Iqale ngentseni xa ndivuka kukho inqaku elinye elingwevu ecaleni komyalezo ka WhatsApp oya kumama. Usuku luyahamba, kwaye ithiki enye engwevu ayikajiki ibe ngamabini. Kwimeko yokubhideka, ekugqibeleni ndiye ndaqonda ukuba akukho namnye kwimiyalezo endiyithumele kubantu bam eIran efunyenweyo okwangoku.
Ndibaleka okunokwenzeka engqondweni yam: Ngesiqhelo xa oku kusenzeka, kungenxa yokuba umntu omnye akanako ukufikelela kwi-Intanethi-kodwa kulo mzekelo, yingqokelela yabantu bonke. Ndikhuphela kwimidiya yoluntu, kwaye imifanekiso yabaqhankqalazi bemi phakathi komlilo, ethathwe phambi kokuba uvalwe umnatha, ndigqume ukutya kwam, kunye namazwi akhwazayo โehla ngozwilakheโ aphinda abe kwiscreen esincinci sefowuni yam.
Uluntu lonke lwase-Iran ulahlekile zonke iindlela zonxibelelwano ezifuna i-Intanethi. Kwaye urhulumente akakhange awuvale nje umnatha: Imida ngoku ijike yaba ziindonga zokuvalelwa, ithulisa amazwi abantu, ukuze ibathintele ekufumaneni ulwazi oluvela kwiindawo ezihlala ngaphakathi elizweni nangaphandle kwalo. Le ntshukumo ibeke uhlobo olulodwa lokuthula: Endaweni yokungabikho kwesandi, konke okuviwayo sisikhalo esinye esiqhubekayo.
Aba baqhankqalazi, bebesezitalatweni, banamabali obomi bonke abawabalisa, kodwa imizuzwana embalwa nje ukubalisa. Amabali abo anqunyulwa kwiividiyo ezahlukeneyo, ezingcangcazelayo ezithatha umfanekiso wenyani yazo, phakathi kobukho bemikhosi yezokhuseleko kunye noloyiko lokufa. Urhulumente, njengomfundi waseIran uKamran Matin wabhala, "Ubaqhelisela umgaqo-nkqubo wokudubula ukuze babulale kwasekuqaleni koqhanqalazo.โ
KwiMfuneko yeNgxaki
Unxibelelwano kunye nokuhamba kolwazi ayikuphela kwento ebanjiweyo e-Iran-ikhalenda esemthethweni nayo inqunyanyisiwe. Iidyunivesithi, izikolo, amabala emidlalo, kunye nezithuthi zikawonke-wonke rhoxiswa kwiindawo ezininzi: โDuninzi lwabaqhankqalazi babulawa kwaye amakhulu ezakhiwo aye abulawa kutshiswa. " Imiboniso ayinaziko, kwaye ayikwazi ukutsalela kuyo nayiphi na indawo ethile. Zisasazeke kulo lonke elase-Iran, kwaye iindawo ezijongelwe phantsi ngakumbi zikhwaza kakhulu kwaye zibulawa ngamandla. Ukucima i-intanethi kusetyenziswe ngabanye abaninzi Ithi ngaphambili: Ibhunga lomkhosi elilawulayo laseSudan valiwe I-Intanethi njengendlela yokuphelisa ukuchasana kwezopolitiko ngo-Epreli.
I-IRI (IRiphabhlikhi yamaSilamsi yase-Iran) yasebenzisa imfazwe ye-Iran-Iraq (1980-1988) ukubhangisa ukuxhathisa ngokuqhuba iprojekthi yokubulawa kwabantu abaninzi bababanjwa bezopolitiko, kwaye, kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo, ibisebenzisa izohlwayo zezoqoqosho zase-US ukulungelelanisa. Iziseko zezoqoqosho ezisingise kurhulumente wase-Irani ezibizwa ngokuba yi-neoliberalization yoqoqosho, ukonakala kwabasebenzi abangavisisaniyo, kunye nokudodobala kwecandelo elikhululekileyo ngakumbi leqela lohlaziyo likarhulumente. [1] Imfazwe ye-Iran-Iraq yasetyenziswa njengomatshini wepropaganda ukuphosa naluphi na uhlobo lokuchasa urhulumente njengomqobo ekumanyaneni kwesizwe ngokuchasene nemfazwe. Kanye njengokuba imfazwe yayithathwa njengentsikelelo (inemat) ukuze urhulumente aphazamise uluvo lukawonke-wonke kwimigaqo-nkqubo yasekhaya, kuye kwasetyenziswa izohlwayo zezoqoqosho (ngurhulumente nabathetheleli bakhe) ukuthethelela urhwaphilizo, ukwanda ngendlela engazange ibonwe ngaphambili komsantsa wodidi, nemigaqo-nkqubo engqongqo yezoqoqosho echaphazela uninzi lwabantu abangathathi ntweni. Le migaqo-nkqubo engqongqo ibandakanya ukunqunyulwa kweenkonzo zentlalontle, kunye nokubambelela ngokuthembekileyo amanyathelo abekelwe amazwe eHlabathi leSithathu yiBhanki yeHlabathi.
Ukususela kubongameli buka-Ahmadinejad ukuya phambili, ukuqiniswa kwe-neoliberalism (inguqulelo ethile eyenziwe ukuba ilingane nesakhiwo sezopolitiko sase-Iran) yenzekile, ngaxeshanye nokomelezwa kwezohlwayo zezoqoqosho ngokuchasene ne-Iran. Ngo-2009, i-IRI yatyala zonke izibonelelo zayo ukuze u-Ahmadnejad abe ngumongameli ukuze alandele imigaqo-nkqubo yezoqoqosho yeBhanki yehlabathi, kunye nokuba abahlaziyi bangabi namandla xa uthethathethwano ne-US luqhubeka. I-IRI, efana namanye amazwe, iguqulela i-neoliberalism kwimigaqo-nkqubo elungelelanisa isakhiwo sayo sezopolitiko. Ingcali yezoqoqosho kwezopolitiko uMohammad Maljoo ba phi kisana ukuba ushishino lwabucala, lwe-IRI, lunokuthetha ukunikezela ubutyebi boluntu kumacandelo ahlukeneyo amagosa angakhethwanga ukuqinisekisa ukunyaniseka kwawo, ngelixa oku akufani nokuthengiswa kwabucala, kusebenza ngendlela efanayo.
Umlo ochasene nentlupheko kwi-Revolutionary Conciousness
Ngaphandle kwemifanekiso eyiliweyo eyila umlo ochasene nentlupheko e-Iran njenge: 1. Ukuba ngowepolitiki engazi nto kangako okanye ilumpenproletariat, 2. Ukuba yimpendulo nje ekhawulezileyo ekunyukeni kwamaxabiso eqanda okanye epetroli, okanye 3. Nanjengoko abaqhankqalazi besenziwa yi-MEK okanye iimonarchists; ukwabiwa ngokutsha kobutyebi ekupheliseni intlupheko yaba ngomnye woonobangela benguqu ka-1979. Kwintetho yakhe yeminyaka yee-1970 ethi โUnqulo Nxamnye Nonqulo,โ UAli Shariati, eyona ngqondi ibalaseleyo ngaphambi kweRevolution yowe-1979, ucaphule uAbu Dharr Ingxelo ka-Al-Ghifari (omnye wabaguqukele kwiSilamsi bokuqala) malunga nentlupheko: โU-Abu Dharr uthe, 'Ndibhidekile ngumntu ongafumani sonka endlwini yakhe. Kwenzeka njani ukuba asuke avukele ebantwini ikrele lakhe lirholile?โโ
Enyanisweni, esinye sezizathu eziphambili ze-Shariati zathi i-Islam inokutolikwa njengengcamango yokukhululwa kukuba ithathelwe ingqalelo ukuba intlupheko yomntu omnye inamandla okuba ngumthombo wetyala kuluntu lonke. Ngamabali akhe amafutshane ngoo-1960, uSamad Behrangi, Umgxeki wentlalo kaMarxist, utitshala wesikolo samabanga aphantsi, kunye novulindlela woncwadi lwanamhlanje lwabantwana lwase-Iran, Ujongene nombuzo wobundlobongela obusekwe kudidi kunye nelungelo labantu abakwimida yokulwa intlupheko. Kwi Iiyure ezingama-24 phakathi kokulala nokuvuka, U-Behrangi ubalisa ibali lomthengisi osesitratweni ogama linguLatif. ULatif wasinda kwizinto ezibuhlungu zobomi ngeengcamango zakhe zokukhwela yonke idolophu yaseTehran kwikamela eyayibona kwivenkile yokudlala yabantwana. Ekupheleni kwebali, utata nentombi bathenga inkamela yokudlala evenkileni. Ukutshatyalaliswa kweso siganeko, kwaye ejongene nokungakwazi kwakhe ukubalekela iimeko zobomi bakhe ezinzima nakwifantasy, uLatif ulandela imoto yabo kwaye wenzakala. Ngelixa elele phantsi eqaqanjelwa uzixelele ukuba unqwenela ukuba ngowakhe umpu wethoyi nawo owawuxhonywe efestileni yevenkile. Behrangi Uyaqala ibali ngokucacisa ukuba akakhuthazi ukuba ubundlobongela bulandelwe njengetemplate yentlalo, kodwa ufuna abafundi bacinge nge-conundrum yeklasi yentlalo kunye namava kaLatif:
โBafundi abathandekayo, eli bali andinibhaleli lona ukuba nilisebenzise njengesikhokelo sentlalo; inkxalabo yam yayikukuba uqonde abantwana belizwe lakho uze uzibuze ukuba siyintoni na isicombululo sabo.โ
I-Shariati ne-Behrangi zisinika umfanekiso wezinye iimvakalelo, iinkxalabo, kunye neemfuno ezazikho phakathi kwabavukeli-mbuso phambi kwe-revolution yowe-1979, efana nokupheliswa kwentlupheko kunye noxanduva lwentlalo ngokubhekiselele kubundlobongela obusekwe kumagumbi oluntu ahlaselwe ngamacandelo oluntu. I-IRI izamile ukujongana nezi mfuno kwishumi leminyaka lokuqala emva kohlaziyo, kodwa izama ukuyibuyisela umva ukusukela ngoko. U-Ervand Abrahamian wabuza ukuba i-IRI yasinda njani, kwaye yena Phendule:
โImpendulo yokwenene ayixhomekekanga elunqulweni, kodwa ixhomekeke kwipolitiki nakwintlalo yabantu. Ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1970, i-Iran yayisele ivelise isizukulwana sobukrelekrele obunoguquko olungapheleli nje kwezopolitiko-ifuna ukuthabatha indawo yobukhosi ngeriphabliki-kodwa kwimbono yayo yezoqoqosho nentlalontle. Yayifuna ukuguqula ingcambu yesakhiwo seklasi kunye nesebe. [โฆ] Le [pro-equality] populism inceda ekuchazeni kungekuphela nje impumelelo ye-revolution kodwa kwakhona ukuqhubeka kokusinda kweRiphabhliki yamaSilamsi. Umgaqo-siseko weRiphablikhi - kunye namagatya ali-175 - uguqule le minqweno ngokubanzi ibe zizithembiso ezibhaliweyo. Yazibophelela ekupheliseni intlupheko, ukungakwazi ukufunda nokubhala, amatyotyombe nentswela-ngqesho. Ikwafunge ukuba iza kubonelela uluntu ngemfundo yasimahla, unyango olufikelelekayo, izindlu ezisemgangathweni, inkamnkam, intlawulo yabakhubazekileyo kunye ne-inshorensi yokungaphangeli.โ
Izohlwayo zezoqoqosho zidlale indima ebalulekileyo ekufihleni imigaqo-nkqubo yezoqoqosho ye-IRI ngokubhekiselele kushishino lwabucala lwezempilo nezemfundo, ukulawulwa kobutyebi boluntu ngokubanzi ngamanani karhulumente kunye namaziko abizwa ngokuba lurhwebo lwabucala lwesitayile sikarhulumente waseIran.
Kutheni iPro-Reza Shah iSlogans?
Ukuthotywa kweemeko zobomi ngaphakathi kwe-Iran, ukuhla kwexabiso okuqhubekayo Amandla okuthenga abantu ababejongelwe phantsi, ukubandezeleka kwabo okukhulu ngenxa yolawulo olulambathayo lwezoqoqosho, kunye nonyango oluqatha lwamazwe ngamazwe oluchasene nabantu base-Irani (ngokwezohlwayo zezoqoqosho, kunye nezithintelo zokuhamba kwabantu base-Irani yi-Ban yamaSilamsi kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo efanayo) kubangele iphupha elihlangeneyo lenkokeli eqinile yobuzwe eya kuphilisa ukwenzakala ngokubeka phambili uphuhliso lwe-Iran ngaphezu kwezinto ezingaphandle. , kunye nokuzisa imigaqo-nkqubo yobuhlanga yamazwe ngamazwe ngokuchasene nabantu base-Irani ekupheleni. Eso sesinye sezizathu zokuba igama likaReza Shah livakale kwezinye izilogeni zesitrato, nanjengoko aba bantu bengengabo oomonarchism okanye bethanda ubukhosi obuthatha indawo yolawulo lwangoku.
Kwiminyaka emininzi edlulileyo, i-nostalgia iqondwa njengengqondo yobuxoki eyenziwe ngamajelo kamabonakude e-satellite (afana ne-Manoto TV) eye yaqinisekisa i-Iran ukuba i-Shah yayinkulu. Le ngxoxo yengqiqo yobuxoki ayisincedi kuhlalutyo lwethu lobunzima kunye nokwahlukana phakathi kwesiganeko sokukhumbula ixesha elidlulileyo ngothando. Ngokuchaseneyo neengxelo zejelo leTV elithengisa abantu base-Irani ingcamango yokuba uReza Shah wayemkhulu, ukubhekisela kuReza Shah kungenxa yeemeko zezopolitiko ezintsonkothileyo ezikhokelela ekuzukisweni komntu ongusolusapho onamandla. Okuhambelana nolu zuko ngumbono wokuba umzobo onjengoReza Shah unokukhokelela isizwe kummandla wamazwe ngamazwe kunye nokukhusela abantu base-Irani ukuba baxhatshazwe phantsi kwerubrikhi ye-Muslim Ban kunye nezigwebo zezoqoqosho. Ngaphezu koko, Phambi konyulo luka-2009, bekukho ithemba kubalandeli bohlaziyo ukuba bathembele kwisiseko sabo esithandwayo eluntwini ukwenza inguqu, kodwa ithemba laqala ukudilizwa ziingxabano zorhulumente wangaphakathi. Reformists wafudukela hardliners ukufumana ulwamkelo, kwaye bazigcinele isithuba kurhulumente, kwaye uluntu baba radicalized ngakumbi ejongene iingcango ezivaliweyo kumnqweno walo ongenakukhathazwa wokuphila, thaca ekunyuleni Mirhossein Mousavi ngo 2009. Ezi zibalo karhulumente yangaphakathi kunye nezahlulo ziguqulelwe kwimigaqo-nkqubo engqongqo yengcinezelo (ngexesha lobumongameli bukaRouhani), kunye nokuhlwempuzeka ngakumbi, njengendlela yokulawula uluntu nangenxa yorhwaphilizo olukhulu, kunye nokubandakanyeka okunzulu (ngenxa yoko, iindleko) kurhulumente wase-Iran kumazwe amaninzi angaphandle kwemida yelizwe. Iran. Ukuba buthathaka kwabavukeli, enyanisweni, sesinye isizathu sokuba igama likaReza Shah liviwe kwizilogeni.
ixesha Machine
Oku akuthethi ukuba akukho mnqweno wokubeka imbali yesizwe siphela kumatshini wexesha kwaye uvuke kwinyani apho abantu baselubhacweni benkcubeko edumileyo, abafana noGoogoosh noDariyo, banokucula kumabonwakude wesizwe, kunye nomnye. apho kungabikho mkhondo womonakalo woluntu kunye nentlalo-qoqosho-kuquka imfazwe ye-Iran-Iraq (1980-1988) kunye nezohlwayo zezoqoqosho-okanye yonke imigaqo-nkqubo yengcinezelo yeminyaka engamashumi amane edlulileyo. Ulawulo luka-Shah ngomnye woorhulumente abanokubakho xa singena kumatshini wexesha, kodwa ayisiyiyo kuphela into enokwenzeka. Yiyo loo nto i-nostalgia yolawulo luka-Shah ayinakuqondwa ngaphandle kokuthathela ingqalelo i-Iran yangaphambi ko-1979.
Ndicebisa, ukugcina engqondweni iingqiqo zikaSvetlana Boym ze ukubonakalisa kwaye ukubuyisela nostalgia (Ikamva le-Nostalgia, 2001), ukuba sahlulahlule i-Iranian's nostalgia yexesha elidlulileyo ibe ngamacandelo amabini: i-patriarchal past-oriented nostalgia kunye nekamva elibalulekileyo elijoliswe kwixesha elizayo. I-patriarchal-oriented nostalgia izama ukubuyisela ilizwe langaphambili kwixesha elizayo, umzobo we-Shah ongasekhoyo usembindini wawo. Isizathu esiphambili salo sizimisele ukukhuselwa kwixesha elidlulileyo (ikakhulukazi i-Shah's regime) ngokuchasene nabo bonke abaphikisi bayo bangaphambili kunye nabakhoyo, kwaye ixesha elidlulileyo liphinda licingelwe ixesha kwaye kwakhona kunye nomnqweno wokutshabalalisa zonke iintetho kunye namanani. okhe wacela umngeni kulawulo lwangaphambili, ukuya ekubuyiselweni kwakhe okugqibeleleyo. I-nostalgia ejolise kwixesha elizayo, nangona kunjalo, ixhomekeke kwixesha elidlulileyo kunye neenkumbulo zayo ezithintekayo, ukucinga ngoku, ukucinga indlela engahambelaniyo eya kwixesha elizayo, ngelixa uqwalasela zonke iindlela ezisecaleni ezingahoywanga ngaphambili ngexesha elidlulileyo. umkhondo wabo eluntwini nakwinkcubeko usabonakala.
Uluntu lwase-Irani luvavanya amaqela ezopolitiko kunye neengcinga ezisekelwe kwisimo sabo sengqondo kulonwabo loluntu nolwabucala, kunye nolonwabo, njengelona candelo liphambili lokulinganisa inkqubela yabo kwezopolitiko. Urhulumente wayezama ukusindisa abantu ezonweni zabo ukuze bavule indlela yabo eya kunqulo. Ngokukwanjalo, iinkcuba-buchopho zihlala zizama ukusindisa abantu kulonwabo lwabo olusezantsi ukuze bavule indlela yabo eya kwinkcubeko ephezulu. Ukuba ukwenziwa kube lulwaphulo-mthetho icandelo elikhulu lomculo odumileyo, emva kweRevolution ka-1979, lwenzekile egameni lokuphepha ukuphazamiseka kumaxabiso aphezulu kunye nokukhusela ubunyani bomculo wesintu wase-Iran, ukujongelwa phantsi kweengqondi kwinkcubeko edumileyo kumaxesha amaninzi igama lokusindisa umphefumlo woluntu ekungavumelekanga, ukuzonwabisa kwabathengi, kunye nokungcamla okulambathayo.
Ulawulo lwangaphambili kunye nabaxhasi babo baye bamela ukwamkelwa kulonwabo, ulonwabo, kunye nokuqonda ubugcisa obudumileyo. Ngenxa yoko, esinye isizathu sokukhumbula ixesha elidlulileyo ngothando kukwenza ulonwabo lwabucala lwe-IRI, kunye nokulinganisa ulonwabo lwabachasi kunye nokuswela uxanduva lwentlalo kunye nokuqonda kwezopolitiko. Indawo yabucala iyafikeleleka kubantu abatyebileyo ngakumbi kuluntu; ngaphezu koko, ukukhusela indawo yabucala ulawulo lukarhulumente lufikeleleka ngakumbi kubantu bempahla kunamaqela angahoywanga. Ngaphaya koko, ukuthembela kukhenketho ngolonwabo nolonwabo kufikeleleka kwabo bami kakuhle, ukufumana ii-visa kunye nokukwazi ukuhlawula iindleko zokuhamba. Yiyo loo nto, kuluntu oluninzi, lusiya kuyo nayiphi na i-utopia ethenjisiweyo, ukuba akunakwenzeka ukuba ikhatshwe, umzekelo, iingoma zomculo ezidumileyo (ezivalwe yi-IRI emva kwenguquko) yemvumi egxothiweyo, njenge, umzekelo, UHasan Shamaeizadeh, ujongwa njengosiya kwi-dystopia.
Ama-Apologi achasene nama impiriyali kunye neeNeoliberals zoQoqo
Icandelo elibalulekileyo lempendulo yangoku kwi-IRI, ngaphandle kwe-Iran, inamaqela amabini aphambili. Iqela lokuqala ngabathetheleli abachasayo abangama impiriyali abathi, ngamanye amaxesha, bagxeke kakhulu i-IRI, kodwa ngokubanzi babone imigaqo-nkqubo yayo njengezimpendulo ezithethelelekayo kwimikhosi yama impiriyali angaphandle. Ukuyeka kwabo kukuba i-IRI ithintela i-Iran ekubeni ibe yiSiriya, kodwa bahlala besilela ukuqwalasela indima karhulumente wabo, kunye nabanye oorhulumente abaninzi, eSiriya ukuba babe yiSiriya. Le mantra icacisa ngomlingo uninzi lwezigqibo kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo ye-IRI. Iqela lesibini liyi-neoliberals yokwenyani, egxeka i-IRI ngokuba ingabi namandla okwenene e-neoliberalism njengokuba bekuya kuba njalo, xa beza kulawulo. Bayafana nabenkolo yobufundamentali abakholelwa ukuba kukho ufundo oluyinyani lwezibhalo zenkolo, babelana ne-IRI intiyo yabo ngamaMarxists, kunye nokholo lwabo olunenzondelelo kwiBhanki yehlabathi kunye ne-IMF. Bakwafana ne-anti-liberal njengoko i-IRI ifika ekujonganeni nabagxeki babo, abanye babo bade bathethelele i-1953 coup ngokuchasene ne-Iran. UAugusto Pinochet yinkokeli yabo ayithandayo, kwaye banethemba lokuba uTrump uyakuyenza i-Iran ibe ntle kwakhona.
Omabini amaqela, ii-neoliberal zokwenyani kunye nabaxolisi abachasene nama impiriyali, bayavumelana nemigaqo-nkqubo yezoqoqosho ye-IRI. Iineoliberal zokwenyani zivakalisa ngokuphandle iimfundiso ze-IMF kunye neBhanki yehlabathi ukuba lukholo lwabo, ngelixa, kubathetheleli abachasayo abangama impiriyali, yonke into engaphandle kweNtshona ayinamsebenzi ngaphandle kokuba ichazwa ngokuxhasa okanye ngokuchasene ne impiriyali. Ngaphakathi kwamaqela omabini, ukugxeka kugxininise ngakumbi kwiindlela i-IRI eqhube ngayo imigaqo-nkqubo enjalo, kwaye kungekhona kwimigaqo-nkqubo ngokwayo.
Yintoni Enokwenziwa NgeThemba Eliphoxekileyo?
Kutshanje kuye kwavela yokuzonwabisa ibonisa uSepideh Gholian, umlweli wamalungelo abasebenzi owabanjwa ngokukhawuleza emva koqhankqalazo, ephethe umbhalo othi: โUlinyuse ixabiso lepetroli. Ngaba nawe uwanyuse umvuzo?โ Umbuzo olula kaGholian awujongi kuphela kwiinkqubo zorhwaphilizo zanamhlanje ezisingise kwintlupheko kunye nokuncipha koluntu, ubhekisa kumathemba namaphupha akhokelela kwiRevolution ka-1979. Ithemba loguquko lokuba i-IRI isafumanisa ukuba ayinakunyanzelwa, kwaye isebenzisa iingxaki ukuthethelela imigaqo-nkqubo echasene nabo. Kunjengokuba uErnst Bloch wabhalayo ngowe-1998: โKuba ukuba ithemba belinokubhangiswa, oko kukuthi, ukuba belinokupheliswa ngokoqobo, belingayi kungqineka lingenakoyiswa ngolo hlobo kwabo bacinezeli bamela ngokuchaseneyo nalo.โ [2]Emva kombuzo kaGholian, "Latif" kaSamad Behrangi kunye no-Ali Shariati "Abu Dharr Al-Ghifariโ ukuma, kunye namaphupha kunye nethemba elahletywayo (okanye lakhala) zizizukulwana zangaphambili ezakhokelela kwiNguquko ye-1979. Ngoxa amathemba abo edanile, awazange atshatyalaliswe, njengoko kubhalwe kuwo eGholian ividiyo, kunye nazo zonke ezinye iividiyo ezingazange zilifumane ithuba lokwabelwana ngazo kwi-intanethi kwezi ntsuku zimbalwa zidlulileyo zokucima.
amanqaku:
[1]: U-Ervand Abrahamian uchaza ukubekwa yedwa kwamabanjwa ezopolitiko phambi kokubulawa ngobuninzi kwee-80s (phambi kokuphela kwemfazwe yase-Iran-Iraq)
โKwiiyure zakuqala zangoLwesihlanu, ngowe-19 kaJulayi 1988, urhulumente ngequbuliso, ngaphandle kwesilumkiso, wazibeka bucala ezona ntolongo ziphambili kumazwe angaphandle. Yawavala ayawavala amasango abo; ukurhoxiswa kotyelelo olucwangcisiweyo kunye neminxeba; avalwe onke amaphephandaba; wacoca iiseli koonomathotholo noomabonwakude; wala ukwamkela iileta, iipasile zokunyamekela, kwanamayeza abalulekileyo; yaye wabalela izalamane ukuba zingahlanganisani ngaphandle kwamasango entolongo [โฆ]. Ngaphezu koko, iinkundla zomthetho eziphambili zaya kwiholide engacwangciswanga ukuze izalamane ezixhalabileyo zingahlanganisani apho zifuna inkcazelo. [โฆ] Amabanjwa ayevalelwe kwizisele zawo. [โฆ] Elinye ibanjwa elikrelekrele ladibanisa iiseti ezingenazingcingo ukuze lazi ukuba kwenzeka ntoni lafumanisa ukuba izikhululo zikanomathotholo zazingazixeli iindaba malunga nentolongo. Babebukele ukucima kweendaba. Yaqala ke into yobundlobongela obungazange bubonwe ngaphambili kwimbali yaseIran-engazange ibonwe ngokwemo, umxholo kunye nokuqina. Yada yadlula kulawulo lwamagrogrisi ngowe-1979. Umkhusane wemfihlo, nangona kunjalo, wawusebenza kangangokuba akukho ntatheli yaseNtshona wayivayo kwaye akukho sifundiswa saseNtshona sixoxa ngayo. Abakakabi nayo.โ
U-ERVAND ABRAHAMIAN, Izivumo ezithuthunjisiweyo: Intolongo kunye nokuBhaliswa koLuntu kwi-Iran yanamhlanje (Berkeley: IYunivesithi yaseCalifornia Press, 1999), 279
[2]: Ernst Bloch, Izincoko zoncwadi, utshintshe. Andrew Joron kunye nabanye (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1998), 344.
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