I-ACCRA-Ngaphandle kwentlekele embi yebala lebhola ekhatywayo apho kwabulawa abantu abayi-165 kungquzulwano olwaluphenjelelwa ngamapolisa ngoMeyi 9, kwiveki ephelileyo ibonise iimpawu zethemba lokwenyani eGhana.
Ndibe nenyhweba yokubona ukudityaniswa ngokutsha ngononophelo kombutho owawusakuba ngabafundi/oluluntu lwelizwe, owomeleza isiseko sawo sezopolitiko ngokujongana nemiba emibini engundoqo yokruthakruthwano lwezoqoqosho nezentlalo: ilifa lohlengahlengiso lwezakhiwo kunye nokuthengiswa kwamanzi abucala.
Njengoko bekunjalo kutshanje eBolivia, e-Ecuador naseMzantsi Afrika, ikomkhulu laseGhana kunye neendawo ezisemaphandleni zinokubona uqhanqalazo olukhulayo kwiinyanga ezizayo. Ukudityaniswa kwemigaqo-nkqubo ye-neoliberal yezoqoqosho kunye nokuthengiswa kwamanzi kunokubaqhubela abantu abaqhelekileyo baseGhana ezitalatweni.
Ezo inokuba ziindaba ezimbi kulowo ukholelwa kakhulu e-US kwineoliberalism, uThomas Friedman weNew York Times, owandwendwela i-Accra ekupheleni kuka-Epreli waze wabhengeza ukuba abantu baseAfrika bafuna iimarike zasimahla, ukungena ngamaqumrhu ezizwe ngezizwe kunye noMthetho wokuKhula nokuThuba we-Clinton woLawulo lwe-Afrika ka-2000. (AGOA).
UFriedman ngoAprili 24 wabhala wathi: โNgoxa abaqhankqalazi baseQuebec babexakeke kukugxeka ukudityaniswa kwehlabathi egameni lamaAfrika namahlwempu ehlabathi,โ wabhala uFriedman, ngoAprili XNUMX, โabantu baseAfrika ngokwabo baya kukuxelela ukuba ingxaki yabo yokudityaniswa kwehlabathi asikokuba baxhaphakile koko, kodwa baya kufumanisa ukuba baya kuphumelela. incinci kakhulu."
UFriedman ubalule nje umntu waseGhana omnye, uGeorge Apenteng weZiko leMicimbi yezoQoqosho, elixhaswa ngemali ngamaqumrhu angaphandle, aquka iKaiser Aluminium kunye ne-Unilever.
Umntu onolwazi olungcono kakhulu wayeya kuba nguCharles Abugre, umlawuli we-ISODEC, iZiko loPhuhliso loLuntu oluHlangeneyo, abasebenzi bakhe be-68 benza uhlalutyo oluphezulu oluphezulu, upapasho, iiprojekthi zophuhliso, ulungelelwaniso loluntu, i-Afrika ngokubanzi kunye nothungelwano lwamazwe ngamazwe, kunye nokukhuthaza okungapheliyo.
โI-AGOA ayinaziphumo zihle eGhana,โ utshilo uAbugre. โSiyibona njengesixhobo sokuvula iimarike zaseGhana egameni lokukhuthaza utyalo-mali lwaseMelika. Ukuba uFriedman athethe ukuba i-AGOA iya kuba yindlela esinokungena ngayo kwimarike yase-US yinkohliso. Esona siphumo siphambili se-AGOA kukudibanisa uncedo nohlaziyo lwezoqoqosho, nto leyo ithetha ukudilizwa kobume bolawulo lukarhulumente. Akukho zizibonelelo, kwaye iindleko zibandakanya ukubonakaliswa okucacileyo kohlengahlengiso olunzulu lwesakhiwo kunye nokupheliswa kommiselo. โ
I-ISODEC namahlakani ayo kuThungelwano loRhwebo noPhuhliso lwase-Afrika bakwiphulo lokubuyisela umva i-AGOA. U-Abugre ufuna ukuba abantu baphapheme kumatsha ntliziyo ase-Afrika ase-US. โSiqhankqalaza i-AGOA kumaqela oluntu kwi-Afrika iphela kwaye siyibeka kwi-ajenda yoMbutho woManyano lwe-Afrika kunye neKomishoni yoQoqosho ye-UN e-Afrika. I-AGOA yenye indlela yokujongela phantsi amandla e-Afrika okuhlanganisa izixhobo zasekhaya ukuze kuphuhliswe, kunye nokunyanzelisa inkqubo yorhwebo echasene nophuhliso.โ
Kumashumi amabini eminyaka eyadlulayo, uAbugre kunye nezinye iinkokeli ze-ISODEC babephakathi kwabo banoxanduva lokunika iFlight Lieutenant Jerry Rawlings isiseko samandla entlalo esibaluleke kakhulu-ukuzisola kwabo okukhulu. Kuba emva kokuthatha ulawulo lwe-June 4 Movement yabafundi kunye nokufumana amandla karhulumente ngobhukuqo lukaDisemba 1981, uRawlings wenza i-U-turn ekhohlakeleyo kwiinyanga nje ezimbalwa, enyanzela abaphembeleli abakhokelayo elubhacweni, bavalela amawaka, babulala amakhulukhulu.
Undoqo wokugqibela yaba kukwahlulwa kwabashiyekileyo emva kwengxoxo-mpikiswano yesizwe ekupheleni kuka-1982 malunga nokuba iGhana ingabhenela na kwiNgxowa-mali yeMali yaMazwe ngaMazwe (IMF) ukulungiselela inkqubo yohlengahlengiso lwemali-mboleko. Nangona uluvo loluntu lwalucace gca kumbutho wabafundi, abangeneleli bavela kwaye banceda uRawlings ukuba ajike ngasekunene, nangona wabugcina ubuhedeni bakhe bobuzwe. (Ibali lomzuzu wenguqu yaseGhana kunye nokungqutywa kwayo libaliswa kakuhle nguZaya Yeebo kwincwadi yakhe ethi, Ghana: The Struggle for Popular Power, eyapapashwa ngo-1991 yiNew Beacon Books yaseLondon.)
Ngexesha leminyaka yoo-1980-90s i-IMF kunye neBhanki yeHlabathi zatyhutyha iGhana, zanceda ukuvula iingcango zelizwe koorhulumente baseNtshona abamacebo abo oncedo aphantse asilela. Ulawulo lwase-US lwaba nobuhlobo ngakumbi, lugqitywe lutyelelo lukaBill Clinton ngo-1998. Idemokhrasi esesikweni ekugqibeleni yabuyiselwa ngo-1992. URawlings wonyulwa kabini phakathi kwebala eliphakathi kunye nokukwaywa kwamaqela aphikisayo ngenxa yorhwaphilizo olucacileyo lokuvota.
Phakathi kwezidubedube nokungaphuhlisi, iGhana yagqalwa ngokusemthethweni phakathi kwabafundi abagqwesileyo be-neoliberal baseAfrika, izingca ngomyinge we-4.4% yokukhula koqoqosho ngonyaka ukusuka phakathi kwiminyaka yoo-1980 ukuya kowama-2000. Kodwa kuDisemba ophelileyo, emva kwamashumi amabini eminyaka apho umndilili womvuzo wonyaka welizwe. I-18 yezigidi zabantu ayizange iphakame ngaphezu kwe-400 yeedola, abavoti abanganelisekanga bathatha indawo ye-National Democratic Congress kunye ne-New Patriotic Party, ekhokelwa nguJohn Kufuor.
I-neoliberal ekhohlisayo ekusebenzeni, uKufuor ubuncinci uyakuvuma okucacileyo xa ecinezelwe. Ngomhla we-7 kuMeyi, i-ISODEC yabamba inkomfa ngeziphumo zeminyaka engamashumi amabini yemigaqo-nkqubo yeBhanki yehlabathi. UKufuor uthumele lo myalezo uvuma ngokungafihlisiyo: โEmva kweminyaka engama-20 ende yomiliselo lweenkqubo zohlengahlengiso, uqoqosho lwethu luhleli lubuthathaka kwaye lusesichengeni kwaye aluguqulwanga ngokwaneleyo ukuze luzinzise ukukhula nophuhliso olukhawulezayo. Intlupheko iye yanda, intswela-ngqesho iphezulu kakhulu, imveliso kunye nezolimo ziyancipha kwaye amatyala ethu angaphandle nawasekhaya angumthwalo onzima kakhulu ukuba angawuthwala. "
Ummeli wasekuhlaleni weBhanki yehlabathi, uPeter Harrold, wavuma ukuba uKufuor wayenyanisile. Evumelana nokuba iBhanki ayizihoyanga izinto eziphambili kuluntu lwaseGhana, wathembisa ngenkxaso eyongezelelekileyo kwiinkqubo zemali-mboleko ezijolise ngokukodwa ekuphakamiseni abahluphekayo. Inkqubo yamanzi โuhlengahlengisoโ ngumzekelo omnye, xa kujongwa ukusilela kwenkampani karhulumente yaseGhana ukubonelela ngamanzi acocekileyo afikelelekayo malunga nama-60% abahlali basezidolophini.
Kodwa kwiintsuku ezimbalwa kamva, nge-17 kaMeyi, uHarrold wothuswa phambi kwamakhulu aliqela abathunywa bemibutho yasekuhlaleni kwiqonga likawonke-wonke le-ISODEC lamanzi. Xa wayezithethelela, uHarrold akazange aqhayise nje ngokuququzelela iskim sotyalo-mali lwamanzi asemaphandleni ukuze abonelele ngeempompo zoluntu ezilalini phantsi kweemeko ezithile. Ukwakhuthaza ngenkuthalo ukuqeshwa, kwiminyaka eyi-10-25, kweenkqubo ezimbini zamanzi edolophini ezinkulu ukubonelela abahlali abazizigidi ezininzi. Iikhontrakthi ezintlanu zezizwe ngezizwe sele zizibizile iikhontrakthi.
Ukuphendula uHarrold, igcisa lophuhliso uDanumin Subiniman - onxibelelanisa izikim zamanzi ezininzi ezisemaphandleni kumantla eGhana ahlawulwe yimali mboleko yeBhanki ka-1999 - wakhalaza ngelithi "ukubuyiswa kweendleko ezigcweleyo, indlela eqhutywa yimfuno kunye nemeko yeBhanki yeHlabathi yesi-5 sentlawulo yangaphambili inyanzeliswe ngokupheleleyo."
Nangona kunjalo "ezi zibiza kakhulu," ugxininisa u-Subiniman, kwaye banoxanduva lokusilela kwenkqubo yasemaphandleni. Ubhubhani obulalayo weGuinea worm, isifunxi-gazi esonakalisayo esiphuma emanzini, uye waqhambuka. Kananjalo uvavanyo lomgangatho wamanzi alubonelelwanga kwiindawo ezihlwempuzekileyo, utshilo uSubiniman. Kwaye ngenxa yokuba iBhanki kunye norhulumente banyanzelisa ukubuyiselwa kweendleko ezipheleleyo kubantu abahluphekayo, "imali eninzi yomvuzo wabo ichithwa kwimali eyinkunzi kunye nokugcinwa kwayo."
Iforamu ikwadize ukuba iBhanki kunye neqhinga likarhulumente lokubuyisa iindleko ezipheleleyo lithatha amanzi anokohluthwa โimpahla zikawonke-wonkeโ (okanye oko oosoqoqosho bazibiza ngokuba yimpahla encomekayo, okanye izinto zangaphandle). Ukuthotywa kwinqanaba lemveliso, amanzi kufuneka athengwe kwaye athengiswe kwindawo yentengiso.
Ngoko ke, ngokutsho kowe-1999 amaxwebhu emali-mboleko yamanzi eBhanki esayinwe nguHarrold, โKucingelwa ukuba izibonelelo zempilo ezaziwa ngabasebenzisi zifunyanwa kukuzimisela kwabo ukuhlawulela amanzi asemgangathweni.โ U-Abugre uphikisa ukuba uphando lweBhanki โlokuvuma ukuhlawulaโ ludida. Endaweni yoko, kwimeko yamanqanaba aphantsi kakhulu "okuhlawula," kwimimandla yasemaphandleni ephila ngaphandle kwengeniso yemali, izibonelelo ezivela ekuthotyweni kwezifo, ukulingana ngokwesini kunye nokuphuma kwezoqoqosho zithethelela izibonelelo ezininzi zamanzi.
Kodwa ngaphezu koko, uthi uAbugre, โAmanzi lilungelo lomntu. Ngaphandle kwayo, akunakubakho bomi. Asinakuyiyeka ibe yinto nje yorhwebo.โ
UHarrold usenokuba wawalela amahlwempu asemaphandleni ngokwala kwakhe ukuxhasa iindleko zokusebenza nezokulungisa. Kodwa igalelo lakhe kwingxoxo-mpikiswano yoshishino lwabucala lintsokothile ngakumbi.
Kunyaka ophelileyo, uHarrold waphambukisa ilinge lokuqala lokuqeshisa inkqubo yamanzi yase-Accra ngenxa yokunyotywa โ kutyholwa ukuba ixabisa i-5 yezigidi zeedola, kwaye ebandakanya inkosikazi kaRawlings โ yinkampani encedisayo yakwa-Enron. Ezinye iinkampani zamanzi zamazwe ngamazwe ziye zakhalaza ngesinyobo kunye nokungakhuphisani, kwaye esi siganeko sanika uHarrold ithuba lokuguqula igama leBhanki ngokuthamba kubuqhophololo.
I-Bhanki isafuna ukubanga ibali lempumelelo yoshishino lwabucala e-anglofone eNtshona Afrika, ngoko ke uHarrold wenza ukuba amanzi asezidolophini abe ngumqathango wokufikelela kwi-Ghana ekuhlawuleni amatyala ngokusebenzisa iNyathelo laMazwe aHlubi kakhulu aTyalayo.
(Amanye amaqela aseWashington anenkqubela phambili, ekhokelwa nguRob Weissman weEssential Action kunye noSara Grusky weGlobalization Challenge Initiative bazama ukwenza imeko yoshishino lwamanzi lube ngekho mthethweni, kulandela impumelelo yabo kulo nyaka uphelileyo kwiphulo lenkongolo lokunqanda ukunyanzeliswa kwemirhumo ngokusebenzisa impilo yeBhanki/ imali-mboleko yemfundo.)
Kwiforam ye-ISODEC, ndaye ndadityaniswa ngamaqabane amathathu oMzantsi Afrika achaza imiqobo emininzi ekuthengiseni amanzi abucala, kunye nesidingo sendlela yobudlelwane phakathi koluntu noluntu. Itshantliziyo laseSoweto, uTrevor Ngwane, ubalise ibali loluntu/iQonga lokuLwa uShishino lwaBasebenzi eRhawutini, ngelixa uLance Veotte kunye noVictor Mhlongo weSA Municipal Workers Union banike ingxelo ngomzabalazo wokwenza ukuba izixhobo zamanzi zoMzantsi Afrika ezingasebenziyo nezingalawulekiyo ziphendulele kwabafumana imivuzo ephantsi. abantu.
Enyanisweni, waphawula umhlalutyi osuka emgangathweni, iimeko ezimbi ezijongene nazo abasebenzisi bamanzi base-Accra babonisa ngokuthe ngqo amandla eklasi kunye nokwahlula. Phantse bonke abantu abanomvuzo ophezulu abanayo ingxaki yokufikelela kumanzi acocekileyo aphuma empomponi kunye nogutyulo oluhambisa amanzi amdaka kwiindawo ezihlala oohlohlesakhe base-Accra; phantse bonke abantu abanemivuzo ephantsi banofikelelo olungekho sikweni okanye olungekho sikweni kumanzi. Urhulumente waseGhana weneoliberal usebenzela izityebi, hayi amahlwempu.
Kodwa ngoku uMnumzana Harrold okrelekrele uyangenelela, ngendlela yobuqhophololo yokwenza imali yokuqumbela iGhana Water Company, ukuze akhuthaze ushishino lwabucala. I-Bhanki idlale iqhinga eliphindwe kathathu kuluntu lwaseGhana ukusukela oko uRawlings wangena kulawulo: a) ukutyhola urhulumente, ukuze ushishino lwabucala lubonakale njengeyona ndlela yokuphela kokusilela kwenkonzo karhulumente; b) ukwandisa ukungalingani komgangatho eluntwini, ngoko ke kusengqiqweni ukuxoxa ukuba inkqubo ekhoyo ityekele kwizityebi (kwaye kungoko sibanga ukuba ushishino lwabucala luya kunceda amahlwempu); kunye c) nokunyanzela urhulumente ukuba anyuse amaxabiso amanzi (amaxabiso) kabukhali phambi korhwebo lwamashishini abucala ukuze iqumrhu lezizwe ngezizwe elikhethiweyo lithintelwe kumsindo woluntu.
UHarrold ke ngoko ungenza ibango kwiforam ye-ISODEC yokuba ngumboneleli wabucala kuphela onokuyandisa inkqubo kubantu abahluphekayo kwaye alungise inkqubo yokuvuza enoxanduva lokungahlawuliswa kwesiqingatha samanzi e-Accra.
Le gambithi iphindwe kathathu yaqala ukusetyenziswa ukukhuthaza ukuthengiswa kwamanzi kwiprojekthi yokulinga engundoqo yeBhanki, iBuenos Aires, njengoko oogxa bam ababini bezemfundo kwiProjekthi yeeNkonzo zikaMasipala besandula ukubonisa kuphononongo lwakutsha nje.
Apha ke, kulapho umanyano lwamazwe ngamazwe lukhula lusuka kumanyano lube lumanyano olubambekayo kunye nabantu abahluphekayo nabasebenzayo baseGhana. Ziyanda iintshaba zamaziko ezifanayo kwimizabalazo ye-hydro-class: iBhanki kunye neenkampani zamanzi zamazwe ngamazwe.
E-Accra, uHarrold wakhawuleza wangena ebunzimeni xa uxwebhu oluyimfihlo lwadiza ukuba โukukha ama-cherryโ โ oko kukuthi, ukuphepha iindawo ezihlwempuzekileyo โ kuya kwakhelwa kwingqeshiso eya kulawula amanzi esixeko.
โIMemorandam yoLwaziโ yeBhanki kunye norhulumente waseGhana โ ebhalwe ngokucacileyo kwiphepha i, โiyimfihlo engqongqoโ โ ilungiswe nguStone and Webster Consultants of Washington, DC. โEndaweni yokwandiswaโ konikezelo lwamanzi kuluntu lwasezidolophini olunemivuzo ephantsi, abashicileli bayalelwa luxwebhu ukuba โbangawashenxisiโ amatanki akhoyo axhaphakileyo ecandelo labucala athe alawula unikezelo lwamanzi kuluntu olunemivuzo ephantsi.
Ejongene nobu bungqina, amaqela asekuhlaleni kwiforam aseke โiGhana National Coalition Against the Privatization of Waterโ โukuqinisekisa ukuba ubunini, ulawulo nolawulo lweenkonzo zamanzi luhlala lusezandleni zoluntu.โ
โOku kunzulu kombutho yinto esisileleyo ukuyenza kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini eyadlulayo,โ wavuma ngelitshoyo igqala lomzabalazo uRudolf Amenga-Etego we-ISODEC. โUkungabi nangqondo kwethu kunye nokuzithemba kwethu njengabatsha-ntliziyo abasakhulayo kwasenza sakholelwa ukuba ukuba sinokuphembelela ubhukuqo-mbuso olusekhohlo, singamatsha singene emandleni kwaye sakhe uluntu ngokutsha. Kodwa njengoko ubona kwimeko yelizwe lethu, yaphela yintlekele.โ
Wancuma. โNgoku siyazi ukuba ukwakha le ntshukumo ngokuchasene nohlengahlengiso lolwakhiwo kunye nokuthengiswa kwamanzi ukusuka ezantsi ukuya phezulu yeyona ndlela yokuphumelela. Kusenokuthatha iminyaka embalwa eyongezelelweyo kodwa asizukuthi sithintelwe kule ndlela.โ