Mhlawumbi baya kube bekhumbula abantu abangalunganga eKitty Hawk, eNorth Carolina, ngomso. Kwiinyanga ezintlanu ngaphambi kokuba abazalwana bakwaWright baphakamise umatshini ophaphazelayo emoyeni kangangemizuzwana elishumi elinesibini ngaphezu kweendunduma zesanti ze-Outer Banks, uRichard Pearse waseNew Zealand wayehambe isithuba esingaphezu kwekhilomitha kuhambo lwakhe, ngaphandle koncedo lweerampu okanye izilayidi, kwaye wade wakwazi ukuyijika inqwelomoya yakhe esabhabha.1
Kodwa imbali yeyabo bayibhalayo, ngoko ke ngomso yikhulu leminyaka elisemthethweni lenqwelomoya. E-Kitty Hawk, uGeorge Bush uza kuhambisa i-eulogy kuphapho, ngelixa inani lamadoda anemali engaphezulu kunengqiqo iya kufuna ukuyila kwakhona inqwelomoya yokuqala ye-Wrights. Ewe, banokugcina isikhumbuzo sabo. Ngomso kufuneka ibe lusuku lokuzila kumazwe ngamazwe. Umhla we-17 kuDec 2003 yiminyaka elikhulu yowona matshini wokubulala usebenzayo ehlabathini.
Inqwelo-moya yayingesosixhobo sokuqala sokutshabalalisa abantu abaninzi. Amagunya aseYurophu ayesele efundile ukunisa uloyiko kubantu bawo bekoloniyali ngokusebenzisa iibhombu zaselwandle, iinkanunu kunye nemipu yeGatling kunye neMaxim. Kodwa amandla atshabalalisayo okuqhushumba kwebhombu emoyeni aqondwa nangaphambi kokuba inqwelomoya yokuqala ihambe emhlabeni.
Ngo-1886, uJules Verne wayenomfanekiso-ngqondweni wenqwelomoya esebenza njengomkhosi wamapolisa wehlabathi, eqhushumbisa ugqatso loburhalarhume eluxolweni nakwimpucuko. Ngowe-1898, umbhali weencwadi uSamuel Odell wabona abantu abathetha isiNgesi bethimba impuma Yurophu neAsia ngokuqhushumba emoyeni. Kwangaloo nyaka umbhali uStanley Waterloo wabhiyozela ikamva lokutshatyalaliswa kweentlanga ezikumgangatho ophantsi emoyeni.2
Akukho nanye kwezi eyalahleka kubazalwana bakwaWright. Xa uWilbur Wright ebuzwa, ngo-1905, ukuba yintoni injongo yomatshini wakhe, waphendula ngokulula, "Imfazwe".3
Ngokukhawuleza nje bakuba beqinisekile ukuba obu bugcisa buyasebenza, abazalwana baya kwiiofisi zemfazwe zamazwe aliqela, benethemba lokuthengisa ilungelo labo lomenzi wechiza koyena mntu ubiza imali eninzi. Urhulumente wase-US wathenga i-30,000 yeedola, kwaye waqala ukuvavanya ibhomu ngo-1910.4 Inqwelomoya yakhawulwa, yayilwa, yavavanywa, yaphuhliswa kwaye yathengiswa, ngamanye amazwi, kungekhona njengesithuthi sokhenketho, kodwa njengesixhobo sokutshatyalaliswa.
NgoNovemba 1911, iminyaka esibhozo emva kokuhamba kokuqala, umkhosi wase-Italiya wenza uhlaselo lokuqala lwebhombu, kwindawo yokuhlala ngaphandle kweTripoli. Kwandula ke njengangoku, ukudubula kweenqwelo-moya kwabonwa njengendlela yokuphucula abantu abangasebenzisaniyo. Njengoko uSven Lindqvist ebhala kwincwadi ethi A History of Bombing, amagunya asebukhosini azama ngokukhululekileyo kwimpucuko evela esibhakabhakeni. uthuthu kwakuqheliselwa kuMntla Afrika nakuMbindi Mpuma.
Njengoko utshaba lwaluncitshiswe kwindawo ekujoliswe kuyo ekude kwindawo ephantsi, inkohlakalo enkulu yayinokwenziwa ubunjineli kunayo nayiphi na into eyenziwa ngaphambili. Abantu baseBritani babeyazi into ababeyenza eJamani. Umyalelo we-22 kuMyalelo weBomber ngo-1942 wayalela ukuba "iindawo ezijoliswe kuzo" zokuqhubhisa umlilo zibe "iindawo ezakhiweyo, kungekhona, ngokomzekelo, i-dockyards okanye iifektri zeenqwelomoya".6
AmaMerika ayeyazi into awayeyenza eJapan. UMajor General Curtis LeMay, owatshisa abantu abayi-100,000 eTokyo, uvumile โsisazi ukuba siza kubulala abafazi nabantwana abaninzi xa sasitshisa loo dolophu. Bekumele kwenziwe.โ7 IJapan yazama ukuthethathethana ngoxolo, kodwa amaMfelandawonye ala ukuthetha de agqibe kwelokuba aqhushumbise umlilo, eHiroshima naseNagasaki. ULeMay kamva waba yintloko yabasebenzi boMkhosi woMoya wase-US. Wayeyindoda eyathi, ngo-1964, yathembisa ukuqhubhisa iVietnam ibuyele kwi-Stone Age.8
Ndiyathandabuza kakhulu ukuba kuya kukhankanywa konke oku kwimibhiyozo yekhulu leminyaka ngomso. Endaweni yoko siyakukhuthazwa ukuba sigxile kwizicelo zasekuhlaleni kobu buchwepheshe bomkhosi. Siza kuxelelwa indlela inqwelo-moya eyenze ngayo ihlabathi layindawo encinane, indlela eye yasondeza ngayo abantu, ikhuthaza ukuqondana nobuhlobo. Kukho into kule nto: abantu bezizwe ezinamandla basenokungathandi ukuvumela iinkokeli zabo ukuba zitshabalalise amazwe abawatyeleleyo.
Kodwa iinqwelomoya zentengiso, njengeenqwelomoya zomkhosi, zisisixhobo solawulo. Njengabakhenkethi, sisebenzisana nabantu bezinye izizwe ngokwendlela yethu. Abalawuli behlabathi banokubhabha besuka kwenye indawo baye kwenye benyanzelisa igunya labo. Ijethi yequmrhu icutha umhlaba ukuze ulungele iimfuno zawo. Abo banokufikelela kwinqwelomoya balawula ihlabathi.
Amadoda ahlasele iNew York kunye neWashington ngoSeptemba 11th 2001 aqhubela uphawu olulodwa lwamandla kwenye. Inqwelomoya, ngokuchanekileyo ngakumbi kunayo nayiphi na enye itekhnoloji, imele udidi olulawulayo lwehlabathi. Ngaphambili siphakamise amehlo ethu kumadoda akhwele amahashe. Namhlanje siphakamisela amehlo ethu ezulwini.
Abo baqweqwedisi bajike imveliso yoluntu yobugcisa bomkhosi babuyela kwiteknoloji yasemkhosini, kodwa naxa isetyenziselwa iinjongo zorhwebo ngokungqongqo, inqwelo-moya ihlala isisixhobo sokutshabalalisa abantu abaninzi. Kwiveki ephelileyo uMbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi ubale ukuba utshintsho lwemozulu lubangela ukufa kwabantu abayi-150,000 ngonyaka.9
Eli nani alibandakanyi ukufa okubangelwa yimbalela nendlala, izinambuzane ezonakalisa izityalo nezifo zezityalo nongquzulwano ngenxa yemithombo yendalo, konke oku kubonakala kwandiswa kukufudumala kwehlabathi. Ukubhabha kuyeyona ndlela iphumelelayo yokonakalisa isijikelezi-langa: wonke umkhweli obuyela eBritani ukuya eFlorida uvelisa ikharbon diokside engakumbi kunoko umqhubi wemoto usenza ngonyaka.10 Sihlandlo ngasinye sibhabha, sinceda ekubulaleni umntu.
Ngale ntsasa, urhulumente wethu kulindeleke ukuba enze isipho esikhulu sosuku lokuzalwa kwinqwelomoya. Phezu kwayo nje inkcaso ephantse ibe yi-100 yokwandiswa kwezikhululo zeenqwelo-moya eBritani,400,000 unobhala wezothutho uza kubhengeza iindlela ezintsha zeenqwelo-moya eStansted naseBirmingham, kunye neenqwelo-moya ezingakumbi eziya eHeathrow.11 Oku, urhulumente unethemba lokuba, kuya kunceda ukulungiselela ukuphinda-phinda kathathu kwenani lohambo. ukungena nokuphuma eBritane ngowama-12. Ngelo xesha ama-2030 ayizukuba kuphela abanqwenela ukuba uWilbur no-Orville (ukuba ngenene babenoxanduva) babambelele ekulungiseni iibhayisekile.
I-1000 yeedola zala madoda ayichitha ekuphuhliseni isilwanyana sawo imalunga nenkcitho kuphela kulo matshini wedoom ongakhange uncediswe ngurhulumente. Ehlabathini lonke, ishishini leenqwelo-moya lakhiwa ngenkcitho karhulumente. Ehlabathini lonke, iyagcinwa namhlanje ngokuqhawula irhafu kunye nenkxaso efihliweyo. Zikhululwe ngendlela engaqondakaliyo kwirhafu yamafutha kunye ne-VAT, eBritani iinqwelo-moya ziphepha irhafu emalunga neekhilogram ezili-10 zeebhiliyoni ngonyaka.13 Inqwelomoya, ngamanye amazwi, isaphathwa ngoorhulumente njengento eluncedo ekuhlaleni. Oku kunokuba nento yokwenza nento yokuba iinkulumbuso kunye noongameli bayisebenzisa rhoqo kunaye nabani na omnye.
Okanye isenokubonakalisa ukuthanda okungapheliyo kwamadoda ngezixhobo zolawulo. Kanye njengokuba uAleksandire Omkhulu wayenqula ihashe lakhe, uGeorge Bush, umoyisi omtsha wasePersi, ngomso uya kunqula inqwelo-moya. Uluntu lwethu lwakhiwe phezu kobu buchwepheshe bemfazwe: ulungelelwaniso lwehlabathi lwangoku lwawa lusuka kwiinqwelo-moya. Ngentsimbi ye-10.35am, ixesha laseNorth Carolina, uGeorge Bush kunye nabanye abathanda ubukhosi baya kuqubuda phambi kwayo. Abanye bethu kufuneka bajonge imizuzwana eli-12 yokuthula, sikhumbula izenzo ezenziwa ngala madoda abalaseleyo koomatshini bawo bokubulala.
Imithombo yale nto kunye nawo onke amanqaku kaGeorge Monbiot akutshanje anokufumaneka www.monbiot.com
IiReferensi: 1. Bona, umzekelo, iBill Sherwood, iNqwelo-moya yokuQala yoMntu. http://www.ctie.monash.edu.au/hargrave/pearse1.html
2. Jules Verne, 1886. IFlight yeNjineli Robur; Samuel Odell, 1898. Imfazwe Yokugqibela, okanye Uloyiso lolwimi lwesiNgesi; Stanley Waterloo, ngo-1898. IArmagedon. Zonke zicatshulwe kwi-Sven Lindqvist (bona isi-5, ngezantsi)
3. Erica Wagner, 9th Agasti 2003. Yiza Fly nam. Amaxesha.
4. UChristopher Turner, ngowama-29 kuNovemba 2003. I-Wright Stuff. UMlondolozi.
5. Sven Lindqvist, 2001. Imbali yokuBomba. Iincwadi zeGranta.
6. Icatshulwe eLindqvist, ibid.
7. ibid.
8. Hiroaki Sato, 30th Septemba 2002. The Great Tokyo Air Raid. Amaxesha aseJapan.
9. UMbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi, uDisemba 2003. Ukutshintsha kwemozulu kunye nempilo yabantu - imingcipheko kunye neempendulo. http://www.who.int/globalchange/climate/summary/en/index.html
10. I-Aviation kunye neGlobal Climate Change, ingxelo epapashwe nge-2nd Meyi 2000 ngabahlobo boMhlaba, i-Aviation Environment Federation, uMbutho weSizwe woKhuseleko loMoya ococekileyo kunye nokuSingqongileyo kunye ne-HACAN / iSibhakabhaka esicacileyo, ibala ukuba umqhubi wemoto wase-UK uvelisa i-2255 kg. ye-CO2 ngonyaka omnye, ngelixa enye indiza yokubuya esuka eLondon ukuya eMiami ivelisa i-2415 kg ye-CO2 ngomgibeli ngamnye.
11. UGeoffrey Lean, nge-14 kaDisemba 2003. Ukwandiswa kweSikhululo seenqwelomoya. I-Independent ngeCawa.
12. U-Andrew Clark, nge-15 kaDisemba 2003. UMphathiswa ukhetha i-Stansted, kunye ne-Heathrow. UMlondolozi. 13. Ukufumana uhlaziyo lwalo mfanekiso, jonga uRachel Shabi, we-6 kaDisemba 2003. Ukusingenisa Kuwo. UMlondolozi.
-I------