Iingxelo ezimalunga nokuhlola kwasekhaya yi-NSA bezisezindabeni ukusukela ngoDisemba. Nangona kunjalo, ezinye iingxelo zemisebenzi yokuhlola yasekhaya ngurhulumente wase-US ziye zabhabha phantsi kweradar yeendaba.
Uphando kobu busika budlulileyo ngamaqela afana ne-ACLU kunye namanye amajelo eendaba aveze izihlandlo ezininzi ze-FBI, iSebe lezoKhuselo, kunye nokungena kwamapolisa asekhaya kunye nokubeka iliso kumaqela oxolo asekhaya. Ngaphaya koko, ezinye zeenkcukacha ezijikeleze inkqubo ye-NSA kunye neminye imisebenzi yokucupha yalatha kwindlela entsha yokusebenza yobuntlola, ebandakanya “ukwenziwa kwedatha” okusikhumbuza inkqubo karhulumente ekucingelwa ukuba igcinwe elugcinweni loLwazi loLwazi lulonke.
Amahlazo aqhambuka rhoqo phantse rhoqo ngenyanga kaBush iminyaka emihlanu nangaphezulu ese-ofisini, ukanti amajelo eendaba abambe isityhilelo ngasinye njengento ezimeleyo, enikezelwe ngaphandle komxholo wembali, ofanele iiveki ezimbalwa kakhulu kumjikelo weendaba ojikelezayo ngaphambi kokurhaxwa. ngaphandle kwetrivia yamva nje. Izityhilelo zokuhlola, okuncinci okuxoxwa esidlangalaleni, ziye zabandezeleka ngakumbi kulwakhiwo lwemithombo yeendaba kunye nezithintelo zeengcamango zokubonelela umxholo kunye nembali.
Imbali yokuxhatshazwa kweLungelo loLuntu
T apha akukho kunqongophala kwangaphambili kwimbali yase-US kwizityhilelo zanamhlanje zokuhlola ekhaya. Nangona kunjalo, izifundo ezifundiweyo kunye nohlaziyo olulumkileyo lweziko olusisiphumo songenelelo kurhulumente wangaphambili wenkululeko akuxoxwa kakhulu kumajelo eendaba amanyanisiweyo, kwaye ayiyonyaniso yokuba le mbali ikho.
Ukusuka kwi-Alien and Sedition Act ye-1790s ukuya kurhulumente wokuhlola uxolo kunye nabaphembeleli bendalo ngexesha le-1980s, kuvela umfanekiso ombi worhulumente okwaziyo ukwenza impazamo kunye ne-bludgeon ngaxeshanye. Ngokungaphephekiyo, utyekelo lokuxhaphaza luyatyhilwa, lukhunjulwe ngokufutshane, kwaye lugxothwe njengokuphambuka.
I<em>Alien and Sedition Act yowe-1798 yathi nabani na “ochasa okanye ochasa nawuphi na umthetho waseUnited States, okanye nasiphi na isenzo sikaMongameli” unokuvalelwa entolongweni ukuya kutsho kwiminyaka emibini. Kwakungekho mthethweni "ukubhala, ukuprinta, ukuthetha, okanye ukupapasha" nantoni na egxeka umongameli okanye iCongress. Nangona inxalenye yenjongo yokukhusela ulawulo lwe-Federalist kubachasi bayo bezopolitiko, esi sicwangciso sabuyela umva phakathi kwesikhalo esikhulu, kunye nokutshutshiswa okumbalwa, ngelixa iindawo ezimbi kakhulu zemithetho zaphela iminyaka emibini kamva kunye nesiphumo esincinci ngaphandle kokuba ama-Federalists akhutshwe emandleni.
Kuyo yonke iminyaka yoo-1800 amalungelo oluntu ayenqatshelwe amaMerika Omthonyama, abaphambukeli baseTshayina, kunye nama-Afrika aseMelika ngomyalelo womanyano kunye norhulumente wasekhaya. "IiMfazwe zaseIndiya" eziqhubekayo zakhaba amalungelo asisiseko abantu bomthonyama baseMelika kwaye babona urhulumente wase-US ehlala esophula eyakhe imithetho kunye nezivumelwano. Abaphambukeli baseTshayina, bakhuthazwa ukuba beze kusebenza njengamakhoboka akufutshane kumzila kaloliwe nakweminye imizi-mveliso, bagxothwa ngenkani kuyo yonke imimandla emva koko. Nasemva kokuba ubukhoboka buphelile, abantu base-Afrika baseMelika babandezeleka ngenxa yemithetho yokutshona kwelanga, ukwalelwa ukuvota kunye namalungelo epropathi, kunye nokugxothwa.
Ukunyuka kwemibutho yabasebenzi ekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1800s kwabangela ukuba urhulumente aphendule ngobundlobongela: ubuntlola, ukuvalelwa ngokungekho mthethweni, ukubulawa kwabantu, kunye netyala eliphawulekayo lokukhutshwa kwengcinezelo-nge-Pinkerton kunye nolunye ubundlobongela kwiqela le-goon. Amaphulo amakhulu karhulumente kunye namashishini aphehlelelwa ngokuchasene nabo ngothotho lwemithetho yomanyano, izigwebo zenkundla, kunye nengcinezelo yamapolisa asekhaya nakurhulumente.
Ngo-1900 i-US yayifumene ubukhosi bangaphandle obusuka eGuam ukuya eCuba, kwaye yaqhubeka ibhengeza wonke uMbindi noMzantsi Melika njengaphantsi kwempembelelo yayo. Uhambo lwasemkhosini oluthe gqolo olunobunzulu obuphantsi luye lwaqhubeka kwaye lusaqhubeka unanamhla kugcino lobu bukhosi. Ngaphandle kwamaqela abasebenzi abukhali, amaqela adumileyo alwela amalungelo emfazwe kunye namaqela achasene nama impiriyali ngoku nawo aye avela ukugxeka izinto eziphambili ngokubaluleka.
Ngexesha le-WWI, i-propaganda engazange ibonwe ngurhulumente wase-US kunye neefemu "zobudlelwane boluntu", imisebenzi enkulu yokuhlola yasekhaya nguMkhosi wase-US, kunye nokwenza kube lulwaphulo-mthetho ukuchaswa kwe-pacifist yinkqubo yezobulungisa kwalandelwa yimisebenzi enkulu ngokuchasene "nee-radicals" zezopolitiko emva kwemfazwe. . Abantu abangaphezu kwe-10,000 babanjwa, abaninzi ngaphandle kweziqinisekiso, ngexesha le-Palmer Raids (1918-1921), eyathiywa ngegama legqwetha jikelele ngelo xesha. Amakhulu eenkokeli ezichongiweyo (abahlali abasemthethweni) bagxothwa kwaye uJ. Edgar Hoover oselula weSebe lezoBulungisa uqokelele isiseko sedatha samagama angaphezu kwe-100,000 ezopolitiko "ezibomvu." Ukuqonda kukaPalmer amandla kwakujoliswe ukuba aqhubeke nomsebenzi wakhe wezopolitiko, kodwa ukuxhatshazwa kwamalungelo oluntu kamva kwamenza ukuba atyunjwe ngumongameli.
Ngexesha le-1920s, uHoover wabekwa ukuba alawule i-Bureau of Investigation (kamva eyathiywa ngokutsha i-FBI) kwaye waqhubeka nokuqokelela isiseko sedatha esihlala singachanekanga kodwa sihlambalaza kubemi base-US-ingakumbi abachasayo, kodwa nabezopolitiko-enokuthi isetyenziswe ukwenza ubuxoki kunye nokuziphatha okubi. waqinisekisa ubomi bakhe bonke njengomlawuli de kwaba sekufeni kwakhe ngo-1972.
Amadabi eengcamango phakathi kwabasebenzi/amaqela anxamnye nama impiriyali kunye norhulumente/ishishini elinomdla loqina ngexesha lokuDodobala okuKhulu, ngaphambi kokuba ingcinezelo yezopolitiko ithambe ngandlel’ ithile ngohlaziyo lobutata phantsi kwe-FDR. I-Post-WWII, imfazwe elandelayo yezizukulwana ezininzi (iMfazwe Yomlomo) yasungulwa kwaye uloyiko olubomvu lwasekhaya lwaphunyezwa kunye neearhente zikarhulumente ezininzi eziqhuba ukucoca kunye nokuqokelela uluhlu lwabantsundu ngokuchasene nabaphikisi bezopolitiko.
COINTELPRO
Kwimbali yangaphambili yokucupha kunye noxinzelelo lwezopolitiko, ii-arhente ezininzi zokuthotyelwa komthetho kunye nee-arhente zobuntlola bezisoloko ziqeshwa. Izixeko, ezinjengeLos Angeles, iChicago, iNew York, kunye needolophu ezininzi eziphakathi, zazinabo “amaqela abomvu,” njengoko ayenzile amapolisa namajoni, “amapolisa kaloliwe” akhethekileyo, kunye nomkhosi wase-US. Njengorhulumente woburhulumente phantsi kweHoover, la maqela aqokelele i-database enkulu kwaye aqhuba "imisebenzi yengxowa emnyama" engenamvume yokungena kumakhaya abucala kwaye aqokelele ulwazi oluninzi kwiifayile zabo. Ngeminyaka yoo-1950, olu lwazi lwalusetyenziswa ngasese “uluhlu lwabamnyama” ukucalula abantu abasekhohlo okanye ukuba bagxothwe.
Ngo-1956 i-FBI yahamba inyathelo elingaphaya koku kunye neNkqubo ye-Counter Intelligence Programme (COINTELPRO), eyayiyilelwe ekuqaleni "ukwandisa ulwahlulo, ukubangela ukuphazamiseka kunye nokuphumelela ukuphambuka" ngaphakathi kweQela lamaKomanisi e-USA. Inkqubo yakhawuleza yafikelela kumaqela amaninzi kunamakomanisi asekhaya kunye namasoshiyali, kwaye ngeminyaka yoo-1960 yayilandela: amaqela amalungelo oluntu ngokubanzi, kunye noMartin Luther King, Omnci. amaqela achasene nemfazwe, kuquka abafundi abaninzi, abasekwe ecaweni, kunye namaqela amagqala; imibutho yenkululeko yesizwe, efana neBlack Panthers kunye neAmerican Indian Movement.
Injongo yayikukunyelisa nokuphazamisa la maqela kwaye kwasetyenziswa amaqhinga amaninzi amdaka angekho mthethweni. Iindlela zibandakanya ukungena nokuxhokonxa, ulwazi olungelulo kunye nomgunyathi, ukutyala amabali obuxoki kumajelo eendaba, izoyikiso ngophando lukarhulumente olunjengophicotho-zincwadi lwerhafu kunye nezityholo zolwaphulo-mthetho olungeyonyani, ubundlobongela obusenziwa ngamaqela eqela leenjubaqa kunye namapolisa asekuhlaleni, kunye nokuqhubeka nokuqhekezwa kweengxowa ezimnyama kunye ne-elektroniki. ukubek' esweni.
Ukongeza, ngoku "ilizwe lokhuseleko lesizwe" elikhulu leearhente zobuntlola kunye nezomkhosi zenza izinto ezifanayo, ngamanye amaxesha zilungelelaniswa kwaye ngamanye amaxesha zikhuphisana neCOINTELPRO. Amagama ale misebenzi avakala ngathi yinto evela kumboniso wentlola we-1960s, njengokuthi "Indoda evela kuMalume": Operation CHAOS, Projects RESISTANCE, MERRIMAC, MINARET, kunye ne-SHAMROCK.
Iiarhente zamapolisa zasekhaya, ezinjengesiXeko saseNew York kunye neLos Angeles, baqulunqa iifayile zabo zokunganyaniseki, kunye noluhlu lwe-LA oluphela ezandleni zeqela labucala lasekunene ngeminyaka yoo-1980. Amapolisa aseChicago athatha inxaxheba ekubulaweni okucwangcisiweyo kwenkokeli yezopolitiko, uBlack Panther uFred Hampton ngo-1969, ngelixa amanye amapolisa equlunqa iinkokeli ngezityholo ezinobuqhophololo (ezifana neCalifornia Black Panther Geronimo Pratt, ekugqibeleni wagwetywa ngo-1997 emva kweminyaka engaphezu kwama-20 entolongweni) .
Ingca yokugqibela eyehlise le nkqubo yayiyinkqubo kaMongameli uNixon yenkqubo yamaqhinga amdaka eWhite House kunye “noluhlu lweentshaba” zakhe. Ukuqhekezwa kukaNixon “abatywini” kwikomkhulu leKomiti yeDemokhrasi yeSizwe e-Watergate phantse kwakungahoywa ngelo xesha kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho oluncinane. Nangona kunjalo, ekubeni u-Nixon watyhilwa ukuba wayehlola ngaphezu kwabarhanelwa abaqhelekileyo-kule meko amanye amagosa aphakamileyo anjengeDemokhrasi, kwaye (njengoko kutyhilwe kamva) iinkokheli zoshishino kunye neendaba-i-Nixon encinci ye-spy operation ye-spylon enkulu kwimbali yase-US. .
Uhlaziyo loHlolo lwasekhaya kunye nokuphendula
Emva kokurhoxa kukaNixon, uphando lwenkongolo olwenziwa nguSenator uFrank Church kunye nabanye luveze ubunzulu bokujongwa kwezopolitiko zasekhaya kunye nengcinezelo ukusuka kwiminyaka yoo-1950 ukuya kowe-1970. Kwakhona kwatyhilwa iinkqubo zokubulala amazwe angaphandle, ipropaganda enkulu yangaphandle (i-Operation MOCKINGBIRD), kunye nokulinga iziyobisi kubemi base-US (iProjekthi yeMKULTRA).
Iinkcukacha zale misebenzi, ethe gqolo ukuvuza kuyo yonke iminyaka yoo-1970 nasemva koko, yaqala yothusa uluntu lwase-US kwaye yakhokelela kuthotho lwemithetho ethintela amandla karhulumente okuhlola abemi baseMelika kunye nokuphazamisa umsebenzi wabo wezopolitiko osemthethweni. Umthetho omnye ololo hlobo, uMthetho woHlolo woBuntlola baNgaphandle (FISA) ka-1978, wawulawula ukuvalelwa kwe-elektroniki (kunye nokukhangela ngokwasemzimbeni kamva) kwabemi base-US kuphando lokhuseleko lwesizwe. Omnye ibinguMthetho woHlolo wobuNtlola ka-1980, olawula ukubekwa kweliso kwinkongolo yemisebenzi yobuntlola.
Iphinde yatyhilwa ngeminyaka yoo-1970 kwaye kamva, ngophando kunye neeakhawunti zangaphakathi ezinje ngoPhilip Agee. Ngaphakathi kwiNkampani kunye nekaLeslie Swearingen Iimfihlo ze-FBI: Ukuvezwa kwe-Agent , yayiyindlela yokungakwazi ukwenza izinto ngendlela ecocekileyo ehambelana kakuhle neepropaganda ezifihlakeleyo kunye nokungenelela kumazwe angaphandle kunye nengcinezelo engekho mthethweni kunye nokucupha ekhaya. U-Swearingen, umzekelo, utyhile ii-ofisi ze-FBI ezizaliswe ngamagosa amavila angazange ayihoye imisebenzi yawo ephambili yokuphanda ulwaphulo-mthetho olunobundlobongela, kodwa kwazisa amandla amakhulu okunyamezela ukuhlukumeza abantu abaphikisayo.
Ngaphandle kweminyaka embalwa yokwenza ifilimu yaseHollywood emva nje kwe-Watergate, amabali ayinyani anjalo ee-arhente ezibhuqayo awazange afumane kuthengwa kakhulu kwintelekelelo yoluntu lwase-US okanye imidiya yayo. Endaweni yoko, amajelo eendaba ngokukhawuleza aphinda anika ukutya okusemgangathweni “kwamabali entshukumo” aqulathe iiarhente eziyimfihlo ezinobuchule obuphezulu kunye namapolisa, ngokungahoywayo ngoyaba ukhuselo lwenkululeko yoluntu olufana neziqinisekiso kunye nezithintelo ngokuchasene nentuthumbo. Amajelo eendaba ngaxeshanye abandezeleka kakhulu ekuthotyweni kohlahlo lwabiwo-mali kunye nokudityaniswa kobunini okuthe kwasusa uhlobo lobuntatheli obuphandayo obutyhile i-Watergate.
Izityhilelo ze-1970s zaphela kwingxoxo kunye nokuqonda koluntu kwiminyaka yee-1980 kwaye emva koko, phakathi kweentetho zelizwe, ukuqhubeka kwengxabano ephantsi yokugcina ubukhosi, kunye nothotho lweemfazwe zangaphandle ezichasene nezizwe ezibuthathaka ezenzelwe ukuphelisa uloyiko "Vietnam Syndrome."
Nangona ingazange isebenze, ukuzalwa ngokutsha okoyikisayo kokunyhashwa okukhulu okucwangcisiweyo kwenkululeko yoluntu phantsi kweReagan yayiyiRex 84 (Ukulungela UkuSebenza ngo-1984), uvavanyo olwenziwe ngurhulumente wase-United States (kubandakanya i-FEMA) ukubamba inani elikhulu labemi base-US kwimeko enkulu. udushe lwasekuhlaleni okanye unxunguphalo lwesizwe. Olu yayiluvuselelo lwePlot yeGadi yeXesha lee-1960 efanayo, ehlengahlengisiweyo ukusuka kumxholo wesiphithiphithi sangaphakathi esixekweni ukuya kwinkcaso enokubakho kwimfazwe ebanzi kuMbindi Merika ngeminyaka yoo-1980. Isicwangciso esifanayo sikwiincwadi emva kwe-9/11, kunye namakhulu ezigidi zeedola ezibekelwe iHalliburton ukwakha indawo yokusebenzela xa kukho "unxunguphalo lwesizwe."
Izityhilelo malunga ne-Rex 84 zaphuma kwiingxoxo ze-Iran-Contra (1987), uphando lwe-congressional ekusebenziseni amandla okungekho mthethweni kukaReagan ukuxhasa imfazwe kuMbindi Melika ukuba iCongress yayisuse ngokukodwa kuhlahlo lwabiwo-mali ukuze kupheliswe ukubandakanyeka kwe-US emfazweni. Umbuzo osembindini womgaqo-siseko walahleka kumajelo eendaba, njengoko kwakunjalo ngezityhilelo ezincedisayo zeCIA ekuthutyeleni iziyobisi ngokungekho mthethweni, iingalo zisebenzisana ne-Iran eyathi yaxela kwangaphambili (abathinjwa eLebhanon), iibhanki zeCIA kunye nezikim zokurhwaphiliza imali, kunye nenkxaso esebenzayo amaqela abulala abantu abaninzi kunye nentuthumbo.
Phantsi kukaClinton, i-pendulum yonyanzeliso lomthetho yajika yajika yalandela emva kokugxekwa kakhulu kwempendulo yamapolisa eRuby Ridge naseWaco emva koko kwaqhushumba ibhombu kwisiXeko sase-Oklahoma ngumnqolobi wasekhaya uTimothy McVeigh. Ukuqhushumba kwesiXeko sase-Oklahoma kubangele kuMthetho we-Antiterrorism kunye ne-Effective Death Penalty Act ka-1996, okwenza kube lula ukubulawa kwamabanjwa ngokunciphisa izibheno zabo kunye nokumisela inani le-PATRIOT Act-type yezibonelelo ekucupheni kunye nokwandiswa kwezibonelelo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezinxulumene nengcaciso ebanzi " ubunqolobi.”
Ngaphandle kolu hlaziyo lwemithetho yohlaziyo lwezobuntlola zasemva kweWatergate, inkqubo esisiseko yolawulo lwenkongolo kunye nenkundla yahlala ihleli de kwangoSeptemba 11, 2001.
Ukuhlola Kwasekhaya Namhlanje
Ngenxa yezityhilelo zamva nje ezijikeleze inkqubo ye-Arhente yoKhuseleko yeSizwe yokuhlola abemi base-US, ngoku siyazi ukuba ulawulo lukaBush luye lwathethelela uphononongo olunjalo kwithiyori ephikiswayo yamandla kamongameli endalo “exesha lemfazwe”-eyakuthi ihlale “kwizizukulwana” kunye “nemfazwe yobugrogrisi.” Amandla anyusiweyo awawanikwa phantsi koMthetho we-PATRIOT, awadlula ngokukhawuleza emva kwe-9/11, ayenele uBush. Ke, umongameli wayigqitha inkundla ye-FISA kunye neemfuno zokongamela kwi-congressional kwintlola yasekhaya ebekwe endaweni emva kwe-Watergate "njengengeyomfuneko."
Mhlawumbi inxulumene noku, kodwa kunokwenzeka ukuba impendulo ebanzi yenkqubo enkulu yokuhlola ixesha elide ikhona, inani lophando kule minyaka mibini idlulileyo luveze ukuba urhulumente uyaphinda ahlole, kwaye aqokelele iinkcukacha zogcino-lwazi zabemi base-US ngenxa yabo. iinkolelo zezopolitiko kunye nezenzo zezopolitiko ezisemthethweni. Uvavanyo luqhutywa liSebe lezoKhuselo (DOD), i-FBI, i-multi-agency Joint Terrorism Task Force (JTTF), amapolisa asekuhlaleni kunye naseburhulumenteni, kwaye, ngokuqinisekileyo, i-NSA.
NgoDisemba i-2005, i-NBC News ibonise iinkcukacha ezivela kwi-400-page ye-DOD yedatha yedatha kwi-domestic "ezoyikiso" zokufakelwa kwayo, ichaza i-1,500 "iziganeko ezikrokrelayo" ukusuka kwinyanga ye-10. Amaqela amaninzi oxolo ayekolu luhlu, egxile kakhulu kwimisebenzi echasene nokugaya abasebenzi. Ngokutsho kwe-NBC News, i-database "ibandakanya malunga neshumi elinesibini leentlanganiso ezichasene nemfazwe okanye uqhanqalazo, kubandakanywa nezinye ezenzeke kude nokufakwa komkhosi, isithuba okanye iziko lokugaya." Nangona amakhulu eziganeko athotyiweyo njengengesiso isoyikiso, ahlala kuvimba weenkcukacha, kunye namagama kunye neenkcukacha, ezibonisa ukungeniswa okunokwenzeka okanye ucupho olunobundlobongela.
Olu xwebhu lwaveliswa liqela elaziwa kancinci elibizwa ngokuba yi-Counterintelligence Field Activity (CIFA), elenziwe kwiminyaka emibini edlulileyo ukuze “ligcine ugcino-lwazi logcino-lwazi lwasekhaya olubandakanya ulwazi olunxulumene nezisongelo zobunqolobi ezijoliswe kwiSebe lezoKhuselo.” Inkqubo yokunika ingxelo esetyenziswa ngokubanzi ngoku yabekwa kwindawo ebizwa ngokuba yiZaziso zokuQaphela zeNdawo (okanye ii-TALONs) "zolwazi olungaqinisekisiweyo lwezoyikiso lwasekhaya" olusuka kwiiyunithi zomkhosi kulo lonke elase-United States, oluqokelelwa lugcinwe kuvimba weenkcukacha weCIFA.
Ngokwengxelo ye-NBC, “Ukususela ngoMatshi ka-2004, i-CIFA inikezele ubuncinci i-33 yezigidi zeerandi kwiikontrakthi kwizigebenga ze-Lockheed Martin, i-Unisys Corporation, i-Computer Sciences Corporation kunye ne-Northrop Grumman ukuphuhlisa i-database edibanisa ngedatha karhulumente ehleliweyo kwaye engachazwanga, ulwazi lwezorhwebo kunye Incoko ye-Intanethi. ”
Kwiminyaka emibini edlulileyo, i-American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) iye yaqalisa uphando oluninzi kwimisebenzi yasekhaya yokuhlola kumazwe angaphezu kwama-20 egameni lemibutho engaphezulu kwe-100, imibuzo yamva nje esekelwe kuxwebhu lweDOD. Izicelo ezininzi zangaphambili zeNkululeko yeNgcaciso ye-ACLU ziye zabonisa ukubekw' esweni ngamapolisa asekuhlaleni, i-FBI, kunye ne-JTTF yamawakawaka abaphembeleli basekhaya abavela kumaqela afana ne-People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), Greenpeace, United for Peace and Justice. , Ukutya Okungekuko Iibhombu, IKomiti Yenkonzo Yabahlobo BaseMerika (AFSC), kunye nenqwaba yamaqela oxolo asekuhlaleni kulo lonke ilizwe.
Ngomzekelo nje omnye ovela kwabaninzi abakhankanywe kwiwebhusayithi ye-ACLU: "I-FBI iphendule kwisicelo serekhodi sikaJuni esivela kwi-MCLU kunye nezityhilelo eziye zafumana kwaye ziqokelele unxibelelwano oludlulileyo oluvela kumalungu eMaine Coalition for Peace and Justice." Uphando kunye (ahlaziywe kakhulu) amaxwebhu karhulumente enziwe ngenkani kuluntu yi-ACLU ubukhulu becala aqaliswa kwaye agcinwa phantsi kwengubo "yokulwa nobunqolobi," kwanolwazi malunga namaqela alwela inkululeko afana neQuaker' AFSC. Amaxwebhu aveza ucupho olusebenzayo kunye nogcino-lwazi lwamaqela, kwaye akhomba ngamandla ekungenweni ngokufihlakeleyo kwamaqela.
Ukuthotyelwa komthetho wendawo kusaqhubeka. Imemorandam ka-2003 evela kwi-FBI yathunyelwa kwii-arhente zamapolisa zasekhaya ezili-17,000 zabongoza ukuba kubekwe iliso kuqhanqalazo oluninzi, lubaxelela ukuba balumkele "izalathisi ezinokubakho zoqhanqalazo kwaye baxele naziphi na izenzo ezinokuthi zibe ngekho mthethweni kwi-FBI Joint Terrorism Task Force ekufutshane." (Ngoku kukho ngaphezu kwe-100 JTTFs kwilizwe jikelele ezisebenza ngokubambisana yi-FBI, uKhuseleko lweLizwe, kunye nezinye ii-arhente; ngokwengxelo ka-2004 USA namhlanje , I-CIA ikwabele abameli abaninzi ukuba basebenze ne-FBI, ingakumbi ngee-JTTFs.)
Ngo-Matshi i-2005 isahluko se-Colorado se-ACLU sibonakalise ubukho bamawaka eefayile malunga nabaphembeleli bezoxolo kunye nokusingqongileyo abagcinwe yidolophu yaseDenver, iifayile ezininzi ezivela kakuhle ngaphambi kwe-9 / 11, kubandakanywa neenombolo zeplate yelayisensi ezithathwe phantsi kwimibhikisho kunye nemiboniso, kwaye ukutyunjwa kwabaqhankqalazi abaseluxolweni nabangenangxelo yolwaphulo-mthetho “njengabavukeli bolwaphulo-mthetho.” Ebudeni boqhanqalazo oluchasene nemfazwe eColorado ngo-2003, kwabonwa amapolisa ezama ukuxhokonxa ugonyamelo. Ngokutsho komququzeleli wasekuhlaleni uNancy Peters kudliwano-ndlebe olunomxholo othi “NGOKU,” elinye igosa elifihlakeleyo libongoze abaqhankqalazi ukuba “bagqogqe” kwiindawo ezinqatyisiweyo zamapolisa.
Inqaku le-22 kaDisemba kwi ENew York Times utyhile, "Amagosa amapolisa akwisiXeko saseNew York aqhube uphononongo olufihlakeleyo kwiinyanga ezidlulileyo ze-16 zabantu abaqhankqalaza imfazwe yase-Iraq, abakhweli beebhayisikile bathatha inxaxheba kwiindibano ezinkulu kunye nabalilayo kwisitalato sokubukela umqhubi webhayisikile owabulawa kwingozi, uthotho lwe umboniso wevidiyo.” I Maxesha wanikela ingxelo yokuba kwesinye isiganeko elinye ipolisa elifihlakeleyo lada laqalisa isiganeko esakhokelela ekubanjweni ngogonyamelo, nangona kwakungeyonjongo leyo.
Ngokutsho IChicago Sun Times , Amapolisa aseChicago angena kumaqela amahlanu oxolo ngo-2002 kwaye aqalise imisebenzi emine yokuhlola yasekhaya ngokuchasene namatsha ntliziyo kunyaka olandelayo. Amapolisa asekuhlaleni eFresno naseWashington, DC nawo angenile kumaqela oxolo, ngokweengxelo zeendaba.
Ngaphandle kokubek'esweni, ukungena, kunye nokucaphukisa ngamanye amaxesha, iziganeko ezininzi zokoyikisa ziye zaphawulwa kunye neearhente ze-FBI eziza kumakhaya amatsha ntliziyo ukuze badle udliwano-ndlebe nabo malunga nezicwangciso zabo kunye nezinxulumani zabo. Abafundi ababini baseMissouri abaceba ukuya kwiNgqungquthela yeDemokhrasi ka-2004 babuzwa, babizwa, kwaye babeka phantsi kweliso leeyure ze-24 ngeveki, nangona bengazange bahlawuliswe, ngokutsho kwe-ACLU. Iiarhente ze-FBI nazo zaya kumakhaya kwaye zancina amalungu oKutya hayi iibhombu eColorado naseNorth Carolina.
E-Georgia ngo-2003 umcuphi woKhuseleko lweLizwe lase-DeKalb kwiNqila yase-DeKalb wavalela umlweli we-vegan kwindawo yoqhanqalazo lwesityalo sokulungisa inyama ngokwala ukunikezela ngephetshana awayebhale kulo inombolo yelayisensi yemoto karhulumente engaphawulwanga. Iparadigm entsha yokulawula uqhanqalazo, ebizwa ngokuba yi "Miami Model," ngoku ibona ii-ofisi zabaphembeleli zigqogqa ngexesha lokucwangciswa koqhanqalazo, zithotyelwe "kwiindawo ezincinci zokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo" ngexesha loqhanqalazo, emva koko itshayelwe yavalelwa ngobuninzi. ukubamba iipeni, njengoko kwenzeka e-NYC ngexesha leNgqungquthela yeRiphabhlikhi kunye noqhanqalazo lwangaphambili lwe-FTAA eMiami. Abaqhankqalazi ababanjiweyo bahlala bejongana neenyanga zamadabi asemthethweni kunye nokuvalelwa ixesha elide, njengabaqhankqalazi kwiSikolo saseMelika abasandula ukugwetywa iinyanga ezintandathu entolongweni.
Uvimba weenkcukacha kunye noGcino-lwazi
Into yokugqibela yemisebenzi yangoku yokucupha ibandakanya uthungelwano lweenkcukacha zabemi base-US, urhulumente kunye norhwebo, oluyilwa kwaye "lombiwa" ngolwazi ekucingelwa ukuba lunxulumene nobunqolobi, kodwa lubanzi kakhulu kububanzi.
Ngo-2002, i-Arhente yeeProjekthi zoPhando oluPhakamileyo lweSebe lezoKhuselo yatyhila ukuba ineOfisi yoKwazisa ngoLwazi enombono “wokucinga, ukuphuhlisa, ukusebenzisa, ukudibanisa, ukubonisa kunye nokutshintsha itekhnoloji yolwazi, amacandelo kunye neprototype, i-loop evaliweyo, iinkqubo zolwazi eziya kuthi. ukuchasa izoyikiso ze-asymmetric ngokufumana ulwazi olupheleleyo lolwazi. " I-ofisi yayinezicwangciso zokudibanisa izixa ezikhulu zolwazi lwe-elektroniki lukawonke-wonke kunye nolwabucala kunye nedatha "yeepatheni zemisebenzi ekrokrisayo." Isityhilelo sidale inkcaso enkulu kwaye, nangona sathiya igama elithi "Ulwazi loLwazi lwabanqolobi," inkqubo yarhoxiswa ngokusemthethweni ngo-2003.
Ngokufanayo, iinkqubo zikarhulumente zokuhlola abakhweli bomoya ziye zachaphazeleka kukujongwa kakubi ngenxa yoluhlu olubanzi kakhulu nolugcinwe ngokungaguqukiyo “lokungabhabha” ukusukela nge-9/11. Olu luhlu lufumene abaphembeleli bemfazwe kunye nabanye abangengabo abanqolobi kwaye namhlanje kuqikelelwa ukuba ubuncinane kwishumi lamawaka. NgoNovemba ka-2005 i-TSA yabonisa ukuba abantu abangama-30,000 baye baqhagamshelana ne-arhente kunyaka ophelileyo kuphela ukukhuphisana nokufakwa kwabo kuluhlu.
Ukongeza, ngo-2002 kunye no-2003 iinqwelo-moya ezininzi kunye nee-arhente zogcino zibonelele ngolwazi olupheleleyo lwabathengi kunye neembali kwi-TSA ukuze kugcinwe idatha. I-TSA icwangcise ukwenza ikhontrakthi kuninzi lokudityaniswa kwedatha kunye nokukhangela, kwaye yahlawula iikontraki ezininzi ezinje nge-Lockheed Martin amakhulu amawaka eedola ukuphuhlisa iiprototypes zale nkqubo yokucupha.
Inkqubo yokutshintsha efikelela kude ngakumbi, iComputer Assisted Passenger Prescreening System II (CAPPS II), yarhoxiswa ekubeni iqwalaselwe ngo-2004 emva kokuba ingxelo ye-Ofisi yoCwangciso-mali kaRhulumente (GAO) igxeke ukungenelela kwayo okuyimfihlo kunye nokubakho okuphangaleleyo kweempazamo kunenkqubo yangoku. Nangona kunjalo, iinkqubo ezimbini ezineempawu ezifana neCAPPS II ziphunyeziwe, ezixhomekeke kwiibhanki zentengiso ezingangqinwanga, njengembali yamatyala, ukuvavanya “inqanaba lengozi” yabakhweli. Iiprogram, i-Flight ekhuselekileyo kunye nomhambi obhalisiweyo, ziphantsi komngeni wezomthetho yi-ACLU.
Kanye njengokuba iCAPPS II iguqukela kwezinye iinkqubo kulandela ukutyhilwa nokugxekwa nguwonke-wonke, iinkqubo zoKwazisa ngoLwazi lulonke ziye zaqhubeka, nangona ziphantsi kwamagama ahlukeneyo.
Ingxelo ye-GAO yowama-2004 iphawule iinzame ezingaphezu kwama-200 zokugcinwa kwedatha. Uphando lukaFebruwari 2006 olwenziwe ngu I-Christian Science Monitor enesihloko esithi “I-US Plans Massive Data Sweep” inika umbono wenkqubo yeSebe loKhuseleko lweLizwe ebizwa ngokuba yi-ADVISE (Uhlahlelo, ukusasazwa, ukubonwa, ukuqonda, kunye nokuPhucula iSemantic), efumene i-50 yezigidi zeerandi kwinkxaso-mali kunyaka ophelileyo. Eli nqaku lithi ADVISE “iza kuqokelela intaphane yenkcazelo yeshishini nekawonke-wonke kwi-intanethi—ukusuka kwiingxelo zemali ukuya kutsho kumabali eendaba e-CNN—kwaye ibhekisela kwingxelo enxamnye nobukrelekrele base-US kunye neerekhodi zokuthotyelwa komthetho. Le nkqubo iya kuyigcina ‘njengemibutho’—inkcazelo enxulumene nabantu, iindawo, izinto, imibutho neziganeko.”
Njengenkqubo yokuhlola abakhweli, i-ADVISE iya kuxhomekeka kugcino-lwazi lwezorhwebo ngolwazi lwabantu ngabanye, ulwazi oluye lwangqina ukuba aluchanekanga kwaye lutyekele ekuxhelweni nasekubiweni lula. Nangona kunjalo, ukuhlangana kokhuseleko olukhulu kunye neekontraka zolwazi zingxamele ukwenza kunye nokudibanisa ugcino lwedatha enkulu yobuninzi beekontraka zikarhulumente.
Njengomzekelo omnye, njenge-ADVISE, i-MATRIX (i-Multistate Anti-Terrorism Information Exchange) ihlalutye amaninzi karhulumente kunye nedatha yezorhwebo ukufumana imibutho phakathi kwabarhanelwa kunye nomsebenzi okrokrelwayo. Nangona kunjalo, iMATRIX iqhutywa yikontraka yabucala kunye nenkxaso-mali ye-federal kunye nokufikelela okukhethekileyo kokuthotyelwa komthetho. Inqaku, umdali weMATRIX naye wayengumseki wenkampani yedatha ephosa ngokungafanelekanga amashumi amawaka ase-Afrika aseMelika kwiindima zokuvota zaseFlorida ngaphambi kokhetho lwe-2000.
Ezinye izibonakaliso zokungena kwedatha, ezifana nokufumaneka kunye nokuthengiswa kweerekhodi zeselfowuni zabucala ziinkampani zedathabheyi, intsebenziswano ye-NSA kunye neengqungquthela zeefowuni zasekhaya, ukufikelela kwe-FBI kulwazi lomnikezeli wenkonzo ye-Intanethi, kunye nokunye, qhubeka uvela kumaphepha angasemva amaphephandaba okanye njengoko izinto ezincinci kwiindaba zenethiwekhi.
Kwabo bafuna ngaphezu kweengxelo ze-scattershot zamajelo eendaba angaphezulu, iiwebhusayithi ze-ACLU, iZiko leeNkcukacha zaBucala be-Electronic, kunye ne-Electronic Frontier Foundation zibonelela ngesiqalo esihle sokufundisa okufunekayo kakhulu malunga nezoyikiso eziqhubekayo kwinkululeko yoluntu.
UAndy Dunn usebenzele Z Magazine ukususela 2003. Kwiminyaka yoo-1980 wasebenza njengetoliki kunye nomhlalutyi wezobuntlola kwi-US Navy kunye ne-Arhente yoKhuseleko lweSizwe.
