NguPatrick Bond
E-Mutare, eZimbabwe โ umhla wama-22 kuJulayi lusuku olulungileyo lokuthathela ingqalelo iingxaki ezibangelwe yindibaniselwano engaqhelekanga yeniyoliberalism kunye ne-impiriyali ye-geopolitcs, kuba lusuku lokuzalwa lwe-World Bank kunye ne-International Monetary Fund (IMF). Lixesha elilungileyo lokukhumbula ukuba uninzi lwethu kumbutho wezobulungisa wehlabathi kaninzi sisilela ekuchazeni iindlela 'zokuthobela' - intsebenziswano phakathi kwamaqela alawulayo aphezulu nabaphantsi - yenza nzima ukuhlalutya kunye nobutshantliziyo (nangona ndifumanisa ukuba ukufunda amagqabantshintshi eZNet/ blog nguMandisi Majavu ozinze eKapa liyeza elilungileyo).
Makhe siqwalasele eminye imizekelo engenakuthenjwa ezindabeni. Ekuqaleni kukaJulayi, iinkqubo ezintathu ziye zavezwa ezizizalathisi, akukho nanye esempilweni, yekamva leli lizwekazi: Abaphezulu baseAfrika banxibelelana eAddis Ababa; Iinkampani ezizinze eWashington kunye nabaphathi belizwe jikelele bacamngca ngendlela yokuxhaphaza iAfrika ngakumbi, ixesha elide; kunye neeNGO zamazwe ngamazwe zaxoxa ngendlela yokukhankasela iBhanki yeHlabathi. Njengoko ndaxubusha kwinyanga ephelileyo, inxalenye yengxaki kwi-Latin America kunye ne-Afrika yimpawu efihliweyo yentsebenziswano ye-elite, enikwe amadoda afana noLula noMbeki abaye banesizukulwana soqeqesho ekuthetheni ngasekhohlo, abakwenzayo ngokuvakalayo ngokuvakalayo ngelixa behamba ngasekunene.
Kwingqungquthela yeManyano ye-Afrika (AU), urhulumente woMzantsi Afrika uqhubele phambili amanyathelo amabini aphambili, ukuba asingolawulo, ngoko ke ngokongamele umbutho, ngokuthi aphumelele ukhuphiswano neLibya ne-Egypt ukuze isingathe ipalamente, kunye nokubaleka izihlalo kwiKomishoni ye-AU esesikweni. ukuze endaweni yoko athathe umyalelo phezu kwecandelo loxolo/lokhuseleko. I-5 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi zezixhobo zomkhosi ezithengwa yiPitoli ngoku zibonisa indima eyoyikekayo yoMkhosi woKhuselo weSizwe woMzantsi Afrika njengosekela-sherifu waseWashington.
Ngaphezu koko, isicwangciso-qhinga seniyoliberal kwezopolitiko noqoqosho esakhuthazwa ngumongameli woMzantsi Afrika uThabo Mbeki, iNtsebenziswano eNtsha yoPhuhliso lwe-Afrika (NEPAD), yabizwa ngokuba 'yindawo yefilosofi' liSebe leSizwe laseMelika kulo nyaka uphelileyo. I-NEPAD iqinisekisa ukumenywa rhoqo kukaMbeki kwaye akhethe abalawuli baseAfrika kwiintlanganiso zeG8, kwaye iofisi yoonobhala bayo sele ikufuphi nePitoli.
Ke imbono 'ye-subimperialism' iyakhula ngakumbi (njengoko ndixoxa kuMgaqo-nkqubo omtsha waNgaphandle kwinqaku lokuGxininisa eliposwe ku-http://www.fpif.org naku-http://www.counterpunch.org). Amaxhoba ayakubandakanya abantu baseZimbabwe, phakathi kwabo endithe ndachitha iintsuku ezimbalwa.
Ngokwenene, eyona mpikiswano iphambili ye-AU yayingengxelo yangaphakathi โ 'elungeleleneyo' ngokutsho kombhali ongumlingane waseMzantsi Afrika u-Barney Pityana - malunga nokuphathwa gadalala kwamalungelo oluntu kurhulumente wase-Harare kunye nengcinezelo yezopolitiko. Nangona yaqulunqwa ngo-2002, umphathiswa wezangaPhandle ka-Robert Mugabe waxoka ngokungazange ayibone ngaphambili, eqala ingxwabangxwaba malunga nokuba i-AU ingajongana nayo nzulu na phambi konyulo lwesizwe lwaseZimbabwe olulandelayo: ukhuphiswano lwepalamente ngoMatshi ka-2005.
Iintloko zamazwe ase-Afrika kunye nabaphathiswa bamazwe angaphandle baye bavuma ngovuyo ukulibaziseka okucetywa ngumphathiswa wezangaphandle waseZimbabwe. Njengoko ubhishophu omkhulu wamaKatolika wakwaBulawayo, uPious Ncube, equkumbele abathunywa be-AU, 'Ekuphela kwento abayenzayo kukuxhasana basele iti.'
Oko kuthetha ukuba, kufanelekile ukuqikelela, ukuba ukunyuswa konyulo, ipolitiki yokusasazwa kokutya, ukuxhatshazwa kwenkundla, ukunyanzeliswa kwentetho kunye nokuvalwa kwemithombo yeendaba ezizimeleyo, kunye nobugebenga obubhekiselele kumatsha ntliziyo aphikisayo aqhutywa ngurhulumente kaMugabe kuya kuba mbi ngakumbi. kwiinyanga ezisithoba ezizayo.
Kwangaxeshanye, uMugabe wenza i-overtures ukuba aphinde abuyiselwe kwi-International Monetary Fund, kwaye useke ikomishini entsha yolonyulo. Yiza ngoMatshi ozayo, mhlawumbi uya kulawula i-67% yepalamente, enikwe ukuba uvunyelwe ngokusemthethweni ukuba akhethe i-20% yamalungu, ahlala kwizihlalo ezingenakuphikiswa, ukususela ekuqaleni. Phantsi kweemeko zangoku, akunakwenzeka ukuba kuvotelwe abemi ngokokuthanda kwabo kwezopolitiko, kodwa uluntu luhlala luqhekeka phakathi, uninzi lwabahlali basezidolophini bechasa uMugabe.
Ngaphandle nje kwenkqubo endala yolawulo loncedo lokutya oluya kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni, elona qhinga lamva nje โ nelincomekayo kakhulu โ iqhinga elimbaxa-mbili lokuphumelela iintliziyo neengqondo ngexesha lokuhla kwamandla emali kunye nokuwohloka kweenkonzo zikarhulumente, kukubonelela ngetyala kunye nokufakelwa kombane. Ngokunyuka kwamaxabiso ngaphezu kwe-400%, enye ikhredithi yefama karhulumente isaxabisa kwi-30% kuphela - i-giveaway.
Kwaye iingcingo zothumelo lombane ziye zabotshelelwa ngaphaya kweendawo zabalimi kufutshane nomda waseMozambique apho bendinekomityi yekofu kwilali entle esezintabeni kwimpelaveki ephelileyo. Usapho oluqhelekileyo luhlawula imali elingana ne-$0.50 nge-140 kiloWatt iiyure (usetyenziso lwenyanga lwezibane zebhalbhu nonomathotholo), isixa esixabisa malunga namashumi amabini ngaphezulu eMzantsi Afrika.
Nangona ndiqhele ukukungqina oku njengomgaqo-nkqubo ogqwesileyo wentlalontle, kunokwenzeka ukuba xa usenza into ube yenye i-bait-and-switch gimmick. Emva kolunye uvoto lukaMugabe kunyulo luka-2005, iZimbabwe Electricity Supply Authority izakuqhuba neshishini labucala, kwaye ixabiso lamandla liza kunyuka lifikelele kwinqanaba lokungafikeleleki - njengokuba ngoku ijongene nemizi yaseMzantsi Afrika enengeniso ephantsi, ngokuqhawuka kombane okuxhaphakileyo kungekude emva. .
Ngokwenzekayo, malunga nengxoxo-mpikiswano yoMzantsi Afrika endikhe ndibhekisele kuyo ngamaxesha athile kule webhusayithi, igosa eliyintloko lezamanzi ePitoli, uMike Muller, wavuma kwiphephandaba iMail and Guardian ngasekupheleni kukaJuni ukuba amahlakani akhe koorhulumente basekhaya banqumle. Unikezelo lwamanzi ezindlini kubantu abangaphezulu kwesigidi ngo-2003: 'ama-275,000 azo zonke izindlu anxulunyaniswa nokucuthwa ngenxa yokungahlawuli.'
Oku kuveza inkcubeko ye-neoliberalism yombuso ongenantliziyo, kwaye kukunyuka okumangalisayo ukusuka kwigosa elakhalaza ngokukrakra xa iNew York Times neLondon Observer zicaphula uqikelelo olufanayo kumabali malunga nocalucalulo lwamanzi kule minyaka imbalwa idlulileyo (http://www. .queensu.ca/msp).
Nangona uMthetho waManzi weSizwe unika abaphathi bezopolitiko baka-Muller amandla okungenelela kwiimeko ezinjalo zongxamiseko zamanzi, ukubuyisela iimpompo zamanzi, u-Muller naye ngoku ugxininisa ekuqinisekiseni oko kunyhashwa ngokuphandle kwelungelo elibalulekileyo loMgaqo-siseko lokufikelela emanzini. 'Kuya kuhlala bekhona abantu abasebenzisa kakubi amaziko oluntu kufuna amanyathelo angqongqo,' uMuller uxelele abafundi beM&G, mhlawumbi elibala ukuba kwiminyaka emine eyadlulayo, esi simo sengqondo sasisebenza kubantu abarhola imivuzo ephantsi eNgwelezane, KwaZulu-Natal yenze undoqo welizwekazi elibi kakhulu. -ukuqhambuka kwekholera.
Ngeli xesha, iinkcukacha-manani ezintsha zentlupheko/zobutyebi zikaRhulumente ezikhutshwe ngoJulayi zibonise ukuba uMzantsi Afrika uye waba yindawo yokungalingani kubi ehlabathini, kanye ngexesha lokuphoswa kwemibhiyozo ye-African National Congress 'yenkululeko' ekupheleni kuka-Epreli.
Umbane wengingqi kunye namanzi zimbini nje ii-microcosm ezidibanisa ipolitiki ye-venal kunye noqoqosho olungabambekiyo lweniyoliberalism. Yongeza i-State Department ye-imperial neoconservatism kunye neempembelelo ze-petro-military ezihlala kwi-White House, kwaye ufumana ingxelo entsha: 'Ukunyuka kwe-US enomdla e-Afrika.' E-Washington ngoJulayi 8, i-Centre for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) yasungula esidlangalaleni iplani yomgaqo-nkqubo wase-US-Afrika, owacelwa nguColin Powell kunye neCongress.
Ababhali bengxelo yayiligosa langaphambili likaPowell eAfrika, uWalter Kansteiner, kunye nomphandi weCSIS uStephen Morrison, kwaye iphaneli yabo yayiquka abarhanelwa abaqhelekileyo: oongxowankulu bamashishini kunye nabaxhasi bezimali, izifundiswa, abacebisi bophuhliso, ababesakuba ngoonozakuzaku (njengomphathi wenkohlakalo kaRonald Reagan waseAfrika. Chester Crocker), iingcali zomkhosi, iingcaphephe zezifo ezosulelayo, umthengisi wendalo esingqongileyo (uPeter Seligmann osuka kwiConservation International) kunye noSenator uRussell Feingold, owaziwa ngokuba ngumntu oqhubekayo.
I-ajenda entsha yobukhosi igxininisa iindlela zokungenelela ezisixhenxe: iSudan, ioli yayo ifunwa yiWashington; Ukuncipha kweemalike ze-capital zase-Afrika, 'enokuthi iqale' iAkhawunti kaBush ye-Gimmicky Millennium Challenge; amandla, ingakumbi 'imivuzo emikhulu yekamva yeNigeria ne-Angola, phakathi kwabanye abavelisi be-oli abaphambili eNtshona Afrika'; ulondolozo lwezilwanyana zasendle; iinzame 'zokulwa nobunqolobi', eziquka 'inyathelo lokufikelela kumaSilamsi'; imisebenzi yoxolo, enokuthi idluliselwe kwimikhosi yase-Afrika ngenxa yenkxaso-mali entsha ye-G8; kunye noGawulayo, olunyango lwakhe loyikwa ngamaqumrhu axuba amayeza kuba luza kufuna amachiza enziwe afana nalawo aveliswe ngabenzi. Kuzo zonke ngaphandle kwe-Sudan, intsebenziswano yoMzantsi Afrika iya kuba yinto ebalulekileyo kwi-ajenda entsha yomkhosi waseMelika.
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STOP PRESS (21 Julayi): Ekugqibeleni ndiyayiqonda le ntetho 'yokuhamba ngasekhohlo' kukaMbeki kwezi veki zidlulileyo, kuxoxwe ngayo ixesha elide kushicilelo lwangoku lweThe Economist kwaye yabhengezwa mhlawumbi kubafundi be-US lefty listserve 'Portside'. izolo. Ukuba ujonga imephu yehlabathi, nawe uya kuyifumana ingongoma, kuba nangona urhulumente we-ANC engenakuze ahambe ekhohlo emsulwa โ nto leyo enokuyisa eBrazil, umntu onokuthi akhuphisane naye โ kubonakala kulungile ngoku ukuthetha ngenyathelo eliya kumantla ntshona. .
Jonga kwaye qaphelani, emva eJo'burg kanye malunga nokufaka eli nqaku, ndifumene usekela-mphathiswa wezangaphandle eMzantsi Afrika 'evakalisa umbulelo wakhe kumagosa eSebe leLizwe laseMelika kunye nabameli be-Armscor, iDenel kunye neFuchs [iinkalo ezintathu eziphambili eMzantsi Afrika. abathengisi bezixhobo] ngendlela eyakhayo kunye nentsebenziswano' apho baye balungiselela 'amathuba oshishino amatsha eMelika,' ngokutsho kwewebhusayithi esemthethweni yasePitoli.
Kwaye ngolwesiHlanu ophelileyo, ingxelo yephephandaba i-ThisDay yintatheli uMichael Schmidt idize ukuba into ebesicinga ukuba sisenzo esibekekileyo sikaMbeki kwinyanga yeKhala ephelileyo - ukwala ukwamkela i-7 yezigidi zeerandi kuncedo lomkhosi wase-US kutyhobotyholo olubi, ukuze uMzantsi Afrika waliwe. ukuthunyelwa kwabaphuli mthetho base-US kwiNkundla yoLwaphulo-mthetho yaMazwe ngaMazwe โ yaba lelinye iqhinga: 'uPeter McIntosh, umhleli wejenali yoMkhosi wase-Afrika, uthe i-US isandula ukubuyisela inkxaso-mali yomkhosi woMzantsi Afrika ngomyalelo wayo waseYurophu eStuttgart, eJamani. ' Oko, kukhangeleka ngathi kuvule indlela kusekela-sheriff umsebenzi wokuba, kwisidlo sasemini seSea Island G8 ngoJuni, uMbeki wamkelwe ngendlela 'yabagcini boxolo' baseAfrika kwiindawo ezirhabaxa zelizwekazi.
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Olunye uhlobo lwenkqubo yoqhankqalazo endinexhala ngayo ngokunyukayo, yindlela ii-NGOs eziphelelwe lithemba ezifuna ngayo indawo yokuhlala kwiBhanki yeHlabathi egama layo likwimeko emaxongo. Umlawuli olawulayo weBhanki, uJames Wolfensohn, unesiphiwo sokufunxa abagxeki 'kwiingxoxo zabachaphazelekayo abaninzi.' Abanye bamajoni akrelekrele ngakumbi alwa namadama amakhulu atshabalalisayo, okanye uhlengahlengiso lwezakhiwo, okanye ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwepetroli yefosili, bakwazile ukutsala ezi khomishini ngasekhohlo.
Kwimeko yeKomishoni yeHlabathi yamaDama (WCD), eyanika ingxelo ngo-2000, usihlalo waseMzantsi Afrika uKader Asmal uye wavumela uhlalutyo olubaluleke kakhulu kunye neseti yeengcebiso kwingxelo yokugqibela. Abasebenzi bebhanki, ingakumbi uMzantsi Afrika uJohn Briscoe, bayimosha ngoko nangoko. Omnye weengcungela zombutho ochasene namadama, uPaddy McCully weInternational Rivers Network, uphendule wathi: 'Impendulo yeBhanki yeHlabathi eyodwa kunye nokungazibophelelanga kwiNgxelo yeWCD ithetha ukuba iBhanki ayisayi kuphinda yamkelwe njengomthengisi onyanisekileyo naziphi na iingxoxo ezingakumbi zabathathi-nxaxheba abaninzi.'
Amava afanayo ajongene namalungu eqela lePhulo lokuThatha inxaxheba koLungiso lweNxaxheba, kuquka amakhulu emibutho kunye nabafundi abavela eBangladesh, e-Ecuador, e-El Salvador, eGhana, eHungary, eMexico, ePhilippines, e-Uganda naseZimbabwe. Abasebenzi bebhanki bayishiya inkqubo ababeyincedise ngenkxaso-mali ngo-2001 xa iziphumo zazikhangeleka zimbi.
Ngoku i-Extractive Industries Review inamava afanayo, njengokuba ngo-Agasti 3, uWolfensohn kunye nebhodi yabalawuli kulindeleke ukuba bakhabe iingcebiso zekhomishini ukuba iBhanki ikhuphe imali yayo ye-oyile / igesi. Nangona kunjalo uluhlu olude lwee-NGOs, ezinikwe ithuba elihle lokulahla iBhanki ngobuqhetseba obugqithisileyo, babhalela uWolfensohn iileta ezinomlomo we-mealy becela uhlaziyo olusilelayo nakwikomishini yoPhononongo. Eli lixesha lokuhlaba ikhwelo lokuba iBhanki mayithathe umhlala-phantsi, ingaguquguquki, kwaye kukho inkqubela entle eyenziwayo malunga nokubuyiselwa kwemali ku-http://www.worldbankboycott.org, ekufuneka ixhaswe ngawo onke amaqabane akwaZNet.
Kule nyanga izayo ndiza kuchaza kabanzi malunga ne-IMF, ebeke uphawu olufana nolo eMzantsi Afrika sasilubiza ngokuba yi-'net-blankes' (abamhlophe-kuphela ngesiBhulu). Olo phawu lwalubonakala kumnyango womlawuli olawulayo we-IMF xa yayilixesha lokukhetha umntu omtsha kwiiveki ezimbalwa ezidlulileyo. Okubangela umdla kukuba, i-tats yayilixesha apho umphathiswa wezemali woMzantsi Afrika uTrevor Manuel wayephethe izindululo zangaphakathi ze-IMF/Bhanki kulawulo.
Ngaba uManuel wakhetha ukulwa nemeko engenademokhrasi ngokupheleleyo yolawulo lwezimali olunamazwe amaninzi, okanye endaweni yoko wakhetha indima enokuthelekiseka nenkokeli 'yebantustan' (ilizwe lasekhaya) yamandulo, ehleli phantsi ethatha lula, ethambisa ucalucalulo lwehlabathi ngokulunika? ukuba semthethweni? Iinkcukacha ezithe vetshe ziyeza ngenye ingxaki ye-compradorism.
(Patrick โ [imeyile ikhuselwe] โ recently authored Talk Left, Walk Right: South Africaโs Frustrated Global Reforms, University of KwaZulu-Natal Press, 2004, http://www.unpress.co.za//showbook.asp?id=581)