NgoFebruwari 13, 2002. - yi-CARACAS - I-elite ecebileyo yaseVenezuela isebenzisa yonke imithombo ekhoyo ukunyanzela uMongameli u-Hugo Chavez Frias ukuba ahlehlise okanye arhoxe. Uhlaselo lwabo lwafikelela kwinqanaba eliphezulu nge-23 kaJanuwari, xa 'uMatshi wabo weNkululeko kunye neDemokhrasi' watsalela nantoni na phakathi kwama-80,000 kunye nama-250,000 kwizitrato zaseCaracas kwaye wachaswa luqhanqalazo olukhulu lwe-chavista. Iphephandaba lemihla ngemihla elithi Ultimas Noticias lashwankathela umhla wama-23 kuJanuwari ngomxholo othi ‘Amazwe Amabili?’

Kwenzeka njani ukuba umzabalazo weklasi waseVenezuela ube mkhulu kangaka? Into ephambili ilele kwiphakheji yemithetho ye-49 eyamkelwe yiCongress ngoNovemba wonyaka ophelileyo. Ngaphambili 'iBolivarian Revolution' kaChavez yayigxile kakhulu ekuchazeni umgaqo-siseko omtsha we-1999 emva koloyiso lwakhe olugqithiseleyo kunyulo lukamongameli we-1998. Olo loyiso ekugqibeleni lwasingcwaba isidumbu seRiphabhlikhi yesine elawulwa yiSocial Christians (COPEI) kunye neDemocratic Action (AD), eyathi yatshintshana eburhulumenteni ukusukela oko kwabakho imvukelo edumileyo yabhukuqa ubuzwilakhe bomkhosi kaMarcos Perez Jimenez nge-23 kaJanuwari, 1958.

Imithetho engama-49 yayilinyathelo lokuqala elinobuzaza ekufezekiseni iinqobo ezisemgangathweni nemithetho-siseko ebhalwe kumgaqo-siseko weFifth Republic. Oku kuchaza iVenezuela njenge 'Democratic Social State of Law and Justice' - ngokuchasene nemarike yamahhala, ngokuchasene ne-oligarchy yezoqoqosho ehlala kwaye icinga njengabazala bayo base-US kunye nelizwe elidlulileyo elikhohlakeleyo.

Ayikuko ukuba imithetho nangayiphi na indlela yeyobusoshiyali. Umzekelo, umthetho womhlaba uzisa ngokulula eVenezuela imilinganiselo eyamkelwa kumazwe athile ongxowankulu obuphambili kwiinkulungwane ezimbini ezidlulileyo: ilungelo likarhulumente lokwaba umhlaba ongasebenziyo nongasebenziyo kakuhle. Njengoko abachazi-zimvo abakumgangatho olawulayo bechaza, yiprojekthi enganeno kakhulu kunohlaziyo lomhlaba lwemvukelo yaseMexico, iRashiya neTshayina.

I-hysteria ye-oligarchy ('i-squalid ones' kwi-Chavez-speak) ivela kwinto yokuba umthetho ubeka ngokucacileyo umgaqo wepropati yangasese kulowo wento eqhelekileyo.

Umthetho wezomhlaba useka iZiko leSizwe lezoMhlaba (INT) elimsebenzi walo ikukuhlela wonke umhlaba weli lizwe ube kolunye lwezintlu ezintathu – ezingasebenziyo, ezingenamveliso nezinemveliso. I-INT iya kuxhotyiswa ukuba ihluthe kwaye iphinde yabele umhlaba ongasebenziyo kwaye irhafise abo bangasebenziyo ngokunemveliso. Umthetho wemihlaba uphelisa imihlaba emikhulu eyayekiswa ngokusesikweni luhlaziyo lwezolimo luka-1961, kodwa uninzi lwazo lwakwazi ukuphila phantsi kolawulo olurhwaphilizayo lweminyaka engama-40 ubude olurhwaphilizayo lwe-COPEI ne-AD. Umthetho uvumela nabani na ukuba azise umhlaba ongasebenziyo nongasetyenziswa kakuhle kwi-INT kwaye ufuna ukuba i-INT inike ingxelo kwaye isebenze kwiimeko ezinjalo. Iimpikiswano ziya kuviwa phambi kwecandelo elikhethekileyo lomhlaba lenkqubo yobulungisa.

Eminye imithetho emibini iye yacaphukisa abantu abaphezulu kwezoqoqosho. Umthetho wokuloba, owandisa nje amanzi emimandla ukusuka kwiikhilomitha ezintlanu ukuya kwezili-10 kwaye uvale ushishino lokuloba kulo mda, uyilelwe ukukhusela umdla wabalobi abancinci kunye nokusingqongileyo elwandle ngokuchasene nokubawa kweenkxalabo zabalobi abakhulu. Umthetho we-hydrocarbons ubeka umda kwiqondo apho iifemu ze-oyile zabucala zinokuxhaphaza oovimba abakhulu baseVenezuela, ukuqinisa ukuvalwa komgaqo-siseko kushishino lwabucala lwe-oyile karhulumente, iPetroleos de Venezuela.

Iya kuphelela phi yonke loo nto? Wonke umntu olapha uyazi ukuba uhlaziyo lomhlaba yayingamandla eemoto zeNguquko yaseCuba kwaye xa umgaqo wepropathi yabucala ugqithisiwe kwimeko enye inokwandiswa nakwabanye. Okulandelayo ekujoliswe kuko ziibhanki zabucala zelizwe, ezihlawula kancinci njenge-2% kwiidiphozithi (ixabiso lokunyuka kwamaxabiso liqhuba kwi-13%), zihlawulisa kangange-50% kwiimali mboleko zorhwebo kwaye aziyazi intsingiselo yegama elithi 'irhafu. '.

Njengoko uChavez watshoyo ngoDisemba, emva kokuba iFedecamaras, iBhunga loShishino laseVenezuela, liququzelele uqhankqalazo lweshishini losuku olunye: 'Singenza ukuba nayiphi na ibhanki ingawuthobeliyo umthetho... umthetho uya kuvalelwa.'

I-oligarchy ibona amaphupha ayo amabi ezaliseka. Izityebi zibonakala zijongene norhulumente, umongameli kunye nenxalenye enhle yabemi ngokwenene ethatha umgaqo-siseko omtsha, isiseko esisemthethweni seBolivarian Revolution, kwixabiso layo lobuso njengeprojekthi epheleleyo yobulungisa bentlalo kunye nophuhliso lwesizwe.

Isicwangciso seklasi elawulayo

Ke, uChavez kufuneka anqanyulwe. Kodwa kanjani? Ingxaki engundoqo ye-oligarchy kukuba: uChavez kunye neMovement yakhe ye-Fifth Republic (MVR) banyulwa ngobuninzi obuninzi, kwaye baphumelele kulo lonke unyulo olusixhenxe olwenziwe phantsi komgaqo-siseko omtsha kule minyaka mibini idlulileyo;

UChavez ebesebenzisa inkqubo awanyulwa kuyo; yonke into eyenziweyo isemthethweni; amaqela emveli akathenjwa ngokupheleleyo kwaye akukho projekthi yimbi ethembekileyo; kunye noChavez owayesakuba yiparatrooper usayonwabela inkxaso yemikhosi exhobileyo yaseVenezuela.

Kule meko isicwangciso esisisiseko sezityebi siyinto eqhelekileyo kubo bonke abasekhohlo - ukuhlanganiswa kwabantu abaninzi. Ekuphela kwendlela urhulumente anokunyanzelwa ngayo ukuba anikezele kukuvusa olo qhankqalazo kunye nokuphazamiseka okude kuqalise ukuvela uqhekeko kwinkampu yaseChavez.

Okumangalisayo kukuba, eyona nto iphambili kwiqhinga lenkcaso ibonelelwe ngumgaqo-siseko omtsha. Ikhusela ilungelo lokuvota kuwo nawuphi na umba ukuba isikhalazo sifakwe yi-10% yabemi abavotayo. Amacandelo enkcaso acinga ukuba, edityaniswe nonyaka okanye emibini yesiphithiphithi sezoqoqosho (oko kukuthi, ukutshabalalisa), i-referendum efuna u-Chavez ukuba arhoxe iya kunika inkxaso yesininzi. Okwangoku, ulawulo luya kuba phantsi kwemfazwe yezomthetho njengoko 'abemi babucala' bezisa ityala emva kwetyala likarhulumente kwimiba esusela kwisivumelwano se-oyile saseVenezuela kunye neCuba ukuya kwizityholo zokwaphulwa komgaqo-siseko.

Ewe kunjalo, umahluko kulo naluphi na uhlobo olusekhohlo lokuhlanganisa abantu abaninzi kukuba i-oligarchy yaseVenezuela inobutyebi obuninzi. Inamandla okutshabalalisa uqoqosho (i-Fedecamaras 'ingxelo' ekhutshwe kwiveki ephelileyo yathi iimeko zotyalo-mali zingcono kwi-Colombia edlakazwe yimfazwe kunaseVenezuela!) umatshini womkhankaso).

Imikhosi emibini iyaqhuba

Umzabalazo waseVenezuela ngumlo weentliziyo kunye neengqondo kwinqanaba le-titanic. Iya isanda imikhosi emibini ijongana enye kwenye kwaye iqhubela phambili inzuzo ngaphambi kongquzulwano oluqinisekileyo. Ngawaphi amandla kunye nobuthathaka babo?

Isiseko senkxaso yentlalo kaChavez silele kakhulu phakathi kwabalimi abahlwempuzekileyo kunye nabasebenzi basemaphandleni abangenamhlaba, abahluphekayo basezidolophini, kunye namacandelo abasebenzi abasebenzayo kunye namashishini amancinci. Inxalenye yongxowankulu besizwe – uninzi lwabo bathe bazuza kumgaqo-nkqubo wakhe wokunyusa imfuno yangaphakathi kunye nokunyuswa okungephi kwerhafu – nabo bayamxhasa uChavez okwangoku.

Iintshaba zeBolivarian Revolution zibandakanya bonke abarhanelwa abaqhelekileyo - abaphathi beCawa yamaKatolika, ukunikwa umhlaba kunye nabaphezulu bezorhwebo kunye nabaxhasi babo baphesheya kunye 'neengqondo zabo' - kodwa kunye namacandelo abarhwebi abancinci, abachwephesha, kunye nemanyano yabasebenzi. i-bureaucracy (isalawulwa yi-AD yedemokhrasi yezentlalo) kunye naloo nxalenye yabasebenzi isephantsi kwempembelelo yayo.

Idibana njani imibutho yezopolitiko yelizwe? Apha kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba ezona ziphumo zinzulu zoloyiso luka-Chavez luka-1998 yayikukuba onke amaqela ezopolitiko, iCOPEI kunye ne-AD kodwa nalawo ayezimveliso zoo-1980 noo-1990, awile okanye afumana iiyantlukwano ezibalulekileyo. Kumacala omabini olwahlulo, umbutho wezopolitiko ukwimo yokuguquguquka okumangalisayo, kunye nezinto ezindala ezijonge ukuhlanganisana kunye namandla amatsha azama ukuhlanganisa. Ngokwenene, umzabalazo kunye nokuchasene neBolivarian Revolution ngowona ubalulekileyo umzabalazo wokwakha umbutho wezopolitiko owaneleyo kungquzulwano oluzayo.

Izixhobo zokuqala zezopolitiko ze-chavismo, i-MVR kunye ne-Movement ebanzi ye-Bolivarian Revolution 200 (MBR-200), yayiphezu komsebenzi wokugaya inkxaso ethandwayo yonyulo kunye noqhanqalazo, kodwa baye bawela ngokukhawuleza kwizinto ezifunekayo. njengokuba ungquzulwano lwaseklasini luya lusanda. Ukuqhuba i-Chavez yabo echasene nokuhlasela iseke imibutho emibini emitsha. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo 'zizangqa zeBolivarian', ezingama-8000 zazo zaqaliswa kwindibano eyomeleleyo yesiqingatha sesigidi eCaracas ngoDisemba 17. Izangqa zisisiseko sombutho we revolution kwaye zisekwa kubumelwane, uluntu kunye neendawo zokusebenza kulo lonke. ilizwe.

Ingcamango yezangqa isekelwe ngokuthe gca kwilifa lenguquko yaseVenezuela, eqala ngoloyiso lukaSimon Bolivar kwimfazwe yokuzimela geqe eSpeyin, kwaye kuquka 'njengeengcamango ze-ideological patrimony amava asebenzayo kunye nethiyori yemizabalazo yenkululeko yabo bonke abantu baseLatini. eMelika kunye neCaribbean.

Imisebenzi yabo ibandakanya 'ukuphakamisa ukuqonda kwabemi'ukuphuhlisa zonke iintlobo zombutho wokuthatha inxaxheba kuluntu ... ukuvuselela ukuyila kunye nokusungula izinto ezintsha kubomi bomntu kunye noluntu ... [kunye] nokuqonda iiprojekthi ezixhalabisa uluntu kwiinkalo zempilo, imfundo, inkcubeko, imidlalo, iinkonzo zoluntu, izindlu, nokulondolozwa kwendalo, ubuncwane bendalo kunye nembali yethu yelifa.'

Umbutho wesibini omtsha nguMyalelo wePatriotic weRevolution. Umlawuli jikelele wayo nguGuillermo Garcia Ponce, owayesakuba yinkokeli yeQela lamaKomanisi laseVenezuela (PCV) kunye negqala lombutho owabhukuqa ubuzwilakhe bomkhosi waseVenezulan. Ngokutsho kukaGarcia Ponce: 'Umyalelo uya kuba liziko lokudibanisa kuyo yonke imikhosi exhasa umgaqo-siseko weRiphabhliki yaseBolivarian yaseVenezuela kunye neprojekthi yezopolitiko yokuguqulwa eyenziwa nguHugo Chavez. Indima yayo iya kuba kukuphuhlisa nokomeleza umanyano lwemikhosi yenguqu; ukwakha iinkqubo zenkxaso kuhlaziyo lwezopolitiko nezentlalo; ukulungelelanisa abantu; kunye nokuphakamisa imfundo yezopolitiko yezihlwele ezithandwayo kunye nokudala isiseko sengcamango sokukhokela imikhosi yaseBolivarian. Kwakhona liya kuba nomsebenzi wokushenxisa ulawulo lukarhulumente kwabo barhwaphilizayo nokudala abalawuli neenkokeli ezidibanisa ukunyaniseka kwiprojekthi yezobupolitika nobuchule namandla afunekayo ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zelizwe.’

Ukudalwa kwale mibutho kubonisa utshintsho olucacileyo ekuhambeni komzabalazo, ukubeka iintsimbi ezingakumbi kwi-oligarchy kunye nezihloko ezixhokonxayo ezifana 'neTaliban chavismo ihlelwa'. Ukutshintshwa kwamva nje komphathiswa wezangaphakathi uLuis Miquelina, igqala lezopolitiko elinamaqhina amaninzi kwiRiphabhlikhi yesine (1958-1999), nguRodriguez Chacin, umthetheli womkhosi waselwandle umsebenzi wakhe wangaphambili yayikukugcina unxibelelwano neRevolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC), akenzanga nto ukuthomalalisa imithambo-luvo yenkcaso.

Iingxaki ze-chavismo

Utshintsho lwamva nje lubangelwa kukuqonda ukuba urhulumente waseChavez wenze iimpazamo ezininzi ezinike utshaba izixhobo kwaye zenza buthathaka isiseko sakhe senkxaso. Umntu akanyanzelekanga ukuba akholelwe kuvoto lwezimvo – enye yazo ebonisa ukuba izinga lokuthandwa kukaChavez liyehla ukusuka kwi-60% ukuya kwi-19% ukusukela oko waphumelela kunyulo luka-1998 – ukuze aqonde ukuba ukumanyaniswa kwenkxaso ethile kumatyotyombe nasezilalini kuhambe kunye nombutho woluntu. Ukulahlwa kwamacandelo abantu abakumgangatho ophakathi kunye nenxalenye yabasebenzi abasuka kwinkampu yaseChavez.

UChavez uvumile kakhulu kudliwanondlebe lukaDisemba noLe Monde Diplomatique umnxibelelanisi uLuis Bilbao. Uye wathi ‘ngoku lixesha lokulungisa iimpazamo ezininzi ezenziweyo kule minyaka mithathu kunye nokuqalisa inkqubo echaseneyo’. Iimpazamo ziquka ukulibaziseka ekwabiweni ngokutsha kwengeniso ngelixa uqoqosho lwalukhula ngo-2000 (3.2%) no-2001 (3.5%), luxhomekeke kumagosa olawulo oludala ixesha elide, ukungasebenzi kumatyala amaninzi okutyholwa urhwaphilizo kunye nokungabikho ngokoqobo. nayiphi na indlela yonxibelelwano ngobuninzi benkqubo karhulumente ngaphandle komdlalo kamabonakude weveki kaChavez Molo, Mongameli.

Eyona mpazamo ibalulekileyo kaChavez, ngokutsho kwabalandeli abaninzi, yayilinge lokuzama ukwenza idemokhrasi imibutho yabasebenzi (iZiko labaSebenzi baseVenezuela, i-CTV) eye yaqhutywa ngamagosa alungelelaniswe ne-AD kwisitayela esenza ukuba iBhunga lezaBasebenzi le-NSW libukeke lithambile kwaye linenkathalo. ngokuthelekisa (umzekelo, nabaphi na abasebenzi abafunyenwe bengavumelani ne-CTV bafakwa kuluhlu lwabantsundu oluthunyelwa kubo bonke abaqeshi).

Uvoto lwesizwe olufuna ukuba imibutho yabasebenzi iqhube unyulo lwedemokhrasi yaqhutywa sisininzi esigqithileyo, kodwa imikhosi exhasa uChavez yayingenaxesha laneleyo lokuzilungiselela kwaye ukuqhutywa konyulo olutsha kwakushiyelwa ezandleni ze-CTV bureaucracy. Ngenxa yoko, abaxhasi bakaChavez baphumelele kuphela i-45% yevoti, kunye noloyiso oluya ku-AD hack uCarlos Ortega, lowo abasebenzi beshishini leoli bavotela njengenkokeli yombutho wabo. Ngelixa iKomishoni yoNyulo yeSizwe iye yagweba ukuba unyulo kufuneka lubanjwe kwakhona, kukho ingxoxo ngaphakathi kwenkampu yeChavez malunga nokuba oku akuyi kubangela ukugwetywa kwamazwe ngamazwe kunye nokuvinjelwa.

I-blackmail iya iqina

Nangona kunjalo, nokuba ziziphi na iimpazamo zalo utshaba olukhulu olujongene ne-chavistas ligunya lezoqoqosho kunye nezopolitiko ze-oligarchy kunye nabahlobo bayo eWashington. Ngokuqinisekileyo iyamnceda uChavez ukuba ilizwe laseVenezuela lilawule ingeniso yeoli yelizwe kodwa iintsuku zihambile xa loo mbiza yegolide inokutsalwa ngokuthanda kwayo ukufezekisa iminqweno yezopolitiko karhulumente.

Uqoqosho lwaseVenezuela, kudala lujongwa njengento engaqhelekanga kuqoqosho lwaseLatin America jikelele (ityala eliphezulu langaphandle, ukuhla kwexabiso lemali, ukunyuka kwamaxabiso aphezulu, intswela-ngqesho ephezulu, utyalo-mali oluphantsi) kwaphinda kwadibana nokuhla kwelizwekazi ngeminyaka yoo-1980.

Kulo mongo, ulawulo lwe-oligarchy lwezorhwebo kunye neendaba zisisikhali esibalulekileyo, okokuqala ngqangiswe ngomsindo kwisiteyimu seshishini se-10 kaDisemba. Olo suku lwalufana neCawa eCaracas, kunye namashumi amawaka abarhwebi basesitratweni (buhoneros) abadla ngokuzalisa ikomkhulu eliphawuleka ngokungabikho kwabo.

Uqhankqalazo lube sisiphumo somanyano olungengcwele kodwa olunamandla phakathi kweFedecamaras, i-CTV kunye noomatshini bakudala bezopolitiko. Ikwazile ukunyanzela nawaphi na amashishini amancinci kunye neebuhoneros ezithandabuzayo ukuba zingenele uqhankqalazo ngokugrogrisa ngokuqhawula unikezelo lwabo lwentengiso.

Impumelelo yomboniso wabo we-23 kaJanuwari ubeke umoya omtsha kwiiseyile ze-oligarchy. Ithoni yamazwi abo kunye neengxelo kukuba uChavez ngoku ulahlekelwe yinkxaso yesininzi kwaye akukho ngoku umbuzo wokuba kodwa xa ehamba, umyalezo ophindaphindiweyo ngokuphindaphindiweyo ngamajelo eendaba kunye nabahlalutyi.

Nangona kunjalo, inkcaso ayenzi mpazamo yokukholelwa i-propaganda yayo. Iyalunyusa uhlaselo lweminye imida emithathu ebalulekileyo - ngolawulo lweCawa yamaKatolika, ukuya eWashington nangaphakathi kwimikhosi exhobileyo.

Ukungenelela kwabefundisi bamaKatolika kuye kwaba nembono embi gqitha. Nge-23 kaJanuwari, kanye ngaloo mini imikhosi ye-pro- kunye ne-anti-chavista yayihleli kwizitrato zaseCaracas, u-nuncio kapopu, okwangumongameli wombutho wezozakuzo eVenezuela, wanikela intetho apho walumkisa urhulumente malunga nokuxhatshazwa okugqithisileyo. imigaqo-nkqubo yayo yayivelisa kwaye icela uChavez ukuba ahloniphe amalungelo abantu.

U-Chavez onomsindo waphendula ngokubiza abaphathi bamaKatolika 'njengethumba' kuluntu lwaseVenezuela, ingxelo eyaxhokonxa elinye iliza leendaba.

Emva koko kukho iWashington. Ingxelo yamva nje e-El Nacional, 'udumo' lwemihla ngemihla eVenezuela, yathi emva kokuba uChavez ebize uhlaselo lwase-US kwi-Afghanistan 'ngumnqolobi', uGeorge Bush wayecebise ukuba ulawulo lweChavez lubekwe bodwa.

Ngokutsho kwengxelo, amanye amalungu ekhabhinethi kaBush, kuquka usekela-mongameli uDick Cheney, bacenga uBush ukuba ukuxhomekeka kwe-US kwioli yaseVenezuela kuthetha ukuba ngeli nqanaba ukujongana ngqo noChavez kwakumele kuphetshwe kwaye iqhinga elifanelekileyo yayikukurhoxisa i-US. unozakuzaku (okwenziwayo). IVenezuela inokujongana nayo emva kokuba iCebo laseColombia liwenzile umsebenzi walo wokulawula iintshukumo zabanqolobi baseColombia.

Ewe kunjalo, iprofayile ephantsi yaseWashington eVenezuela ayithethi ukuba ayibandakanyekanga kubuqhetseba obungasemva. Kukho, umzekelo, iingxelo ezingapheliyo zase-US 'zokukhathazeka' malunga ne-Chavez emele ukuba 'ukufutshane' kwi-guerrillas yaseColombia kunye nemeko yenkululeko yeendaba kwilizwe.

Lo mbandela wokugqibela unendima ebalulekileyo ngakumbi kwinkcaso. Kuloo nto iselidabi lokuba semthethweni emehlweni abantu baseVenezuela akukho nto inokuthanda ngaphezu kokuba urhulumente avale okanye akhalimele iphephandaba okanye inkqubo yeTV. Uqhanqalazo lwakutsha nje ngaphandle kwekomkhulu le-El Nacional ngamalungu athile eezangqa zaseBolivarian efuna ukuba iphepha liyeke ukunyelisa urhulumente lichazwe njengesiqalo sephulo le-chavista lokuxhaphaza amajelo eendaba ukuba athobe.

Uhlaselo olunjalo luya kuba sisizathu esifanelekileyo sohlaselo oluphuma kuzo zonke iintshaba zikaChavez, ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe. Injongo ethile iya kuba kukuvelisa ulwahlulo olunzulu kwisiseko esingundoqo seChavez senkxaso - imikhosi exhobileyo.

Imithombo yeendaba yaseVenezuela sele ilungiselela umhlaba wesiphumo esinjalo ngamabali angapheliyo malunga nokunyuka kwenkxalabo kunye noChavez ngaphakathi kwemikhosi exhobileyo.

Impendulo yee-chavistas kukwenza konke ukunqanda ukuwela kwesi sixhokonxa. Ngenxa yoko, ilayisenisi yemidiya eVenezuela iyamangalisa. Iziqwenga eziyityhefu ezityholwa ngurhulumente, ezinokuthi zifumane incwadi yokunyeliswa kwangoko eOstreliya, zivela yonke imihla kwaye zinethamsanqa lokuvunyelwa impendulo kwileta engcwatywe emazantsi ephepha loonobumba.

Urhulumente ulungiselela uhlaselo lwakhe kulo mba ngendlela yomthetho wemixholo yeendaba, abathi baya kubeka imigangatho yokungakhethi cala ekunikweni kwengxelo kunye nebhunga leendaba ukuba lijonge ezi zinto, kodwa amajelo eendaba sele egxeka njengesiqalo sokuphela. inkululeko yamajelo eendaba.

Indlela ephambili

Indlela engaphambi kweBolivarian Revolution izele ngamajiko-jiko ayingozi. Ingxaki engundoqo kukugcina nokomeleza intembeko, ukuzinikela kunye nomoya wokuncama isiseko sayo sobuninzi. Oku akukabikho ngohlobo lweqela labavukeli kunye neentshukumo ezininzi zohlaziyo lwamandulo lwaseLatin America, olufana neMexico kunye neCuban. Eyona nto ifuna ukwakhiwa kombutho wenguqu ophuma kweyona chavista inomdla kakhulu.

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku esona sixhobo siphambili sezopolitiko sikaChavez ibiyimikhosi exhobileyo, apho athe wagcina ulawulo ngomgaqo-nkqubo wokuthatha umhlala-phantsi kunye nonyuso olusecaleni, kodwa ezi ziya kuhamba kude kangakanani naye kwindlela yokuqinisa ukujongana noqoqosho lwelizwe kunye neWashington. ayiqinisekanga.

Esinye isiseko esinokubakho senkxaso yi-Venezuelan ekhohlo. Nangona kunjalo, ukunyuka kukaChavez, ukuqala ngobhukuqo lwakhe olungaphumelelanga ngoFebruwari 4, 1992, ubukhulu becala lubangelwa kukuqokelelwa kweentsilelo ngabashiyi baseVenezuela abaphose ixesha layo kwaye kwakhona kule minyaka ingama-40 idlulileyo.

Ngelixa uninzi lwasekhohlo - i-PCV, amanqanaba e-Movement towards Socialism (MAS), i-Homeland for All (PPT) kunye namanye amaqela amancinci - emi kunye noChavez, amacandelo amancinci ngasekhohlo, kuquka ubunkokeli bepalamente ye-MAS kunye namacandelo. phakathi kwiminyaka yoo-1990 unyaka omnye emangalisayo Causa R, baye benza unobangela eqhelekileyo kunye oligarchy - ngokusisiseko ngenxa yokuba abazange bafumane isilayi samandla ababewafuna kwinkampu Chavez.

Oku kuthetha ukuba ngelixa abanye abantu bakudala bekhohlo bekwizikhundla ezibalulekileyo phantsi kweChavez, uninzi lwamaqela ombutho odumileyo luyadalwa kwikhondo elivuthuzayo lomzabalazo. Uninzi lwaba ngabasebenzi abasebatsha kunye nabahlali basematyotyombeni, kwakunye nenani elikhulayo labafundi abasuka kwiidyunivesithi ezingezozamasiko.

INguquko yaseBolivarian kaChavez yatshayela ulawulo oludala olumdaka kwaye yabeka umgaqo-siseko ogcina iminqweno yoninzi lwabantu baseVenezuela. Uphawu olothusayo koku kukuba umgaqo-siseko kunye nemithetho engama-49 iseyeyona ithengiswa kakhulu kwizitrato zaseCaracas. Nokuba loo minqweno inokuba yinyani ngoku ixhomekeke kumandla entshukumo kaChavez ekutshintsheni iigiya-ukusuka kugqabhuko-dubulo lweemvakalelo ezidumileyo ngokuchasene norhulumente wakudala kunye nomnqweno wotshintsho kumlo olungelelanisiweyo wamandla okwenyani ezopolitiko kunye nezoqoqosho.

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