Ifoto nguJoseph Sohm/Shutterstock.com

Umhla we-15 kaFebruwari uphawula usuku, kwiminyaka eli-17 eyadlulayo, xa uqhanqalazo lwehlabathi lonke oluchasene nohlaselo lwase-Iraq olwalusalindelwe lwalulukhulu kangangokuba iNew York Times yabiza uluvo lukawonke wonke lwehlabathi ngokuthi “ligunya lesibini elinamandla.” Kodwa i-US ayizange iyinanze kwaye yahlasela i-Iraq. Ngoko kuye kwenzeka ntoni ngamathemba abalulekileyo aloo mini?

Umkhosi wase-US awuzange uphumelele imfazwe ukusukela ngo-1945, ngaphandle kokuba ubala ukubuyisela indawo encinci ye-colonial yaseGrenada, ePanama nase-Kuwait, kodwa kukho isoyikiso esinye esithe gqolo soyisa ngaphandle kokudubula okungaphezulu kweemipu ezimbalwa ezibulalayo kunye nerhasi yezinyembezi. Okuhlekisayo kukuba, esi soyikiso sikhoyo sesona sinokuthi ngoxolo sinqumle size sisuse ezona zixhobo ziyingozi nezinexabiso eliphezulu: abemi baso abathanda uxolo.

Ngexesha lemfazwe yaseVietnam, abantu abancinci baseMelika abajongana nelotto yokufa nokufa bakha intshukumo enamandla yokulwa nemfazwe. Umongameli uNixon wenze isindululo sokuphelisa uyilo njengendlela yokujongela phantsi intshukumo yoxolo, kuba wayekholelwa ukuba abantu abancinci bazakuyeka ukuqhanqalaza imfazwe xa bengasanyanzelekanga ukuba balwe. Ngo-1973, idrafti yagqitywa, ishiya umkhosi wamavolontiya owakhusela uninzi lwabantu baseMelika kwimpembelelo ebulalayo yeemfazwe zaseMelika.

Nangona ukungabikho kwedrafti, intshukumo entsha yokulwa nemfazwe-ngeli xesha kunye nokufikelela kwihlabathi-yavela kwixesha eliphakathi kolwaphulo-mthetho lwe-9 / 11 kunye nokuhlasela kwe-US ngokungekho mthethweni e-Iraq ngoMatshi 2003. NgoFebruwari 15, 2003, uqhanqalazo. yayiyeyona miboniso mikhulu kwimbali yoluntu, idibanisa abantu kwihlabathi liphela ngokuchasene nethemba elingenakucingelwa lokuba i-US ngenene iya kuphehlelela uhlaselo lwayo “lomothuko noloyiko” eIraq. Abantu abamalunga nezigidi ezingama-30 kwizixeko ezingama-800 bathabatha inxaxheba kwilizwekazi ngalinye, kuquka neAntarctica. Oku kugatywa kukhulu kwemfazwe, kukhunjulwe kwincwadi ethi We Are Many, kwakhokelela kwintatheli yeNew York Times uPatrick E. Tyler ukuba agqabaze ngokuba ngoku kukho amagunya amakhulu amabini kwesi sijikelezi-langa: iUnited States noluvo lukawonke wonke lwehlabathi.

Umatshini wemfazwe wase-US ubonakalise ukudelela imbangi yakhe yokuqala, kwaye wakhupha imfazwe engekho mthethweni esekwe kubuxoki obugqugqisile kumanqanaba amaninzi obundlobongela kunye nesiphithiphithi iminyaka eli-17. Ngaphandle kokuphela kweemfazwe zase-US kunye ne-allied e-Afghanistan, e-Iraq, eSomalia, eLibya, eSiriya, ePalestine, eYemen naseNtshona Afrika, kunye nemfazwe kaTrump ekhulayo yezozakuzo kunye nezoqoqosho ngokuchasene ne-Iran, iVenezuela kunye neNorth Korea isoyikisa ngokugqabhuka kwiimfazwe ezintsha, apho. ligunya lesibini elikhulu ngoku, xa silifuna kakhulu kunakuqala?

Ngexesha lemfazwe yaseVietnam, abantu abancinci baseMelika abajongana nelotto yokufa nokufa bakha intshukumo enamandla yokulwa nemfazwe.
Ifoto nguJStone/Shutterstock.com

Ukusukela ekubulaweni kukaGeneral Soleimani wase-Iran e-Iraq nge-2 kaJanuwari, intshukumo yoxolo iye yaphinda yangena ezitalatweni, kubandakanya nabantu ababematsha ngoFebruwari 2003 kunye nabaphembeleli abatsha kakhulu ukuba bakhumbule ixesha apho i-US yayingekho emfazweni. Kubekho iintsuku ezintathu ezahlukeneyo zoqhanqalazo, enye nge-4 kaJanuwari, enye ngomhla we-9 kunye nosuku lwehlabathi lokusebenza ngomhla wama-25. Iindibano zenzeke kumakhulu ezixeko, kodwa azikhange zitsale phantse amanani aphumayo ukuza kuqhankqalaza ngemfazwe engekapheli ne-Iraq ngo-2003, okanye nakwezo ndibano zincinci kunye nemilindo eyaqhubeka njengoko imfazwe yase-Iraq yayiphuma kulawulo kwade kwafika ixesha lokuqhambuka kwemfazwe. ubuncinane ngo-2007.

Ukusilela kwethu ukumisa imfazwe yase-US e-Iraq ngo-2003 kwakudimaza kakhulu. Kodwa inani labantu abasebenzela umlo wokulwa imfazwe e-US lancanca ngakumbi emva konyulo luka-2008 lukaBarack Obama. Uninzi lwabantu aluzange lufune ukubonakalisa u-Mongameli wokuqala omnyama welizwe, kwaye uninzi, kuquka ne-Nobel Peace Prize Committee, bakholelwa ukuba uza kuba "ngumongameli woxolo."

Ngelixa u-Obama ethandabuza wasihlonipha isivumelwano sikaBush norhulumente wase-Iraq sokurhoxisa imikhosi yase-US e-Iraq kwaye watyikitya isivumelwano senyukliya sase-Iran, wayekude nomongameli woxolo. Wongamela imfundiso entsha yokufihlakele kunye nemfazwe yeproxy eyanciphisa kakhulu ukubulawa kwabantu emkhosini wase-US, kodwa yavelisa ukwanda kwemfazwe e-Afghanistan, iphulo elichasene ne-ISIS e-Iraq naseSyria elatshabalalisa izixeko zonke, ukwanda okuphindwe kashumi kuhlaselo lwe-CIA. IPakistan, iYemen kunye neSomalia, kunye neemfazwe zeproxy ezinegazi eLibya naseSyria ezigquba namhlanje. Ekugqibeleni, u-Obama uchithe ngaphezulu emkhosini kwaye waphosa iibhombu ezininzi kumazwe amaninzi kunokuba wenzayo uBush. Wala nokubamba uBush kunye namaqabane akhe uxanduva lolwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe.

Iimfazwe zika-Obama azizange zibe nampumelelo ngaphezu kwekaBush ekubuyiseleni uxolo okanye uzinzo nakweliphi na lala mazwe okanye ekuphuculeni ubomi babantu bawo. Kodwa indlela ka-Obama “efihliweyo, ethe cwaka, engenazo iindaba” yokuya emfazweni yenza ukuba imeko yase-US yemfazwe engapheliyo izinze ngakumbi kwezopolitiko. Ngokunciphisa amaxhoba ase-US kunye nokulwa imfazwe kunye nokungathandwa okuncinci, waqhubela phambili iimfazwe zaseMelika emthunzini kwaye wanika uluntu lwaseMelika inkohliso yoxolo phakathi kwemfazwe engapheliyo, ngokufanelekileyo ekhupha izixhobo kunye nokwahlula intshukumo yoxolo.

Umgaqo-nkqubo wemfazwe oyimfihlo wase-Obama uxhaswa ngumkhankaso okhohlakeleyo ngokuchasene nabanempempe abanesibindi abazama ukuyikhupha ekukhanyeni. UJeffrey Sterling, uThomas Drake, uCanning Manning, uJohn Kiriakou, uEdward Snowden kwaye ngoku uJulian Assange batshutshiswa kwaye bavalelwa entolongweni phantsi kwenkcazo entsha engazange ibonwe ngaphambili yeWWI-era Espionage Act.

Ndikunye noDonald Trump kwi-White House, siva abantu baseRiphabhlikhi besenza izizathu ezifanayo zikaTrump-owayebaleka kwiqonga elilwa nemfazwe-le Democrats yenzela u-Obama. Okokuqala, abaxhasi bakhe bamkela inkonzo yomlomo malunga nokuphelisa iimfazwe kwaye babuyise amajoni ekhaya echaza eyona nto ayifunayo umongameli, njengokuba esalusa iimfazwe. Okwesibini, basicela ukuba sibe nomonde ngoba, nangaphandle kwabo bonke ubungqina benene behlabathi, bayaqiniseka ukuba usebenza nzima emva kwezikhuselo zoxolo. Okwesithathu, kwikopi yokugqibela ejongela phantsi ezinye iimpikiswano zabo ezimbini, baphakamisa izandla zabo besithi "kuphela" ngumongameli, kwaye iPentagon okanye "imeko enzulu" inamandla kakhulu kuye.
U-Obama kunye nabaxhasi bakaTrump ngokufanayo basebenzise le tripod eguquguqukayo yokungaziphenduleli kwezopolitiko ukunika indoda emva kwedesika apho ibhuki ibisetyenziselwa ukumisa yonke idesika "yokuphuma entolongweni simahla" amakhadi emfazwe engapheliyo kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe.

Ukusukela ekubulaweni kuka-General Soleimani wase-Iran e-Iraq nge-2 kaJanuwari, umbutho woxolo uphinde wabuyela ezitratweni.
Ifoto nguJohn Gomez/Shutterstock.com

Indlela ka-Obama no-Trump "yokufihlakala, ezolileyo, neyeendaba" emfazweni iye yanyanzela iimfazwe zaseMelika kunye nomkhosi ochasene nentsholongwane yedemokhrasi, kodwa iintshukumo ezintsha zentlalo zikhulele ukujongana neengxaki kufutshane nasekhaya. Ingxaki yemali ikhokelele ekunyukeni kweNtshukumo yezaBasebenzi, kwaye ngoku imeko yemozulu kunye nogqatso lweMelika oluzinzileyo kunye neengxaki zokufudukela kwelinye ilizwe zonke zivuselele intshukumo entsha yengca. Amagqwetha oxolo aye akhuthaza ezi ntshukumo ukuba zijoyine umnxeba wokuncitshiswa okukhulu kwePentagon, enyanzelisa ukuba amakhulu ezigidi ezigciniweyo anganceda ekuxhaseni yonke into ukusuka kwiMedicare for All to the Green New Deal ukuya kwizifundo zasekholejini zasimahla.

Amacandelo ambalwa ombutho woxolo ebebonisa indlela yokusebenzisa amaqhinga okudala kunye nokwakha iintshukumo ezahlukeneyo. Umbutho wamalungelo abantu basePalestina kunye namalungelo oluntu ubandakanya abafundi, amaqela amaSilamsi kunye namaJuda, kunye namaqela antsundu kunye namaqela emveli alwa imizabalazo efanayo apha ekhaya. Kwakhona kuyakhuthaza ngamaphulo oxolo kwi-peninsula yaseKorea ekhokelwa ngabantu baseKorea baseMelika, abafana ne-Women Cross i-DMZ, ehlanganise abafazi abavela eNyakatho Korea, eMzantsi Korea nase-United States ukubonisa ulawulo lukaTrump ukuba i-diplomacy yokwenyani ibonakala njani.

Kukwakho nemizamo edumileyo yokutyhala iNkongolo ethandabuzayo ukuba ithathe izikhundla ezichasene nemfazwe. Kangangamashumi eminyaka, iCongress iyonwabile kakhulu ukushiya ukufudumala kumongameli, ichitha indima yayo yomgaqo-siseko njengokuphela kwamandla agunyazisiweyo ukubhengeza imfazwe. Ngenxa yoxinzelelo loluntu, kubekho utshintsho oluphawulekayo. Ngo-2019, zombini izindlu zeCongress ivotele ukuphelisa inkxaso yase-US kwimfazwe ekhokelwa yi-Saudi eYemen kunye nokuthintela ukuthengiswa kwezixhobo eSaudi Arabia kwimfazwe yaseYemen, nangona uMongameli uTrump ewavotele omabini amatyala.

Ngoku iCongress isebenza kwiibhili zokuthintela ngokucacileyo imfazwe engagunyaziswanga e-Iran. Le mithetho isayilwayo ingqina ukuba uxinzelelo loluntu lunokuyisusa iCongress, kubandakanywa neSenethi elawulwa yiRiphabhlikhi, ukuba ibuyise amandla ayo omgaqo-siseko kwimfazwe noxolo kwisebe lesigqeba.

Olunye ukukhanya okuqaqambileyo kwiNkongolo ngumsebenzi wobuvulindlela wexesha lokuqala leNkongolo u-Ilhan Omar, osandula ukubeka uluhlu lwamatyala abizwa ngokuba yiNdlela yoXolo ecela umngeni kumgaqo-nkqubo wethu womkhosi wangaphandle. Ngelixa amatyala akhe aya kuba nzima ukuba aphunyezwe kwiCongress, abeka imarker apho kufuneka siye khona. I-ofisi ka-Omar, ngokungafaniyo nezinye ezininzi kwiCongress, eneneni isebenza ngokuthe ngqo nemibutho esezantsi enokuthi iwuqhubele phambili lo mbono.

Umongameli omtsha onjengoBernie Sanders kwi-White House uza kudala ithuba elitsha loxolo
Ifoto nguJohnny Silvercloud/Shutterstock.com

Unyulo lukamongameli lunika ithuba lokutyhala i-ajenda yokulwa nemfazwe. Eyona ntshatsheli isebenzayo nezinikeleyo yokulwa imfazwe kugqatso nguBernie Sanders. Ukuthandwa komnxeba wakhe wokufumana i-US kungenelelo lobukhosi kunye neevoti zakhe ngokuchasene neepesenti ezingama-84 zenkcitho yasemkhosini ukusukela ngo-2013 azibonakali nje kumanani akhe okuvota kodwa nakwindlela abanye abagqatswa beDemokhrasi abangxamele ukuthatha izikhundla ezifanayo. Bonke ngoku bathi i-US kufuneka ibuyele kwisivumelwano senyukliya sase-Iran; bonke baye bagxeka uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwe-Pentagon "oludumbileyo", nangona beyivotela rhoqo; kwaye uninzi luthembise ukuzisa imikhosi yase-US ekhaya isuka kuMbindi Mpuma.

Ke, xa sijonga kwikamva kulo nyaka lonyulo, ngawaphi amathuba ethu okuvuselela amandla ehlabathi yesibini kunye nokuphelisa iimfazwe zaseMelika?

Ukungabikho kwemfazwe enkulu entsha, akunakwenzeka ukuba sibone uqhanqalazo olukhulu ezitratweni. Kodwa amashumi amabini eminyaka emfazwe engapheliyo idale iimvakalelo ezinamandla zokulwa nemfazwe phakathi koluntu. Uphando lweZiko loPhando lwePew lwango-2019 lwafumanisa ukuba iipesenti ezingama-62 zabantu baseMelika bathi imfazwe yase-Iraq ayifanelanga kuliwa kwaye iipesenti ezingama-59 zathetha okufanayo ngemfazwe yase-Afghanistan.
E-Iran, i-poll kaSeptemba 2019 yeYunivesithi yaseMaryland yabonisa ukuba isinye kwisihlanu sabantu baseMelika bathi i-US "kufuneka ilungele ukuya emfazweni" ukufezekisa iinjongo zayo e-Iran, ngelixa ikota yesithathu yathi iinjongo zase-US azifuni umkhosi. ungenelelo. Kunye novavanyo lwePentagon malunga nokuba iyingozi kangakanani imfazwe ne-Iran, olu luvo lukawonke-wonke lwaphembelela uqhanqalazo lwehlabathi kunye nokugwetywa okuye kwanyanzela uTrump ukuba acofe ukwehla komkhosi wakhe kunye nezoyikiso nxamnye ne-Iran.

Ke, lo gama urhulumente wethu wasasaza emfazweni waqinisekisa abantu abaninzi baseMelika ukuba asinamandla okuphelisa iimfazwe zentlekele, iye yasilela ekuqinisekiseni uninzi lwabantu baseMelika ukuba asiphosakalanga. Njengakweminye imiba, ubutshantliziyo bunezithintelo ezibini eziphambili ekufuneka zisiwe: okokuqala ukweyisela abantu ukuba kukho into engalunganga; okwesibini ukubabonisa ukuba, ngokusebenzisana ukwakha intshukumo edumileyo, singenza okuthile ngayo.

Uloyiso oluncinci lombutho woxolo lubonisa ukuba sinamandla amakhulu okucela umngeni kumkhosi wase-US kunokuba uninzi lwabantu baseMelika luqonda. Njengoko abantu abathanda uxolo ngakumbi e-US nakwihlabathi liphela befumanisa amandla abanawo ngokwenene, amandla esibini amakhulu esithe sajongana ngokufutshane ngoFebruwari 15, 2003 anamandla okunyuka ngamandla, azinikele ngakumbi kwaye azimisele ngakumbi ukusuka eluthuthwini lwamashumi amabini eminyaka imfazwe.

IMedea Benjamin iqhankqalaza imfazwe neIran
Ifoto nguMaria Oswalt/Shutterstock.com

Umongameli omtsha onjengoBernie Sanders kwi-White House uza kudala ithuba elitsha loxolo. Kodwa njengemiba emininzi yasekhaya, oko kuvulwa kuya kuthwala isiqhamo kuphela kwaye koyise inkcaso yeminqweno enamandla ukuba kukho intshukumo enkulu emva kwayo yonke inyathelo lendlela. Ukuba kukho isifundo kubantu baseMelika abathanda uxolo kubongameli baka-Obama kunye noTrump, kukuba asinakusuka nje siphume kwindawo yokuvota siyishiye kwintshatsheli eWhite House ukuphelisa iimfazwe zethu kwaye izise uxolo. Ekugqibeleni, ngokwenene kuxhomekeke kuthi. Nceda usijoyine. Z

UMedea Benjamin ungumseki weCODEPINK yoXolo, kunye nombhali weencwadi ezininzi, kubandakanya Ngaphakathi kwe-Iran: Imbali Yembali kunye nezopolitiko zeRiphabhliki yase-Iran. 

UNicolas JS Davies yintatheli ezimeleyo, umphandi nge-CODEPINK kunye nombhali we Igazi Ngezandla Zethu: Ukumenywa kweMelika kunye nokubhujiswa kweIraq.