwangciso esinjalo sacetywa ngabakreqi benkqubela embindini
Inkqubo karhulumente yokuSebenza ngaManzi kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo. Impendulo, ngu-
assistant city engineer was blunt: "If a rising block water tariff were to
implemented for industry, Coega would not go ahead." In other words, the
imfuneko yokumpompa amanzi angabizi kakhulu kunye nombane kwi-neoliberal
I-White Elephant ithetha ukuba abantu abahluphekayo abayi kufumana nkxaso-mali yaneleyo kwizinto ezisisiseko
iimfuno.
ezo
Ngokucacileyo uphuhliso olungazinzanga luya kuboniswa eRio+10 ngoSeptemba ozayo.
Yiza undwendwele kwaye umanyane nabemi bendawo abaxhathisa ukukhula mihla le.
(UPatrick Bond, itshantliziyo elizinze eRhawutini nesifundiswa, uphakathi [imeyile ikhuselwe])