Ngelinge lokunqwenela ukuhlala egunyeni, uNjengele Pervez Musharraf wenze ubhukuqo-mbuso ngokuchasene nomthetho wasePakistan. Isibhengezo sakhe somthetho wemfazwe, ukunqunyanyiswa komgaqo-siseko kunye namalungelo asisiseko kwakujoliswe ekubhukuqeni iNkundla ePhakamileyo yasePakistan, ekulindeleke ukuba iwise isigwebo kwiveki ezayo sokuba uMusharraf akanakuqhubeka njengomongameli kunye nomphathi womkhosi.

Ejongene nokukhetha ukuba ngumongameli kunye nokubotshwa ngumgaqo-siseko okanye intloko yomkhosi kunye nokulawula i-diktat, u-Musharraf wakhetha ikhaki kunye namandla. Yakhe isaziso sobhukuqo-mbuso inesihloko esithi "Isibhengezo soNgxamiseko esibhengezwe yiNtloko yoMkhosi waBasebenzi Jikelele uPervez Musharraf" kwaye iphetha ngokuthi "Ndiyalela kwaye ndibhengeza ukuba uMgaqo-siseko weRiphabhlikhi yamaSilamsi yasePakistan uya kuhlala ungasebenzi."

Isibhengezo sikaMusharraf luluhlu lwezikhalazo malunga neenkundla. INkundla ePhakamileyo yayikuphela kwesebe likarhulumente iMusharraf kwaye umkhosi awuzange ulawule. Kwiminyaka esibhozo ukusukela oko wathinjwa kwakhe igunya ngo-Okthobha ka-1999, uMusharraf uye waqhatha unyulo lwepalamente ukuze azinike isininzi, wakhetha umphathiswa wakhe ngesandla, kwaye wathatha indawo yeenjengele eziphezulu. Ulawulo lwakhe, kwaye ngaye lolobunkokeli bomkhosi, kurhulumente norhulumente lwaluphantse luphelele. Kodwa akukho nanye kwezi eyanele ukumnika nokuba amandla angaqwalaselwanga okanye ukuba semthethweni awayekufuna.

kwinkundla ephezulu

UMusharraf wakhalaza ngokukodwa ukuba iinkundla zasePakistan, ngakumbi iNkundla ePhakamileyo, zibhukuqa ulawulo. Isibhengezo sakhe sithi “ukungenelela kweNkundla rhoqo kulawulo, kuquka kodwa kungaphelelanga nje ekulawuleni abanqolobi, umgaqo-nkqubo wezoqoqosho, ukulawulwa kwamaxabiso, ukuthotywa kweenkampani nocwangciso lweedolophu, kuye kwawenza buthathaka umthetho karhulumente.” Ikhalazela “impatho ethob’ isidima esenziwa kumagosa karhulumente ngokuqhelekileyo ngamanye amalungu enkundla ebudeni bamatyala enkundla.”

Inkxalabo ethile yayiyiNkundla ePhakamileyo ethathela ingqalelo amatyala amakhulu abantu abacholwe kwiminyaka yakutshanje zii-arhente zogcino-mthetho ngaphandle kweziqinisekiso kwaye bagcinwe eluvalelweni, ngaphandle kwetyala okanye ityala. Iimfuno zenkqubo efanelekileyo kunye ne-habeas corpus ziye zangqineka zingenasiqhamo njengoko amagosa asuka nje axoka kwiinkundla ngabantu awayebaphethe.

IKomishoni yamaLungelo oLuntu yasePakistan ekugqibeleni yakwazi ukweyisela iNkundla ePhakamileyo ukuba ithathe amanyathelo. INkundla yaqalisa ukubiza amagosa aphezulu yaza yanyanzela urhulumente ukuba akhuphele enkundleni aba bantu bavalelweyo. Yagrogrisa amagosa aphezulu ezomthetho ngokudelela inkundla nentolongo ukuba awathobeli yaye yayicinga ngokubiza iintloko zomkhosi ukuze ziphendule enkundleni. Inkqubo yaqhekeka kwaye inyamalala yaqala ukubonakala.

U-Iftikhar Chaudhry, ijaji eyintloko yeNkundla ePhakamileyo yasePakistan, uye wavela njengomntu ophambili ekujonganeni nokusetyenziswa kwegunya ngokungekho mthethweni ngurhulumente. UGeneral Musharraf uphendule ekuqaleni kwalo nyaka ngokumgxotha, eqala umbutho wesizwe okhokelwa ngamagqwetha okubuyiselwa kobulungisa. Yatsala inkxaso eninzi yoluntu, ibonakalisa ukunganeliseki okuxhaphakileyo ngeminyaka esibhozo yolawulo lukaMusharraf. Kulo lonke ilizwe, izihlwele ezikhulu zazingcelele ezindleleni zaza zahlanganisana ukuze zibone yaye zive ijaji eyintloko. Ezinye iijaji zeNkundla ePhakamileyo zabhengeza ukuba ijaji eyintloko kufuneka ibuyiselwe esikhundleni kwaye uMusharraf kwafuneka arhoxe.

INkundla ibuyele kumatyala okuvalelwa ngokungekho mthethweni. Ikwagwebe amagosa aphezulu asixhenxe ukuba arhoxise izigwebo zentolongo ngokuphatha ijaji eyintloko ngexesha lephulo lokubuyiswa kwayo.

Umkhosi wamaSilamsi

UGeneral Musharraf ukwabanga ukuba iinkundla zithintela iinzame zakhe zokunqanda umkhosi wamaSilamsi kwiindawo zezizwe, i-talibanization yephondo lasePakistan elikumantla-ntshona, kunye neziqhushumbisi zokuzibulala eziye zaqhambuka kwizixeko ezikhulu kule minyaka imbalwa idlulileyo. Kodwa iiNkundla zigxininise kuphela kulawulo lomthetho. Ukungaphumeleli kukaMusharraf ukuchasana ngempumelelo nemfazwe kuvela kwezinye izizathu.

Eyona ngxaki ibalulekileyo ibe lulawulo lomkhosi ngokwawo kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yawo ngamaqela ezopolitiko namaSilamsi. Edinga uhlobo oluthile lokhuselo lwezopolitiko emva kokuthatha ulawulo ngo-1999, uMusharraf kunye neenjengele zakhe badibanisa imanyano yabezopolitiko abangenelelayo, abakreqi bamanye amaqela kunye namaqela ezopolitiko angamaSilamsi. Oku kuquka awona maqela avukelayo nanobundlobongela, apho umkhosi, okhokelwa nguMusharraf, wawuququzelele waza wasebenzisa ukulwa neIndiya kummandla waseKargil eKashmir ngentwasahlobo ka-1999. iminyaka, kwaye yayisembindini we-jihad exhaswa yi-US ngokuchasene neSoviet Union e-Afghanistan ye-30s kunye ne-Kashmir yemvukelo ye-1980s.

Xa unganiki nkxaso ngqo, urhulumente weMusharraf ukhethe ukungahoywa kunye nokukholisa amaqela ezopolitiko amaSilamsi kunye nabalweli. Imithetho yamaSilamsi ivumelekile ukuba ihlale ezincwadini. Amaqela omkhosi avalwe ngokukrokra esidlangalaleni nangasese avunyelwe ukuba asebenze. Nokuba kukwimimandla yezizwe zase Waziristan okanye kuthatyathwe ngomkhosi weMosque eBomvu esembindini we-Islamabad, uMusharraf kunye neenjengele zakhe bakhetha ukungayihoyi loo nto, emva koko benza imvume kumajoni ngethemba elilize lokuba ingxaki iya kuhamba. .

I-Coup yesibini

Urhulumente uye wasabela kwi-militancy kuphela xa iimfuno zasekhaya nezamazwe ngamazwe zenza into eninzi. Kodwa endaweni yempendulo esemthethweni, elinganisiweyo yezopolitiko, kunye neengcamango eziyingxenye yomgaqo-nkqubo wexesha elide wokulwa ne-militancy, u-Musharraf kunye nabaphathi bakhe baye baphendula ngokuphindaphindiweyo nge-spasm. Babonisa umboniso wamandla omangalisayo obandakanya izixhobo zokulwa, iinqanawa zehelikopta kunye noqhankqalazo lomoya, nto leyo ekhokelela kwinani elikhulu lokufa kunye nokonzakala kwabantu, ukutshisa imbono yoluntu, kunye nokuphembelela umkhosi.

Embindini wesibini sika-Musharraf, kwaye yintoni ezimisele ixesha kunye nomlingiswa wayo, akusiyo inkundla ye-activist, ukuvalelwa ngokungekho mthethweni okanye ukulwa. INkundla yayisele iqalile ukumamela imingeni kwindima kaMusharraf njengentloko yomkhosi wabasebenzi kunye nomongameli weriphabliki. Umgaqo-siseko wasePakistan uyakwalela ngokucacileyo ukubamba ezi zikhundla zozibini. Ungquzulwano lwalusemnyango. Kuye kwathiwa ijaji yeNkundla ePhakamileyo yaxelela urhulumente ukuba inkundla iza kugweba uMusharraf. U-Musharraf wagqiba esi soyikiso ngokususa ijaji eyintloko kunye neninzi yeNkundla ePhakamileyo. Ngaphambi kokuba badityaniswe ngaphandle kwesakhiwo seNkundla ePhakamileyo, abagwebi abasixhenxe, kuquka nejaji eyintloko, bakhupha umyalelo othi isibhengezo sikaMusharraf semeko yonxunguphalo sichasene nomgaqo-siseko yaye bacela amagosa karhulumente nemikhosi exhobileyo ukuba yale ukuyithobela. Kumyalezo owawusiya kumagqwetha elizwe, ijaji eyintloko icele inkcaso.

Oko kujoliswe kuko kolu bhukuqo-mbuso kukwabonakala kuluhlu lwabo bebengabokuqala ukubanjwa kugqogqo lwamapolisa: iinkokeli zeKomishoni yamaLungelo oLuntu yasePakistan, amagqwetha adumileyo, kunye namatshantliziyo axhasa idemokhrasi. Injongo ngokucacileyo kukuthintela intshukumo yedemokhrasi kunye nomthetho womthetho onokujongana noGeneral Musharraf kunye nesakhiwo esikhulu solawulo lomkhosi ePakistan.

Sharif kunye noBhutto

Uqhanqalazo luqalile kwilizwe lonke, lukhokelwa ngamagqwetha kunye nemibutho yoluntu. Baye baqubisana nerhasi yezinyembezi kunye namandla akhohlakeleyo. Amawaka kubikwa ukuba aye abanjwa. Isenokuba liphulo elizimiseleyo, elakhelwe phezu kwamava ogayo ekuqaleni kwalo nyaka. Kodwa uluntu lwasePakistan, ngelixa lingamagorha, lubuthathaka. Ayixhotyiswanga kakuhle kumzabalazo omde nonzima ngokuchasene nolawulo lomkhosi. Embindini wayo nayiphi na impumelelo iya kuba ngamaqela amakhulu ezopolitiko ePakistan, iBenazir Bhutto yePakistan Peoples Party kunye neNawaz Sharif yePakistan Muslim League.

Kodwa zombini iPeoples Party kunye neMuslim League zikhokelwa ukusuka phezulu ukuya phezulu. Zizithuthi ezithandwa ngabantu kwiinkokheli zabo, zombini beziziinkulumbuso zangaphambili, kunokuba zibe ngamaqela opolitiko edemokhrasi aneengcambu ezineziseko zasekuhlaleni ezomelelayo. Ngaphaya koko, iinkokeli zawo omabini amaqela zilalanisa ngokunzulu. Ngenkxaso yase-US ne-Bhritane, uBhutto kutshanje wenze isivumelwano noNjengele Musharraf ukuba acime zonke izityholo zorhwaphilizo atyholwa ngazo kwaye akwazi ukubuya elubhacweni azibandakanye norhulumente okhokelwa nguMusharraf. Ubizele amatsha ntliziyo eqela lakhe kwimiqobo, kodwa angavuma ukuthethana neNjengele ngokwabelana ngamandla.

USharif wabhukuqwa nguMusharraf kubhukuqo lwakhe luka-1999 waza wavuma ukuya elubhacweni eSaudi Arabia. Iqela lakhe liza kuzibandakanya ngokuzithandela kodwa uninzi lombutho wakhe layishiya inqanawa ukuze lizibandakanye neqela lezopolitiko elihlanganiswe nguGeneral Musharraf njengegqabi lomkhiwane kulawulo lwakhe. U-Sharif naye wazama ukubuya elubhacweni kodwa wafakwa kwinqwelomoya kwaye wabuyiselwa emva, ngaphandle kwesigqibo esicacileyo seNkundla ePhakamileyo sokuba uSharif unelungelo lokubuyela ePakistan. Khange kubekho luqhanqalazo lukhulu.

Njengoko urhulumente engavisisani nabantu, amapolisa anikwe uxanduva lokutyumza abaphembeleli bedemokhrasi, kunye nesiphithiphithi ezitalatweni, amajoni amaSilamsi angazama ukusebenzisa eli thuba. Sele besasaze impembelelo yabo kude ngaphaya kwemimandla yezizwe kunye nemida kwaye ngoku balawula iidolophu ezinkulu ezintathu kwintlambo yaseSwat, iiyure ezimbalwa ukusuka e-Islamabad. Imikhosi karhulumente yasuka nje yanikezela yaza yanikezela ngezixhobo zayo. Iiflegi zasePakistani zitshintshwe ziibhena zejihadi kwizakhiwo zikawonke-wonke. Kulo lonke ilizwe, kuye kwahlaselwa amajoni namapolisa. Ibhombu eyabulala abantu abangaphezu kwe-100 kwindibano yaseKarachi yokwamkela uBhutto inokuba luphawu lwezinto ezizayo.

Iphi iWashington?

IWashington yalunyukiswa kwangaphambili ngobhukuqo-mbuso. UAdmiral William Fallon, intloko yemikhosi yase-US kuMbindi Mpuma wadibana noGeneral Musharraf e-Islamabad ngosuku olungaphambi kobhukuqo-mbuso kwaye kubikwa ukuba walumkisa uMusharraf malunga nokubhengeza imeko kaxakeka. Ngoku ka The New York Times, amagosa olawulo athi "uGeneral Musharraf ebenikezela ngeziqinisekiso zabucala ukuba nasiphi na isibhengezo esingxamisekileyo siya kuba sethutyana."

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku impendulo yolawulo lukaBush iqikeleleke. Abancedisi bakaGeneral Musharraf baxelele Maxesha ukuba kwiintsuku ezimbalwa zokuqala ezibalulekileyo emva kobhukuqo-mbuso akuzange kubekho iminxeba evela kuMongameli uGeorge W. Bush okanye amanye amagosa aphambili ase-US afuna ukupheliswa ngokukhawuleza komthetho wezempi. Eli phephandaba licaphula umphathiswa wolwazi wasePakistan esithi iUnited States “ingathanda ukuba nePakistan ezinzileyo—nangona inemigaqo ethile engqongqo—kunokuba ibe nedemokhrasi engakumbi.” Ngamafutshane, i-Islamabad yayilindele, ngokufanelekileyo, ukuba iWashington yayizosonga izandla, inike izimvo malunga nokubuyisela idemokhrasi, mhlawumbi impama esihlahleni, kwaye iqhubeke nokuxhasa uGeneral Musharraf. Xa uMongameli Bush efowunele, waxelela uGeneral Musharraf ukuba "kufuneka ube nonyulo kungekudala."

IWashington ityale imali kakhulu kwiGeneral Musharraf kwaye ayifuni ukuyibhala le nto. Ukusukela nge-11 kaSeptemba 2001, iUnited States inike inkxaso enkulu yezopolitiko kunye nezopolitiko kwaye ngaphezulu kwe-10 yeebhiliyoni zeedola kwiPakistan ukuthenga inkxaso kaGeneral Musharraf "kwimfazwe yobugrogrisi." Ngumgaqo-nkqubo oza kutshabalala.

IUnited States iye yabaxhasa bonke oozwilakhe basemkhosini basePakistan, ngokwezobupolitika nangemipu nangemali, ukususela kwakudala ngowe-1958. Kwiminyaka engama-50 ukususela ngoko, iye yasilela ukufunda ukuba ukuxhasa iinjengele zasePakistan nomkhosi abawuyalelayo akuncedi nganto iPakistan. abantu. Ngaphantsi koqeqesho lwaseMelika, umkhosi ukhule ngobukhulu kwaye waphuhlisa umnqweno oqatha wezixhobo zetekhnoloji ezibiza kakhulu, ngoku ezibandakanya izixhobo zenyukliya kunye nemijukujelwa ye-ballistic, kunye nomkhwa wokubamba amandla ngelixa abantu beqhubeka nokuzabalaza nentlupheko kunye namaziko angaphumeleliyo. Akumangalisi ukuba iUnited States ingathandwa kakhulu ePakistan. Uphando luka-2007 lwafumanisa ukuba yi-15% kuphela yabantu basePakistan abanesimo sengqondo esivumayo malunga ne-United States. Le ntiyo ibhekiselele eUnited States iya kuba mbi ngakumbi njengoko abantu basePakistan bebona i-United States ibekela ecaleni idemokhrasi kunye nomthetho womthetho uxhasa umphathi kunye nomkhosi wakhe.

Ukuphuma kule ngxaki, uluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe kufuneka lufune ukuba uGeneral Musharraf aphelise imeko yakhe kaxakeka, abuyisele umgaqo-siseko kunye neNkundla ePhakamileyo, kwaye azalisekise ukuzibophelela kwakhe ukuba arhoxe njengentloko yomkhosi. Emva kokuba ephulukene nelo xabiso lincinci alinikwe lilizwe, uMusharraf kufuneka ehle njengomongameli. Ulawulo lwethutyana lunokuthi lubambe unyulo kwaye luvumele abantu basePakistan bakhethe iinkokeli ezisemthethweni.

Akukho mntu ulindele unyulo kunye nokutshintshela kulawulo lwasekuhlaleni kube liyeza. Kwaye nangona amaPakistani abe namava akrakra ngedemokhrasi, basakhetha ukuya emkhosini. Unyulo lunokuphawula ukuqala komsebenzi omde nonzima wokwakha amaziko edemokhrasi nokudala inkqubo yokuphendula nokuthembana phakathi kukarhulumente nabantu, urhulumente noluntu. Oku kunokuzisa abantu basePakistan ithemba ngekamva, kwaye kukhuthaze ukuzithemba ukuba idemokhrasi kunye nomthetho ungazisa ubulungisa ekudala bebuvinjwa kubo.

 

UZia Mian, umbhali wekholamu kuMgaqo-nkqubo waNgaphandle (www.fpif.org), ukhokela iProjekthi yoXolo noKhuseleko eMzantsi Asia kwiNkqubo yeNzululwazi kunye noKhuseleko lweHlabathi yeYunivesithi yasePrinceton. U-AH Nayyar nguMlawuli weSigqeba soPhuhliso kuLwazi lokuFunda nokuBhala, iqela elingenzi nzuzo elixhasa imfundo yabahluphekileyo ePakistan.