Umbhali waseCzech ophumelele iBhaso leNobel uMilan Kundera waqala inoveli yakhe ka-1979, Incwadi yokuhleka nokulibala, ngokuchaza iifoto ezimbini. Kweyokuqala, amadoda amabini ami ecaleni, yaye ummi wesizwe waseCzech kamva wabulawa ngenxa yeembono zakhe nomlawuli welo lizwe wobuKomanisi. Kweyesibini, umchasi wemka, ukhutshelwe ngaphandle. Kuphela nguzwilakhe oseleyo. Namhlanje, ukuba uKundera akazange abhale loo nto yokuvula incwadi yakhe, kuphela umntu onenkumbulo ende okanye onomdla wophando owaziyo ukuba la madoda mabini aye abelana ngeqonga okanye ukuba, ngaloo mini yakudala, umchasi wayebeke. umnqwazi wakhe woboya kwintloko ebandayo yozwilakhe. Namhlanje, kwihlabathi likaDonald Trump kunye noRobert Mueller, sinokuthi umchasi uhlaziywe kwifoto. Ku-Kundera, ukuqalisa inoveli malunga nokukhumbula kunye nokulibala, ukuba ukucinywa kwirekhodi yembali kwakufana nolwaphulo-mthetho oluchasene nelizwe kunye nexesha ngokwalo.
KwiSoviet Union, i-airbrush yemifanekiso enjalo yaba yinto uhlobo lobugcisa bezopolitiko. Namhlanje, nangona kunjalo, xa kufikwa kwizenzo eziphindaphindwayo ezifuna ukucima irekhodi kunye nenkumbulo yokwenyani, ibingayi kuba yiMpuma Yurophu okanye iRashiya ethi qatha engqondweni kodwa yiUnited States. Ngokukhululwa kwengxelo ye-Mueller, igama elithi "redaction" liphinda livela ezindabeni, nangona thina silandela izinto ezinjalo, kubonakala ngathi i-echo yezinye izinto ezininzi ezihlaziyiweyo, i-airbrushings, kunye nokunyamalala kwimbali eye yaba. indlela yokuphila eWashington ukususela ekuqaleni kweMfazwe yeHlabathi yoBugrogrisi.
Kumaphepha angama-448 engxelo ye-Mueller, kukho phantse i-1,000 yohlengahlengiso. Zivela kwi I-40% yamaphepha ayo, abanye bedibanisa amagama ambalwa kuphela (okanye mhlawumbi amagama), amanye amnyama amaphepha aphelele. IGqwetha Jikelele uWilliam Barr ulumkise uSihlalo weKomiti yeeNkundla zeNdlu uJerry Nadler malunga nesidingo sokuhlela iinxalenye zengxelo kwaye xa uBarr wayikhulula, Wall Street Journal wacebisa ukuba izicatshulwa eziliwaka ezingafundekiyo zaziquka โiinguqulelo ezinkulu ezimbalwa.โ Kwelinye icala, uSihlalo weKomiti yoLwabiwo lweNdlu uNita Lowey wayeqhelekile kwiidemokhrasi zeCongress. cebisa ukuba isantya - ngaphantsi kweeyure ezingama-48 - zokuphononongwa kokuqala kukaBarr kolu xwebhu "yayikrokrela ngakumbi kunokuba inomtsalane." Nangona kunjalo, lilonke, ngelixa bekukho ukugxekwa okukrakra kwemeko ehlengahlengisiweyo yengxelo, ibonakalise ngaphantsi kunoko bekulindelwe, mhlawumbi ngenxa yokuba kule nkulungwane abantu baseMelika sele beqhele ukuhlala kwindawo. iminyaka yokuhlengahlengiswa.
Ukungakhathali okunjalo kufanele kubangele inkxalabo. Kuba ngelixa uhlenga-hlengiso lunokuba yimfuneko kwaye ukuhlelwa ngokungathandabuzekiyo yinxalenye yobomi banamhlanje boburhulumente, i-aura yemfihlo ehlala ikhapha izenzo ezinjalo ngokungenakuthintelwa ilungisa idemokhrasi ngokunjalo.
I-Airbrush yaseWashington
Uhlengahlengiso, njengokucinywa komntakwenu, yinto engazange ibonwe ngaphambili xa kufikwa ekwenzeni amaxwebhu karhulumente wase-US esidlangalaleni. Isizukulwana sam, emva koko, safumana i Ingxelo yeKhomishini kaWarren ekubulaweni kukaMongameli John F. Kennedy nge ukulungiswa okubalulekileyo kwakwiirekhodi eyayisekelwe kuzo. Kwaye ngubani phakathi kwethu onokulibala ukuba umsantsa odumileyo we-18 kunye nesiqingatha semizuzu kwiikhasethi uMongameli uRichard Nixon wasebenzisa ngokufihlakeleyo ukurekhoda iincoko zeOval Office? Loo nto ikhethekileyo Ukucinywa iyakungqina ibalulekile xa ubungqina bakamva buveza ukuba ngokungathandabuzekiyo yenziwe ukufihla ubungqina obudibanisa i-White House namasela e-Watergate.
Nangona kunjalo, nokuba kunikwe imizekelo enjalo, ixesha langemva kwe-9/11 ligqamile kwimbali yaseMelika ngokuthembela okungaguqukiyo kwizinto zokwenziwa ngokutsha kwiingxelo zikarhulumente. Ngokomzekelo, khawucinge nge amaphepha 28 malunga neSaudi Arabia eziye zamnyama ngokupheleleyo ngoDisemba 2002 umbiko yoPhando oluHlangeneyo lweCongressional ngokusilela ukuthintela uhlaselo lwe-al-Qaeda ngaloo mini yeshwangusha. Ngokufanayo, ngo-2005 Ingxelo kaRobb-Silberman kwiZixhobo zokutshabalalisa iMisa, yahlelwa-kwaye ke yahlengahlengiswa-izahluko ezipheleleyo, kunye neenxalenye zentloko yayo yokuthatha, iingcebiso zayo ezingama-74, ezintandathu kuzo zaye zacinywa ngokupheleleyo.
Ngokubi ngokwaneleyo, ingxelo ezininzi zomkhosi malunga ne ukuxhatshazwa okufotwe kakuhle ukuba abasebenzi basemkhosini baseMelika bazinikele e-Abu Ghraib, intolongo yase-Iraq, baphuma nayo uhlengahlengiso olukhulu. Ke, nazo, zineengxelo kunye neencwadi malunga nokusetyenziswa kweCIA kweendlela zokuncina eziphuculweyo kwimfazwe yamabanjwa angogrogrisi agcinwe "kwiindawo ezimnyama." Kwincwadi ye-arhente ye-FBI u-Ali Soufan, Iibhanile eziMnyama: Ibali elingaphakathi le-9/11 kunye neMfazwe echasene ne-al-Qaeda, umzekelo, iinxalenye ezinkulu zesahluko ku-Abu Zubaydah, umzobo we-al-Qaeda owayefakwe emanzini amaxesha 83, zahlengahlengiswa yi-CIA. Kwakungekho nto kwaphela ukuba uSoufan wayesele enike ubungqina kwingxoxo kawonke-wonke phambi kweCongress malunga nempumelelo yakhe ekufuneni ulwazi oluvela eZubaydah ngokwakha ubuhlobo kunye naye kunye nokubhalisa uqhanqalazo lwakhe malunga nokusetyenziswa kwe-CIA yeendlela ezikhohlakeleyo ngokunjalo. Kwaye phantse amaphepha angama-400 isishwankathelo solawulo olubanzi lweKomiti yeNtuthuko yeNgqungquthela yeSenethi. ingxelo nayo yalungiswa ngokuyinxenye, nangona yayisele ikhethwe ngocoselelo lwengxelo enamaphepha angaphezu kwama-6,700 XNUMX engazange isasazwe esidlangalaleni.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba izenzo ezinjalo zokuhlenga ngokutsha zenzeke kwixesha apho ulwazi luye lwasuswa kwindawo yoluntu kwaye lwahlelwa kumanqanaba angazange abonwe ngaphambili - kwaye awamkelekanga kwidemokhrasi. Kwiminyaka yokuqala ye-19 yale nkulungwane, inani lamaxwebhu karhulumente ahlelwayo liye landa ngokukhawuleza, ekuqaleni. ukukhawuleza kwangoko emva kwe9/11. Phakathi ko-2001 no-2005, umzekelo, inani lamaxwebhu karhulumente ahlelwa ngonyaka kabini. Nditsho nowayesakuba yiRhuluneli yaseNew Jersey, uTom Kean, usihlalo weKhomishini ye-9/11, watyhalela umva ngokuchasene nomnqweno okhulayo welizwe lokhuseleko lokuhlela ngokugqithisileyo - oko kukuthi, emva kwefashoni, uhlengahlengiso - phantse naluphi na uhlobo lolwazi. โUya kumangaliswa luhlobo lolwazi oluhlelwe โ ulwazi lwemihla ngemihla, izinto esizaziyo sonke kwiphephandaba,โ utshilo. sitsho. โSingcono xa singafihli nto. Elona qabane libalaseleyo esinalo ekuzikhuseleni kubunqolobi luluntu olunolwazi.โ
Kwangokunjalo, abagwebi abaziwayo kumatyala okhuseleko lwelizwe baye bagqabaza ngokuphindaphindiweyo ngendlela eyacalulwa ngayo inkcazelo, ezingqondweni zabo, eyayingeyonto enobuzaza. Umzekelo, uMgwebi TS Ellis III, oye wongamela amatyala amaninzi aphakamileyo okhuseleko lwesizwe, avunywa "Ukukrokrela kwakhe ukuba isebe lesigqeba lihlela ngaphezulu kwezinto ezininzi ezingalunyanzelisi ulwahlulo." Ugxa kaEllis, uMgwebi uLeonie Brinkema, ezantsi Ukuhlelwa kwemiqobo eyavezwa kwityala lommangalelwa ngoku osele egwetyiwe ngobugrogrisi uZacarias Moussaousi, evakalisa ukuphoxeka kwakhe โkwisigqubuthelo semfihlo esithintele ukutshutshiswa kommangalelwa.โ Ezinye iijaji ziye zayiphinda indlela ezivakalelwa ngayo.
Kwiintsuku zokuqala zobongameli bakhe, u-Barack Obama wabhengeza injongo yakhe yokubuyisela umva umkhwa obhekiselele kuhlelo olugqithisileyo. Ulawulo lwakhe ke lwakhupha a memo, โUkungafihlisi kunye noRhulumente ovulelekileyo,โ owathembisa โumlinganiselo ongazange ubonwe ngaphambili wokuvuleleka kurhulumente.โ NgoAprili 2009, naye yalelwa ukukhutshwa kweememo zika-2002-2005 ezivela kwiOfisi yeNgcebiso yezoMthetho ukuba ibibhaliwe ukuthethelela โiindlela zokuncinwa ezongeziweyoโ ezamiselwa ngamagosa aphezulu kaMongameli uGeorge W. Bush ukuze zisetyenziswe kwiMfazwe yeHlabathi yoBugrogrisi. Ngo-2010, u-Obama naye sayinwe umthetho wokuNcitshiswa koHlelo oluBanzi olujolise ekwehliseni โukuhlelwa ngokugqithisileyo nokukhuthaza[ukwenza] ukwabelana ngolwazi kuwo wonke urhulumente womanyano kunye nelizwe, ingingqi, isizwe, kunye namaqumrhu ecandelo labucala.โ Ibe kangangexesha elithile, umlinganiselo wokwahlulwa kwamaxwebhu amatsha wenjenjalo ngokwenene imenyu.
Ekugqibeleni, nangona kunjalo, kuye kwabonakala kungenakwenzeka ukunqanda, okanye ukubuyisela umva umnqweno wokugcina ulwazi eluntwini. Njengoko Obama wachaza, "Nangona ndikholelwa ngamandla ekuhleni nasekuphenduleni, ndiyakholelwa ukuba kwihlabathi eliyingozi, i-United States kufuneka ngamanye amaxesha yenze imisebenzi yobuntlola kwaye ikhusele ulwazi oluhlelwe ngenjongo yokhuseleko lwelizwe."
Ukunyamalala kweDemokhrasi
Elinye iqhinga likarhulumente, njengakwincwadi kaSoufan owayesakuba yiarhente ye-FBI, inike uhlengahlengiso kwindawo yokuzingca eWashington yinkqubo eqhubekayo yokuphonononga upapasho lwaphambi kokupapashwa eqhubekayo ngoku. Ababesakuba ngabasebenzi bakarhulumente bebesebenza kwicandelo lezobuntlola kunye nezinye izikhundla ezifuna imvume yokhuseleko (kubandakanywa nababesakuba ziikontraka) baze babhale iincwadi malunga nexesha labo e-ofisini mabakufunde. Ngo-Epreli, i-Knight First Amendment Institute kunye ne-ACLU zigxile kulo mba kanye, ngokudibeneyo isuti yokufayila phezu kokuphononongwa kwangaphambili kokupapashwa kweencwadi ezinjalo, ukucaphula, phakathi kwezinye izinto, isiHlomelo sokuQala umba wokucinezela intetho. Kwi magama Unjingalwazi wezomthetho waseHarvard uJack Goldsmith kunye nonjingalwazi wezomthetho waseYale uOona Hathaway:
โNgokucacileyo, urhulumente unomdla osemthethweni wokuthintela ukubhengezwa kolwazi oluyimfihlo. Kodwa inkqubo yangoku yokuphononongwa kwangaphambi kopapasho ibanzi kakhulu, iyacotha, kwaye isesichengeni sokuxhatshazwaโฆ Kwixesha eliphawulwa yimfazwe engapheliyo kunye nolawulo lwemfihlo olugcweleyo, izithintelo kugqabaza kunye nokugxekwa malunga nemigaqo-nkqubo kunye nezenzo zikarhulumente kubeka iindleko ezinganyamezelekiyo kwidemokhrasi yethu.
Kwaye kubi njengoko umnqweno wokubuyisela ubunjalo, kumaxesha amva nje ulawulo lukaTrump kunye nelizwe lokhuseleko lwelizwe lithathe umoya walo elinye inyathelo ngokuzama ukuthintela ingxelo yokwenyani yolwazi. NgoMatshi, umzekelo, uMongameli uTrump wakhupha i umyalelo olawulayo Ukurhoxisa isidingo sokuba iPentagon yenze esidlangalaleni ugwayimbo lwayo lwedrone kwimfazwe yobugrogrisi okanye ukwenzakala kwabantu abakubangelayo. Ngendlela efanayo, umyalelo womkhosi waseMelika e-Afghanistan umemezele Isigqibo sayo sokungaphinde inike ingxelo malunga nobungakanani bomhlaba ophantsi kolawulo lweTaliban, imitha leyo umphathi wangaphambili wase-US apho wayibiza ngokuba "yeyona nto ixelayo kwi-counterinsurgency." Ngokufanayo, uMongameli Trump uye ngokuphindaphindiweyo ibonisiwe ukuchaswa kwakhe naluphi na uhlobo lwenqaku elisisiseko lokuthatha okanye ukugcinwa kweerekhodi ngexesha leentlanganiso ze-White House kunye nabancedisi kunye namagqwetha (njengoko ingxelo ye-Mueller yabonisa).
Kule nkulungwane, uluntu lwaseMelika luye lwafunda ukuphila kwihlabathi eliye lahlengahlengiswa ngakumbi. Nokuba uqhanqalazo malunga nenqanaba lohlengahlengiso kwingxelo ye-Mueller luya kutshintsha nangayiphi na indlela ehlala ithandabuza, eyona nto ingcono.
Ngokuqinisekileyo, uCongressman Nadler uye waba nyanzelisa ukuba iKomiti yeeJaji kufuneka ibone yonke ingxelo engekalungiswa. Kudliwano-ndlebe lwamva nje lweKomiti yeNkundla yokuba iGqwetha Jikelele uBarr lalile ukuya, uNadler yavuma iingozi kwidemokhrasi elele ekunqongophelweni okukhulayo kokungafihli kunye nokuphendula. โNdiqinisekile,โ watsho, โayikho indlela eya phambili kweli lizwe engabandakanyi ukubalwa kwale ngozi icacileyo nekhoyo kumgaqo-siseko wethuโฆ Imbali iya kusigweba ngendlela esijongana ngayo nalo mngeni. Sonke siza kuphendula ngendlela enye okanye enye.โ
Njengoko wayecebisile, idemokhrasi ngokwayo, ekugqibeleni, inokuphinda ihlengahlengiswe ukuba inkcubeko yolwazi oluphambili olumnyama iba yiparadigm eyamkelekileyo yaseWashington. Kwaye ngolu hlenga-hlengiso luhamba, ewe, ukuhlengahlengiswa kwaloo mbono yommi onolwazi, nesembindini wendlela yokuphila yedemokhrasi. Phantsi kweemeko, mhlawumbi ayimangalisi into yokuba uvoto lubonise ukuthembela kurhulumente ukwehla okuzinzileyo kumashumi eminyaka (ngokubuyela umva okufutshane emva ko-9/11).
Ekugqibeleni, ukucinywa kwerekhodi eyona miba mibi kwimbali yethu yamva nje kuya kushiya abemi baseMelika bengakwazi ukuqonda ilizwe abahlala kulo. Unolwazi okanye hayi, sonke sabelana ngoxanduva ngekamva laseMelika. Njengalo mfanekiso ukwinoveli ye-Kundera, abantwana bethu ngenye imini banokubona iziphumo zezenzo zethu zangaphambili ngaphandle kokuziqonda ngokwenyani, kanye njengoko uninzi lwamaCzechs olubonileyo lo mfanekiso u-Kundera wachazayo ngokungathandabuzekiyo bacinga ukuba luyinyani.
Ingxelo yendlela idemokhrasi ehlengahlengiswa ngayo - isivakalisi ngesivakalisi, isicatshulwa ngesicatshulwa, inyani ngenyani, isiganeko ngesiganeko - ngokuqinisekileyo yayiza kukhalisa intsimbi noMilan Kundera. Wayishwankathela ngolu hlobo inguqulelo yexesha lakhe lenkqubo: โUmzabalazo womntu nxamnye negunya ngumzabalazo wokukhumbula ukulibala.โ Namhlanje, abantu baseMelika bayalibala.
UKaren J. Greenberg, a TomDispatch njalo, ngumlawuli we Iziko loKhuseleko lweSizwe kuMthetho weFordham kunye nomhleli-oyintloko weQela le-CNS Soufan Morning Brief. Ungumbhali we I-Rogue Justice: Ukwenziwa koMbuso woKhuseleko. Naye wabhala Eyona ndawo iNcinci kakhulu: Iintsuku zokuqala ezili-100 zaseGuantรกnamo. UJulia Tedesco uncedise ngophando lweli nqaku.
Eli nqaku lavela okokuqala kwi-TomDispatch.com, iblogi yeSizwe yeZiko, ebonelela ngokuhamba ngokuqhubekayo kweminye imithombo, iindaba, kunye noluvo oluvela kuTom Engelhardt, umhleli wexesha elide ekupapasheni, umseki weProjekthi yoBukhosi baseMelika, umbhali we Ukuphela kweNkcubeko yoloyiso, njengenoveli, Iintsuku zokuGqibela zokuPapasha. Incwadi yakhe yamva nje ithi Isizwe esingenziwanga yiMfazwe (Iincwadi zeHaymarket).
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
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