Ngoku lixesha apho abantu bomthonyama baseMelika abacingayo nabazimiseleyo
ibhabha phezu kwendlwana yecuckoo eseHollywood. Abenzi bhanyabhanya baseIndiya kunye nabadlali bazimisele ukwenza oko
suffocate imifanekiso emidala kwaye uguqule isikrini saseIndiya sibe ngumIndiya wokwenyani. Kulungile, unga
kodwa ziphindezeleni.
—URennard Strickland, impindezelo kaTonto ngowe-1998
Ngowe-1911, uJames Yang Deer, umIndiya waseWinnebago, walathisa ifilimu
enesihloko esithi Yacqui Girl, yenye yeemveliso ezininzi eziphumeleleyo kwezorhwebo awayezigqibile ngaphambili
ukuya kwenza imiboniso bhanya-bhanya eFransi ebudeni beMfazwe Yehlabathi I. Emva kokuqalisa kwakhona ngowe-1919, uYoung
I-Deer yafumanisa ukuba umsebenzi wakhe owawuthembisayo uye wema ngequbuliso ngendlela engaqondakaliyo.
Ngokucacileyo engasebenzi kwishishini lakhe elikhethiweyo phantse iminyaka elishumi elinesihlanu, ekugqibeleni
ucholwe njengomlawuli weyunithi yesibini kwiHollywood's 'Uluhlu lweNtlupheko' phakathi kweminyaka engama-30,
ukusila ngaphandle B-ntshona kunye nothotho.
Ngeli xesha, u-Edwin Carewe, waseChickasaw, wayegqibile uMzila we
the Shadow ngo-1917. Lo mboniso bhanya-bhanya wahlulwa ngokwaneleyo ukuze umngenise kwindawo yomlawuli
yonke imitya yeefilimu kule minyaka ilishumi izayo, ifikelela incopho kwizinto ezinovakalelo kunye
inguqulelo yesikrini ka-1928 kaHelen Hunt Jackson kaRamona. Ngaloo nto,
Umsebenzi kaCarewe waphela ngequbuliso nje nge-Young Deer's, kunye nesiphelo esikhulu ngakumbi. Yena
akazange aqeshwe ukuba asebenze kwi-cinema kwakhona.
Kwiminyaka engamashumi asixhenxe ezayo, ngaphandle nje kokuhamba kancinci kwe
ukukhutshwa okuziveliselayo nguCherokee ohlekisayo / umhlalutyi werediyo / umlingisi uWill Rogers, no
UmIndiya waseMelika wavunyelwa ukuba alathise umfanekiso oshukumayo omkhulu. Ngaloo nto, nangona kunjalo
Impumelelo enkulu kaRogers kunye nePenobscot uMolly Spotted Elk ethwele ubunzima bakhe.
njengenkokeli kwi-Silent Enemy (1930), akukho mdlali waseIndiya owafakwa kwindima ebalulekileyo yefilimu
kwada kwangowe-1970, xa u-Arthur Penn ephosa inkokeli yeSquamish, u-Chief Dan George, njenge-Old Lodge.
Izikhumba kwiNdoda enkulu.
Kwaye izinto zazingengcono kubantu bomthonyama abazama ukusebenza
Ifilimdom "imvelaphi" amandla. UCherokee Lynn Riggs, umzekelo, ucatshulwe
ngokungekho ngaphantsi kukaBette Davis njengophakathi kweHollywood "ebaluleke kakhulu
abaxhasi" kuphuhliso lwescreenplay. Ngo-1930, uRiggs wagqiba umdlalo weqonga
enesihloko esithi Green Grow the Lilacs abantu abaninzi abangazange beve ngayo, ingakumbi ngenxa yokuba
yaduma njenge Oklahoma! emva kokuba uRodgers noHammerstein begcobile kuyo.
Ngoko ke i-bleached-out yaba neemvakalelo ze-cinematic zaseMelika zaba yileyo
xa umlingisi weCherokee uVictor Daniels ("iLifu eliPhezulu leNdudumo") waqeshwa kwi
indima engathethiyo yesihloko kuguqulelo luka-1939 lweGeronimo, kwafuneka ukuba anikele kakhulu
make-up ukuze afane ngokusondeleyo nabadlali beqonga abamhlophe ababesele beqhelekile
ukubona imizobo yamaIndiya ngexesha leMigqibelo.
Konke okuxeliweyo, ngaphezu kwe-350 "yegama lophawu" lwabantu base-Euro baseMelika babenalo
benza uphawu lwabo lubonakala lubomvu ngo-1970. Baquka abafazi abafana noMary Pickford kunye
ULillian Gish, uDebra Paget kunye noDonna Reed, uJennifer Jones noJulie Newmar, uDelores Del Rio
kunye noLinda Darnel. Uluhlu lwamadoda lwaluquka uJeff Chandler kunye noRock Hudson, uSal Mineo kunye
UAnthony Quinn, uBurt Lancaster kunye noTony Curtis, uChuck Connors kunye noRicardo Montalban.
Ngethamsanqa, nangona waphoswa njengenkokeli yamaMongol uGenghis Khan kuMnqobi
(1956), uJohn Wayne akazange akhethwe ukuba agcwalise umthetho oyilwayo njengeHollywood Indian.
Ngexesha elisondele kwisiqingatha senkulungwane xa abantu bomthonyama bokwenene babengekho
Ikhenkcezwe ngaphandle kweemuvi, izitudiyo zakhupha into ngokulandelelana kweefilimu ezingama-2,000.
ukujongana noko kubizwa ngokuba "yimixholo yamaIndiya." Abanye abangama-2,500 okanye ngaphezulu benziwa njenge
Amacandelo e-tv phakathi kuka-1950 kunye no-1970. Kunikwe le ngqungquthela-ayikho enye
igama-lomfanekiso, kufanelekile ukutsho ukuba izizukulwana ezithathu ezilandelelanayo zaseMelika
bamiselwa ukuba babone abantu bomthonyama ngeendlela ezithile, ngeenjongo ezichazwa ngokucacileyo.
Ngelixa uninzi lwento eyaveliswayo yayiquka i-potboilers emdaka kwi
apho amaIndiya ayesebenza, njengoko i-Oneida i-comic uCharlie Hill ibeka, "njengeethagethi ezivelelayo
nika abafana beenkomo nabakhweli bamahashe into yokudubula,” ezinye zeefilimu ezixoxwayo
kufuneka ithathwe njenge-cinema enzima. Ngale ndlela, kufuneka kwakhona bavavanywe njenge
ukuhambisa isigidimi soloyiso lobuhlanga njengayo nayiphi na into eyakha yaveliswa
nguGoebbles' Umphathiswa wePropaganda ngexesha lamaNazi eJamani.
Umntu unokuxoxa ukuba ngaba uJohn Ford othi The Searchers (1956) wayeyinyani na
owona mboniso bhanyabhanya uchaseneyo nobuhlanga owakha wenziwa, okanye nokuba loo mahluko athandabuzekayo na ngakumbi
ngokufanelekileyo yekaRobert Mulligan's The Stalking Moon (1969) okanye kaJohn Huston's Unforgiven.
(1960), kodwa inyaniso kukuba kukho inani elikhulu labakhuphisani. Kwaye, njengoko ayenjalo amaIndiya
iguqulelwe ngokucwangcisiweyo i-Al screen ukuya kwi-America elingana ne-untermensch, i-herrenvolk
abona bantu babekek' ityala ngokubulala abantu ngokungqalileyo babenjalo
ngokucwangcisiweyo ubugorha, umcimbi othe wahlala uyinyani ukusuka kumfanekiso ka-Errol Flynn
UGeorge Armstrong Custer kuBafe Beneebhutsi zabo (1941) kuRobert Shaw's eCuster.
yaseNtshona (1969).
Ukufezekiswa yayiyinto iCherokee esthetician uJimmie Durham athetha ngayo
"Ingxelo eyiNgcali yaseMelika" -uGramsci usenokuba wayibiza
"i-hegemony" - oko kukuthi, ukufundisa uluntu ngentsomi
(mis) ukuqonda ukuba akukho nto iphosakeleyo eyenzekileyo ngexesha lembali yase-US.
Ngokuchasene noko, yonke yayilinyathelo elincomekayo, eliqhutywa yindibaniselwano ye
iinkokeli ezikhaliphileyo kunye nabahlali abakhaliphileyo benza ikamva elingcono. Ukuba kukho umntu owenzakeleyo
endleleni, oko kukuthi, amaNdiya, kwakungenxa yokuba "bakuzisela bona"
ngokuba ngumntu ongengomntu kwindawo yokuqala aze adibanise isiphene nge
iinzame ezizingileyo nezinobundlongondlongo zokuthintela abamhlophe ekwenzeni izinto "ziphumelele
egqibelele."
Ayingawo onke amaIndiya awayebonwa njengamabi, kunjalo. Abanye babenjalo
eboniswa njengobekekileyo, naye. Aba ngabo babona "intlekele
ukungathinteleki" ekugqityweni luhlanga/inkcubeko egqwesileyo ngokuziphakamisa, kwaye ngubani
ke ngoko kungqinwe incasa elungileyo ukuba ngokulula "anyamalale" ngesidima kunokuba
ukukhalaza ngayo. Eyona nto yayingcono yayingabo bangazange bamkele nje ubuzwe obumhlophe
ubukhulu, kodwa abasebenzisa ukuqonda kwabo ukubonelela ngenkonzo yokwenyani kwi-Euroamerica, benceda
abahlaseli bayaqhuba nayo. Iingcamango ezinjalo aziqhelekanga kwiincwadi zamakholoni, njengoko
nokona kufunda ngokungxamisekileyo kukaJoseph Conrad kuya kutyhila. ITonto yeLone Ranger ithi,
Emva kwayo yonke loo nto, ngokulula uRudyard Kipling's Gunga Din waphinda wadlala ngeentsiba, njengoChingachgook
Okokugqibela kumaMohicans.
Kwakhe kwavela iifilimu "zokuhlaziya" ezifana neNdoda Enkulu kunye neJoni
IBlue yaqala ukuvela ngo-1970, ngakumbi njengesephu kuqhanqalazo lweMfazwe yaseVietnam,
Abadlali bemfazwe abazukisiweyo ngaphambili abanjengoCuster baqalisa ukuphulukana nomtsalane wabo. Inkosi
Ingxelo iye yaphinda yalungiswa ukuze kuvume ukuba izenzo zenkohlakalo ezingenasazela zenzekile
azinikele kumaIndiya ukutyhubela iminyaka, kanye njengokuba ayesenziwa ngokuchasene nawo
Indochinese ngelo xesha. "Ugqithiso lwembali" olunjalo lwaye lwathiwa,
nangona kunjalo, ngokukhawuleza kwaye ngokulinganayo, ukuya "engaqhelekanga" abalinganiswa Custer-like.
Ngalo lonke ixesha, ezi zimbonakaliso zobubi ezizezakho
Ukuphikiswa kukubaluleka kwabalinganiswa abamhlophe abanovelwano-uCandice Bergen's
UChrista Marybelle Lee kunye noPeter Strauss's Honis Gant kwiSoldier Blue, njengemizekelo, okanye
UJack Crabbe kaDustin Hoffman kwi-Little Big Man-naye ababukeli be-Euroamerican banokuthi
chonga Ngalo lonke ixesha, amaIndiya kwiifilim ezinjalo asebenza njengezixhobo ezicwangcisiweyo ezijoliswe ikakhulu
Ukuqinisekisa uvakalelo lwabalinganiswa abakhulu abamhlophe, kunye nokudlulisa uxolelo
"olungileyo" (okt, uninzi) lwabamhlophe ngenxa yezenzo zabo "ezimbi" (oko kukuthi,
abalingane okanye "abatenxileyo").
Nangona umntu unokucinga ngokulula ukuba impendulo ikhethwe yiHollywood
ukubonisa ukuBulawa kwabantu kwaseYurophu ngeminyaka yee-1940 ngendlela efanayo, nangona uSteven
I-Spielberg isondele ngokungathandekiyo kunye noLuhlu luka-Schindler, ingqungquthela iye yathotyelwa
Vis-a-vis the American Holocaust ngokuchaneka okungenamthungo kumashumi amabini anesihlanu adlulileyo
iminyaka. Kutshanje, kuye kwabonakala ngokucacileyo kwi-epic kaKevin Costner ka-1990,
Umdaniso Ngeengcuka, kunye noMichael Apthed's Thunderheart kwiminyaka embalwa kamva kwaye
ezinjalo phakathi-9Os teletrash njengoko Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman.
Umsebenzi wepropaganda osetyenziswa yifomula yokuhlaziya kuku
vumela amalungu oluntu olubalaseleyo lwabahlali base-Americe ukuba baphephe ukujongana
iinyani zamaziko nezenkcubeko ezikhokelele ngokungaphazamiyo kwimbubhiso yembali ye
amaIndiya aseMelika. Ngaphezu koko, ekuqaleni kukhokelelwe ekudimeni amadoda anjengoCuster, emva koko
bancedise ukuzahlula kubo ngentsingiselo yabalinganiswa abafana noJack
UCrabbe, uChrista Lee kunye noCostner's Lt. Dunbar, abaphulaphuli abamhlophe benziwa ukuba bazive
ngaxeshanye "khanyisiwe" (ukuba "mkhulu" okanye "uvulekile"
ngokwaneleyo ukuvuma ukuba kukho into embi eyenzekileyo) kwaye "balungile ngabo"
(ngokwahluka kakhulu kwabo bacinga ukuba abenzi bobubi babenjalo).
Oko kuqinisekisiwe, abahamba phambili bhanyabhanya/umabonakude. ababukeli
ngokwengqondo ukuba ajoyine uSully, "umfo omhlophe olungileyo" kuGqr. Quinn,
entoning ngamxhelo mnye oko, ekubeni abo bahluke kakhulu kwiCuster ngoku bayiquka kwaye
nangona "wenza" kumaIndiya, "eli selona lizwe libalaseleyo kulo
ihlabathi." Ukuguqulelwa, abaphulaphuli abaqhelekileyo baziva-kakhulu-kakhulu benelungelo loku
bathathe inxaxheba kwinkqubo yaseMelika, kwaye bazifumanele iinzuzo eziphathekayo
evela kuyo, emva kokubukela imuvi efana neMidaniso Ngeengcuka kunokuba bebesenza ngaphambili.
Kwangaxeshanye, amaMerika Omthonyama anamhlanje, apho uninzi lwawo
ubutyebi obuxhasa umgangatho wokuphila we-Euroamerican buyaqhubeka kukhutshwa, zi
igcinwe ikwimeko yokungabi namandla ngokupheleleyo kunye nobuhlwempu obuhambelanayo.
Njengoko umhlalutyi weCherokee uRennard Strickland ebonile, esinye isiphumo sesokuba "umIndiya
inqanaba lezempilo lelona lisezantsi kwaye izinga lesifo liphezulu kuwo onke amaqela amakhulu abantu
eUnited States.”
Izehlo zesifo sephepha zingaphezulu kwama-400 eepesenti ngaphezulu
umndilili wesizwe. Amanani afanayo
bonisa ukuba iziganeko zosulelo lwe-strep luyi-1,000 ekhulwini,
meningitis yi 2,000 ekhulwini phezulu, kwaye
Igazi legazi liphezulu nge-10,000 ekhulwini. Amazinga okufa ngenxa yezifo
eyothusayo xa Indian kunye non
Abemi baseIndiya bayathelekiswa. Umkhuhlane kunye nenyumoniya ngama-300
ekhulwini ababulali abakhulu phakathi
amaIndiya. izifo ezifana ne-hepatitis zinobhubhane,
nge 800 ekhulwini amathuba aphezulu
lokufa. Isifo seswekile siphantse sibe sisibetho. Kwaye. izinga lokuzibulala ngenxa
Ulutsha lwaseIndiya lususela kwi-1,000 ukuya
I-10,000 ephezulu kunolutsha olungelulo lwamaIndiya…
Ejongene neemeko ezinjalo eziqhubekayo, amaNdiya aseMerika ayeza
andinakuze—eneneni, andinakuze—ndenze iifilimu eziqinisa uluntu olubalaseleyo
Imvakalelo enqwenelekayo yokwaneliseka ngokuzingca "Ndilungile, ulungile"
ngokwayo. Izinto zamaIndiya azilunganga, kwaye, ekusetheni ukucacisa ukuba kutheni
kukuba, asizukwamkela umgxeki uJohn Lenihan "isiphakamiso esithobekileyo,"
phambili ngo-1980, ukuba indima efanelekileyo ye-cinema kufuneka ibe kukukhokelela abaphulaphuli ku
"oqolileyo" ukutolikwa kwembali apho "kungekho namnye kuthi olungile."
Ngokudibeneyo, sithambekele ngakumbi ekulandeleni umlweli wamaNavajo uJohn
Isiphakamiso seRedhouse, esinikezelwa kwiminyaka embalwa ngaphambi kweLenihan, ukuba iingcamango ezinjalo ziya kwenza
Ingqondo xa, kwaye kungekhona ngaphambili, i-Euroamerica iyifumana "njengengenabungozi" kubantwana bayo
ukudlala "amaNazi kunye namaYuda" njengoko ihlala ine "Cowboys kunye namaNdiya."
Ke, ngokwenkcazo, ukuqonda kwamaIndiya aseMelika kuchasene nehegemonic, kwaye yiloo nto
kutheni iHollywood isikhenkceza ngokupheleleyo kwimisebenzi ebaluleke kangaka njengokuyalela
kunye nokubhalwa kwescript kule minyaka ingama-75 idlulileyo okanye njalo.
Ungenzi mpazamo, oku kuye kwahlala kuyinyani emva kokuba bekucingelwa
"ukutshintsha kolwandle kwingqiqo yoluntu" ka-1970 njengoko kwakunjalo ngo-1930. Ngo-1972, ngenxa
umzekelo, umbhali waseKiowa uN. Scott Momaday wafuna inkxaso yemali/yobugcisa ukuze aguqule eyakhe
Inoveli ephumelele iBhaso lePulitzer, iHouse Made of Dawn, iye kweyona ndlela inamandla ye
ifilimu. Wachaswa ngaphezu kweshumi leminyaka, uMomaday ekugqibeleni wayilungiselela ngokwakhe iprojekthi kwaye
ekugqibeleni yeza nomboniso bhanyabhanya onengqiqo ngo-1987. Yafa emdiliyeni,
nangona kunjalo, xa yonke ivenkile engundoqo ibonakalisa ukungabi namdla ophawulekayo ekusasazeni
iimveliso ezizimeleyo.
Kusenokuba sengqiqweni ukuba esi yayisisigqibo nje seshishini, hayi
Ukuthambekela ecaleni kwenkcubeko/okuqhubekayo okubandakanyekayo, ukuba bekungengenxa yokuba ngo-1976, ezine nje
iminyaka emva kwemizamo yokuqala kaMomaday, aba basasazi abafanayo bakhetha ukubeka a
Umdlali we-Italian ongaziwayo ogama linguSylvester Stallone kunye nemephu ngokuthengisa eyakhe
ezimeleyo-eveliswe Rocky. Babenexesha elide bephethe umsebenzi kaYohane
Cassavetes kunye nabanye abenzi bhanyabhanya ezizimeleyo ezimhlophe xa deep-ezintandathu Momaday. Nge
phakathi-80s, imveliso ezizimeleyo kunokuba eqhelekileyo-buza Sam Shepard-kodwa Hollywood
Wayengazimiselanga ukwamkela iinzame zokuzimela zamaIndiya kunokuba kwakunjalo kwiminyaka elishumi ngaphambili.
Ngokubhekiselele ekwenzeni, indawo enye apho irevisionist
Isidingo se-cinema esihlala sisanda "sokuqinisekisa" ngokwayo sivumele abantu bomthonyama
ukopha kushishino, siyaqhubeka sibandezeleka kukusithwa kwelanga yinyanga kwezinye ezibaluleke kakhulu
iintlonipho. Ngelixa uJeff Chandler efumene imbasa yeAcademy yoyena mdlali ubalaseleyo oxhasayo kuba
Ngomfanekiso wakhe oqingqiweyo kaCochise kwiBroken Arrow (1950), umlingisi waseCreek uWill Sampson
akazange atyunjwe ngomsebenzi wakhe ogqwesileyo njengoMtshayelo oyiNtloko kwiNye
Wabhabha phezu kwendlwane yeCuckoo (1975). “Kutheni umIndiya kufuneka afumane ibhaso
udlala umIndiya?” wabuza ngelitshoyo omnye umlawuli ngelo xesha. Kwangolo hlobo, kutheni kufanelekile
URobert DeMro, umdlali weqonga oyinzalelwane yase-Italiya, ufumene iwonga ngokudlala kwakhe
enye Italoamerican, Jake La Motta, e Raging Bull (1980)?
Nangona kukho ukungena kwe "Bugs Bunny" kutsha nje
Uhlelo lweFilimu Encyclopedia kaEphraim Katz, akukho nanye kuWill Sampson,
ngaphandle kweendima zakhe ezibalaseleyo ngaphezu kwamanqaku eefilimu ezinkulu ezibandakanya iofisi yebhokisi
hits as The Outlaw Josey Wales (1976), The White Buffalo (1977), Orca (1977) kunye neFish Hawk
(1980). Kwaye akukho nto ikhankanyiweyo ngoGraham Greene, umdlali we-Oneida olungileyo ophumeleleyo
Ibhaso leAkhademi elixhasayo ngomsebenzi wakhe kwiMidaniso Neingcuka, kunye nekabani
izinto eziphunyeziweyo ziquka ukusebenza okumangalisayo kwi-Clearcut (1991), iThunderheart (1992)
kunye nezinye iifilimu. Ulahlekile, naye, nguGary Farmer, omnye u-Oneida, ojike ngokulinganayo
imizamo engumzekelo kwi-Powwow Highway (1989) kunye noMntu ofileyo (1996), phakathi kwabanye.
Ukuba ezi virtuosos zisenako ukuthotywa ngolu hlobo, kwenzeka ntoni
Ithetha ngethemba labadlali bomthonyama ababonakala kancinci kodwa abanetalente yokwenene
njengoIrene Bedard, uEric Schweig, uSheila Tousey, uAdam Beach, uTantoo Cardinal, uEvan Adams,
UTina Keeper, uMichael Greyyes, uElaine Miles, uTom Jackson, uSonny Landham, uMolly Cheek,
ULarry Littlebird, uCody Lightening, uMichelle St. John noMichael Horse? Ndiyathetha, ngenene,
Umthonyama kuMntla Melika akakwazi ukuxhomekeka kwi-cinematic ukusekwa emva kokufa
imibulelo yeNtloko uDan George kunye ne-Lone Ranger's Jay Silverheels ngonaphakade.
Yingakho i-debut yakutshanje ye-Smoke Signals (1998), eyokuqala
ukukhululwa komfanekiso oshukumayo omkhulu okhokelwa yi-Indiya ukususela ku-Will Rogers, unjalo a
isiganeko esibaluleke kakhulu. Ayisiyiyo loo nto kuphela, kodwa iscreenplay sabhalwa ngumIndiya,
uthatyathwe kwincwadi yamabali akhe amafutshane, kwaye phantse lonke iqela liqulunqwe ngabo
amaIndiya. Ukuqhubela phambili, umlawuli, uChris Eyre, i-Arapaho, wabambisana ne
scriptwriter, Spokane umbhali Sherman Alexie, ukuvelisa eli shishini. Iimpawu zoMsi yi
ngaloo ndlela, ukusuka phezulu ukuya ezantsi, imveliso American Indian, kwaye oko kwenza kube ngokwembali
engazange ibonwe ngaphambili.
Ukusabela okubalulekileyo kwifilimu kube nomdla, ukutsho
ubuncinci, obuqulathe inxenye enkulu njengoko isenza incoko malunga nemida yayo kunye
ukusilela kobugcisa kunokubaluleka kwentlalo okunzulu kobukho bayo kanye.
Iimpendulo ezinjalo zinokudibana nentloko KWISignal yeSmoke ayikho i-cinema enkulu. Trite kwiindawo,
cliched kwabanye, kucace kakhulu kwiinzame zayo zokuvela njengento
ngokucacileyo, nokuba stereotypically, "Indian" phantse inyathelo ngalinye endleleni.
"Uyaphi?"
Kodwa, ngokutshoyo, yintoni ke? Iimpawu zoMsi nangona kunjalo zilungile
bhanyabhanya ngokuba ijinga kunye nje kakuhle, ingcono kakhulu kuneyona nto ingenasiphelo
iiclodhoppers ezingagxekwanga ezisasazwe kwi-TNT's edume kakhulu 'doe uBob Briggs
Drive-In Theatre" rhoqo ngoMgqibelo ebusuku. UChris Eyre usenokungeka (okwangoku) alufumane
inqanaba lobuchwephesha elibonakaliswa nguFrancis Ford Coppola okanye uMartin Scorsese kwi
Ukunxibelelana ngomxholo wobuhlanga, kodwa akangomntu othanda ukuzonwabisa njengoMichael Camino
nokuba. Okubaluleke ngakumbi, akabonisi zimpawu zokuba ngumcalucalulo ongezantsi njengo-Arthur Penn,
okanye enye yeendidi ezingaphezulu, njengoJohn Ford noJohn Huston.
Abo bahendelwa ukuba bagxeke iskripthi sika-Alexie njengento enogwebu
amaxesha unqwenela ukukhumbula ukuba kunokuba ngaphantsi ukuthetha xa Miwok/Pomo umbhali
UGreg Sarris weza nescreenplay esigqwesileyo seHBO's Grand Avenue (1996) ezimbini kuphela.
iminyaka emva koko. Ushiywe kwizicwangciso zakhe-oko kukuthi, ukhululwe kwi-hyperinflated yakhe,
Umshicileli ovelise udumo "njengendoda eneleta" -u-Alexie usenokuba ngokwenene
zigqithise ngokwaneleyo ukuvelisa izinto ezikumgangatho ofanayo. Nakweyiphi na imeko,
into awayidibanisayo kwiiMpawu zoMsi yayingcono ngokuphawulekayo, ukutsala umzekelo nje omnye
ngaphandle kwebhanki yememori, ingcali evunywe kakhulu njengo-Arthur Chabanian eveliswe njenge
iskripthi sokuBuyela kwikamva. "Eh?"
Ngokufanayo, nabani na ophikisanayo ukuba ukusebenza kwiiSiqondiso zoMsi
ngamanye amaxesha i-tad ceke ingenza kakuhle ukukhumbula ukuthula kwabo okuzalanayo xa kufikelelwa
umboniso ogqwesileyo obhaliswe ngu-Irene Bedard kunye noSheila Tousey ngelixa bedlala
Umboniso kaSarris "wobunkunkqele kunye nongakhathaliyo wobomi basezidolophini baseIndiya." Ngaphandle kwe
ukukhupha ukungafezeki kweMiqondiso yoMsi, banokwenza ngcono ukubuza njengoko
ukuba kutheni iGrand Avenue okwangoku ingaboniswanga kangako kwi-HBO okanye ifumaneka kwikhasethi yevidiyo.
Ngaphezulu kwayo yonke into, makuthiwa isiseko "esibalulekileyo".
njengaleyo e-US, eye yabonisa ingunaphakade kwaye iyamangalisa ngokwenene
amandla okuvumela ukuba kudlule kungekho nto ifana nohlalutyo lokuphonononga izinto ezithandwa nguStallone kunye
USteven Seagal-okanye ukwamkela "njengolonwabo olusemthethweni" olunjalo
inkunkuma egqithisileyo ye-celluloid njenge-Air Force One, iTitanic, iArmageddon kunye neGodzilla, zonke
kulo nyaka uphelileyo-akanashishini ligxeka impumelelo yakhe nabani na kwi-cinematic,
nokuba incinci kangakanani na.
Nangona kunjalo akukho nto incinci malunga nento anayo uChris Eyre
ifezekisiwe. Kwilinge lakhe lokuqala "kwixesha elikhulu" uye waseka eyakhe
iitalente ngokuqinileyo. Ngenxa yokuba oku kufuneka kusebenze njengelayisenisi yakhe yokwelula a
kuncinci, ukuqokelela amava, ukukhula, kunye nokuthembeka ngakumbi kubuchwephesha, kubonakala ngathi
kusenokwenzeka ukuba iinzame zorhwebo zika-Eyre ziyakuvela ngokukhawuleza zibe yimisebenzi engqina i
ubume bobuhle obulingana okanye obudlulayo obuqulathwe kwiifilimu zobugcisa azenzileyo njenge
umfundi ophumelele kwi-NYU. Eneneni, umlinganiselo asele ephumelele ngawo ufanele ume
ukuvula iingcango zabanye abalawuli bomthonyama abanqwenela ukungena kurhwebo.
Ngoko ke, enoba iyintoni na intsilelo yayo, ubani akanakuluphepha ngokusengqiqweni
ukugqiba ukuba Iimpawu zoMsi yimuvi ebaluleke ngokukodwa, kungekhona nje isiganeko esibalulekileyo kodwa
indawo eyipivot yeNzalelwane yaseMntla Melika malunga nomelo lwethu olude kunye nosizi (mis).
kwiscreen sesilivere. Uvavanyo lusebenza ngokuphindiweyo xa kujongwe enye yamva nje kwaye
uphuhliso olubalulekileyo, olu kwiLizwe laseIndiya ngokwalo. Ngokusekwe malunga nesiqingatha sebhiliyoni
iidola kwiingeniso zongcakazo zonyaka kule minyaka ilishumi elinambini idlulileyo, iMashantucket Pequots
sele beqalile ukutyala imali-kwaye babe namandla okubhala phantsi ngokupheleleyo kwaye, ukuba
kuyimfuneko, ukusasaza-iinzame zabenzi befilimu bomthonyama. Abanye abantu abaninzi
baye bafika ngaphezulu-okanye-ngaphantsi kwemeko yemali efanayo, kwaye babonise i
utyekelo lokulandela umzekelo.
Ngokuhambelanayo, iHollywood ayisenalo ikhadi lexilongo
ethe ngokwesiko ilawula umfanekiso wemveli. I-cinema yemveli ezimeleyo
iya kwenziwa, nokuba ii-titans zetinseltown ziyathanda okanye azithandi. Iziphumo,
U-Eyre kunye noontanga bakhe bazifumana, ngokukodwa, kwindawo yokuqala ukutyhila iikhowudi
yolawulo apho ukuboniswa kwamaIndiya kwifilim bekukho ngaphambili
yakhiwe, iphinda itolike intsingiselo yeMelika ngendlela echaneke kakhulu kune
nabalingane babo abamhlophe, kwaye ngokubanzi betyumza iingcinga zeHollywood zenkosi
uhlanga phantsi kwesithende sekamva elahlukileyo.
Nokuba baya kuwufikelela na umsebenzi wethuba labo
ihleli iseza kubonakala, kodwa ekugqibeleni idinga likufuphi. Omnye unqwenela ukuba uJames Young Deer,
UMolly Spotted Elk, uLynn Riggs, uWill Sampson nabo bonke abanye banokuba lapha ukuze bayibone,
okanye, ngcono noko, ukuthatha inxaxheba. Kwingcinga yesibini, bathabatha inxaxheba. Ngoko, ndicinga ukuba mhlawumbi
babukele. Kwaye ndiqinisekile ukuba banebhongo. . .
