Kukho inani leentsomi ezinkulu ezijikelezayo ezinxulumene nomgaqo-nkqubo wasefama wase-US, yonke inxalenye yeparadigm elula, ecacileyo, yobuxoki. I-paradigm yobuxoki yasasazwa ngokubanzi ngexesha lomsebenzi kwi-bill yefama ka-2007-2008 yintshukumo yokutya, intshukumo yokusingqongileyo, icawa ethile kunye namaqela alambileyo, imidiya eqhelekileyo, kunye namanqaku kwiindawo eziqhubela phambili ezifana namaDreams aqhelekileyo. Nantsi eminye imizekelo yeenyaniso, iintsomi ze-paradigm yobuxoki, kunye namaxwebhu e-intanethi ukubeka irekhodi ngqo.
INYANISO: Injongo yeNkqubo yeFama yesiNtu ibikukulawula unikezelo kunye nemfuno kuba iimveliso zasefama ziswele "ukusabela kumaxabiso" kuwo omabini amacala obonelelo kunye nemfuno. Lo ayingomba uphelileyo. Imfuneko iyaqhubeka.
"Kukuphendula ngeXabiso! KukuPhendula ngeXabiso!! YIKUPHENDULA NGEXABISO !!!." UDaryll E. Ray, APAC, kwiYunivesithi yaseTennessee, http://agpolicy.org/weekcol/248.html
UDaryll E. Ray, APAC, University of Tennessee, "Ngaba izizathu ezihlanu ezisoloko zikhankanywa kwiinkqubo zasefama ngokwenene iimpawu zesizathu esisisiseko," http://agpolicy.org/weekcol/325.html.
UBUCHULE: Injongo yeNkqubo yeFama yesiNtu yayikukunika uncedo okwexeshana kubantu abahluphekayo ngexesha lokuDodobala okuKhulu.
INYANISO: Bekungekho zibonelelo zoRhwebo kumashumi eminyaka kwiiNkqubo zeFama.
Incwadi yeNgcaciso yezoLimo ka-1994 iSebe lezoLimo lase-US iOfisi yoNxibelelwano, iTheyibhile A-3; kwi-intanethi: http://www.ers.usda.gov/Data/farmincome/FinfidmuXls.htm, skrolela e-United States ngeNkqubo 1933-2008.
UBUCHULE: IiNkqubo zeeFama zesiNtu bezizinkqubo zenkxaso.
INYANISO: IBhili yeFama "yeNkqubo yeZityalo" (umbona, ingqolowa, iCotton, irayisi, iimbotyi zesoya, amazimba eziziinkozo, irhasi, i-Oats,) zihamba KABI kuneZiqhamo nemifuno.
Ukuba inkqubo izityalo zihambe kakubi kakhulu (1981-2006) kubonwa: IiNdleko zeeMveliso kunye neeMbuyiselo: I-US kunye neNdawo yeeNdleko zeNgingqi kunye neDatha yeMbuyiselo http://www.ers.usda.gov/Data/CostsAndReturns/testpick.htm. Iziqhamo kunye nemifuno phantse zisoloko zinenqaku eliphezulu kunokutya kunye nokutya okuziinkozo ngepesenti ye-parity, imbuyekezo kwi-equity, kunye nezabelo zedola yokutya. Jonga amanani e-ERS kunye neNkcazo-manani yezoLimo (upapasho lonyaka).
UBUCHULE: IBhili yeFama "Izityalo zeNkqubo" "ZIYINQAKU" okanye "ZINDLULEKILE" xa zithelekiswa neZiqhamo kunye nemifuno.
INYANISO: IFama "i-SAFETY NETS" ihlawulela ilahleko enkulu, kwaye ishiye amafama emandundu.
Jonga "Iimpembelelo zeNkqubo zikaRhulumente kwiiNdleko kunye neeMbuyiselo, kwiiNdleko zeMveliso kunye neeMbuyiselo: i-US kunye neNdleko yeNgingqi kunye neDatha yokuBuyisa," http://www.ers.usda.gov/Data/CostsAndReturns/testpick.htm. Amafama ase-US abenelahleko xa kuthelekiswa neendleko zobunini ezipheleleyo kwimpahla yorhwebo kunye nexesha elifundiweyo. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje jonga uDaryll Ray, APAC, University of Tennessee, "Iintlawulo zihlanjululwe kwiMveliso, kodwa iMveliso iDityanisiwe kwiiNtlawulo," kwitshathi elula.http://agpolicy.org/weekcol/011.html, itshathi elula. Okanye jonga iitshathi ezifanayo kwinkcazo-ntetho yakhe: UkuCinga ngokutsha uMgaqo-nkqubo wezoLimo wase-US: Ukutshintsha iSifundo ukuze kukhuselwe uPhiliso lwamaFama kwihlabathi liphela,โ iphepha 13 & 14; okanye ingxelo epheleleyo apha: http://agpolicy.org/blueprint.html.
UBUCHULE: Nabani na okhathalayo ngamafama kufuneka athande "IMINATHA YOKHUSELEKO."
INYANISO: IMelika ilahlekelwe ziibhiliyoni kwi-EXPORTS yeProgram yeZityalo zeFama, inika inkxaso kwiiprosesa zamazwe angaphandle, iifektri zezilwanyana, kunye nabathengi ABANGAPHANTSI KWENXEKO zengqolowa.
Phindaphinda-phinda amanani angentla (amaxabiso ngehektare nganye) ngeehektare ezilinyiweyo ukuze ufumane iibhiliyoni (iihektare ezityaliweyo ukusuka kwi-USDA NASS IiRekhodi zeMbali yeMveliso yeZityalo, ngoAprili ka-2009, http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/MannUsda/viewDocumentInfo.do?documentID =1593). Okanye yenza okufanayo ngezibalo zokulahla e-IATP, "Ukulahla i-US kwiMarike yezoLimo yeHlabathi: Uhlaziyo lukaFebruwari 2004" apha http://www.iatp.org/iatp/publications.cfm?accountID=451&refID=26018; okanye izibalo kuSophia Murphy, et al, "IsiVumelwano se-WTO kwezoLimo: Ishumi leminyaka lokulahla," "http://www.iatp.org/iatp/publications.cfm?accountID=451&refID=48532, okanye ukubuyela emva ku-1986 umbona kunye neembotyi zesoya: Elanor Starmor, Aimee Whitteman, Timothy A. Wise, GDEI, Tufts University, "Ukutya ifama yeFactory: Inkxaso-mali eCwangcisiweyo kuShishino lweNkuku yeNkukhu," http://www.ase.tufts.edu/gdae/Pubs /wp/06-03BroilerGains.pdf.
UBUCHULE: IFama yaseMelika/imigaqo-nkqubo yezoRhwebo โIYAKHUPHANAโ kwaye ilungele iMelika.
INYANISO: Izindululo zokupheliswa kwenkxaso-mali, ngokwazo, aziboneleli ngoKHUSELEKO lubalulekileyo ekulahlweni kwenkunkuma enkulu (ukuthunyelwa kumazwe angaphandle ngaphantsi kweendleko zethu).
Ukubona ezinye iziphumo zezinye zezifundo eziphambili ze-econometric bona: uTimoti A. Wise, GDEI, iYunivesithi yaseTufts, "I-Paradox yeNkxaso-mali yezoLimo: Imiba yoMlinganiselo, ukuLahlwa kweZolimo, kunye noHlengahlengiso loMgaqo-nkqubo uTimoti A. Wise May 2004 Tufts University Medford MA, http://ase.tufts.edu/gdae/Pubs/wp/04-02AgSubsidies.pdf. Bona ngakumbi i-APAC, enokubonwa apha: (umboniso) Ukucinga ngokutsha uMgaqo-nkqubo wezoLimo wase-US: Ukutshintsha iSifundo soKhuseleko kuBomi bamaFama kwihlabathi liphela," iphepha 23-25; okanye ingxelo epheleleyo, iphepha 37 (43 pdf) ukuya ku-42 (48 pdf) apha: http://agpolicy.org/blueprint/APACReport8-20-03WITHCOVER.pdf.
UBUCHULE: Ukupheliswa kwenkxaso-mali kukodwa kuya kuphelisa ukulahlwa kweemarike ezithunyelwa ngaphandle ngexabiso elingaphantsi.
INYANISO: Isabelo seFama sedola yakho yokutya siwile inkulungwane. Isabelo sefama simalunga ne-8% kuphela, sincinci kakhulu kwiinkozo.
Ukususela ngo-1997 babengaphantsi kwe-8% kwiintengiso zasekhaya, (khangela uStewart Smith ku-http://denali.asap.um.maine.edu:16080/mcs/?q=node/794 Ndinedatha yakhe yonyaka, okanye ndibone , "Ukwehla kokuLima e-US," ngo ukhetho, Ikota yokuqala (1992):8-10);). Isabelo sasefama sincinci kakhulu kwiinkozo zokutya. (Thelekisa amanani apho isabelo segalelo (Monsanto, John Deere, big ag pharma,) esingaphezu kwesibini sesabelo sefama ASIsuswanga kwisabelo sasefama. Isabelo sefama kwiisiriyeli, izonka, njl. njl. inokuba ibingaphantsi kwe-1% kwezinye iisiriyeli ngo-2005, jonga ku-http://nfu.org/issues/agriculture-programs/resources/farmers-share).
UBUCHULE: Amaxabiso eFama aphezulu ngoyena nobangela wokunyuka kwamaxabiso okutya. Isabelo sefama simalunga nama-20%.
INYANISO: AMAXABISO EFAM aphezulu kutshanje AKAPHEZULU njengoko besinjalo ngaphambili. Benyuka ukusuka kumanqanaba asezantsi kakhulu, (nangaphantsi kwama-25-32% okulingana ngo-2005, nto leyo ibiyinkunkuma egqithileyo) ukuya kutsho ngaphantsi komlinganiselo opheleleyo ebesinawo ngaphambili njengomndilili wonyaka, nangosuku olunye lwethu. amaxabiso aphezulu (okt. umbona) ngo-2008.
Beka amaxabiso asefama ukusuka kwi-USDA NASS Crop Production Historical Track Records, April 2007) http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/usda/current/htrcp/htrcp-04-30-2008.pdf rhoqo 2008 dollar. $ 7 umbona akukho phezulu ezintlanu. Ukusukela ngoSeptemba 2005, amaxabiso efama angundoqo ebephantsi kakhulu, efuna ukuphinda-phindwe kane (umbona, umqhaphu, irayisi, amazimba) okanye kathathu (ingqolowa, iimbotyi zesoya) xa kuthelekiswa nexabiso lorhwebo okanye umvuzo wokuphila, (okt. ukusebenzisa ukulingana. njengomgangatho,) bona isilinganisi sexabiso leFama kwiphepha lesi-2 ku-http://www.nfu.org/documents/nfunews/2005/1105_nfunews_wb.pdf; kwakhona kwi
UBUCHULE: Amaxabiso asefama "SKYROCKETING" ngaphaya kwazo zonke iirekhodi zangaphambili. Ukuba lisezantsi ixabiso kokukhona lingcono kubantu abalambileyo kwii-LDCs.
INYANISO: Amafama ehlabathi akufuneki anyanzelwe ukuba abonelele ngokutya okungaphantsi kwexabiso eliphantsi ukusombulula le ngxaki yokutya. Xa besenza imali ngorhwebo olufanelekileyo, amaxabiso omvuzo wokuphila kunceda uqoqosho lwasekuhlaleni. Amazwe angaPhuhliswanga kangako, (LDCs) angaphezulu kwe-70% yasemaphandleni. Uqoqosho lwabo luqoqosho lweefama. Bafuna amaxabiso aphezulu asefama.
Ingxaki yentlupheko kunye nendlala yabangelwa, kakhulu, kwikota yekhulu leminyaka ye-US ilahlekelwe yimali ekuthumeleni ngaphandle. Jonga iinkcukacha zokulahla apha ngasentla, (i-US Ukulahla kwiiMarike zezoLimo zeHlabathi โฆ) Qaphela: IATP, Ukutyala iMbewu yamaLungelo: Imbono yamalungelo oluntu kurhwebo lwezolimo kunye ne-WTO, 2005, p. 1, Ibhokisi 1: Ipesenti yabemi basemaphandleni. Amazwe asaphuhlayo eNepal 93% Burkina Faso 92% Rwanda 90% Tanzania 80% China 70% Niger 88% India 60% Bangladesh 60% Pakistan 53% Thailand 52%. Ngokubanzi, Amazwe angaPhuhliswanga Kancinane ngama-73% asemaphandleni (ngo-2005), okanye ama-70.6% (ngo-2010): http://esa.un.org/unup/index.asp.
UBUCHULE: Ukwehliswa kwamaxabiso efama liyeza lokunyanga ingxaki yokutya kwii-LDCs.
Inyaniso: Amaxabiso okutya okuziinkozo anyuke ngeqhezu elincinane kuphela kwixabiso lepetroli elithe lonyuka kwixesha elide. Iintsuku apho unokuthenga i-barrel yeoli kwi-bushel yengqolowa okanye i-2-3 bushel yengqolowa sele ihambile. Ngo-2008, i-oyile yayiyi-91.48 yeedola kodwa ingqolowa "ye-skyrocketing" yayiyi-6.80 yeedola kuphela. Ngokufanayo, ixabiso "lokunyuka kwezulu" kwi-2.5 bushels yengqolowa yayiyi-$ 10.75 kuphela, kungekhona i-$ 91.48.
Thelekisa amaxabiso e-oyile embali: http://www.inflationdata.com/inflation/Inflation_Rate/Historical_Oil_Prices_Table.asp namaxabiso ezityalo: "I-USDA NASS IiRekhodi zeMbali yeMveliso yeZityalo zeMbali, ngo-Aprili 2009," http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/MannUsda/viewDocumentInfo.do?documentID=1593).
Intsomi: Ukutya okuziinkozo kunye ne-oyile zinyukile ixabiso ngezixa ezithelekiseka kakhulu.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
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