[Inkcazo-ntetho ekusungulweni kwe El Camino al Desarrollo Humano: ¿Capitalismo o Socialismo? (Indlela eya kuPhuhliso loLuntu: ubuKhapitali okanye iSocialism?) kwiVenezuelan International Book Fair, Filven, ngo
Umxholo walo mboniso weencwadi, 'Incwadi ekwakhiweni kobusoshiyali baseBolivarian', ubalulekile kwaye ugqwesile. Kwaye ndifuna ukuqalisa amagqabaza am ngokucingisisa ngalo mxholo. Yiyiphi indima enokudlalwa yincwadi? Ukwakhiwa kweBolivarian socialism ngumzabalazo weeklasi. Kwaye ngumzabalazo wabantu ukwakha enye indlela ye-capitalism. Ingena phi incwadi? Ngamanye amazwi, yintoni indima enokuyenza izimvo dlala?
Ukoyisa uluntu olukhoyo, udinga amandla ezinto eziphathekayo; udinga amandla abantu. Kodwa, njengoko uKarl Marx watshoyo, iingcamango ziba namandla ezinto eziphathekayo xa zibamba iingqondo zezihlwele. Ngamanye amazwi, ingcamango-ukuba ifikelela ebantwini-inokuba namandla kakhulu ekutshintsheni uluntu. Lo ngumbono esifunde kuwo
Xa ndandicinga ngalo mxholo womboniso weencwadi, ndakhumbula umbongo kaBertolt Brecht, “Ekudumiseni ukuFunda”. Inxalenye yayo ifundeka ngolu hlobo:
Funda, ndoda kwindawo yokukhusela!
Funda, ndoda entolongweni!
Funda, mfazi ekhitshini!
Funda, indoda eneminyaka engama-60!
Khangelani isikolo, nina bangenakhaya!
Zikhalimeleni iingqondo, nina bangcangcazelayo!
Indoda elambileyo, fikelela incwadi: sisixhobo.[1]
Kukho okungakumbi kulo mbongo, kwaye ndiza kubuyela kuloo nto.
Incwadi sisixhobo
Le ncwadi incinci, El Camino al Desarrollo Humano: ¿Capitalismo o Socialismo? (Indlela eya kuPhuhliso loLuntu: ubuKhapitali okanye iSocialism?) — incwadi enokungena epokothweni okanye kwisipaji sakho—yabhalwa ukuba ibe sisixhobo. Yabhalwa ukuba ibe sisixhobo kumzabalazo we-Bolivarian socialism. Iza kupapashwa kwamanye amazwe, ngezinye iilwimi - kodwa ndiyibhale apha. Kwaye, ndiyathemba ukuba inokuba sisixhobo kulo mzabalazo. Kakade ke, akunakwenzeka ukuba ibe kuphela kwesixhobo. Zininzi izixhobo ezifunekayo.
Kodwa mandikuxelele kancinci ngesi sixhobo. Isihloko sikhomba kwizihloko ezithathu: uphuhliso loluntu, ubungxowankulu kunye nobusoshiyali. Isiqalo kuphuhliso lomntu. Oko kufuneka kube yindawo yokuqala; oko kufuneka kube yimeko. Kwaye, njengoko kufuneka uyazi, sisiseko esiphantsi komgaqo-siseko waseBolivarian. Kukho kwiSiqendu 299 kugxininiso kwinjongo “yokuqinisekisa uphuhliso lwabantu ngokubanzi”; ikho kwiSiqendu 20 esithetha ngendlela “wonk’ ubani unelungelo lokuphuhliswa ngokukhululekileyo kobuntu bakhe”; ikho kwiNqaku le-102, ekugxininiseni kwayo “ekuphuhliseni amandla okuyila akhe wonke umntu nokusetyenziswa ngokupheleleyo kobuntu bakhe kuluntu lwedemokhrasi”.
Kwaye kuninzi kulo mgaqo-siseko - kuba umgaqo-siseko ucace kakhulu njani ukuba uphuhliso olupheleleyo lomntu lunokwenzeka. Umgaqo-siseko ugxininisa ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukubaluleka kokusebenza, ukuthatha inxaxheba, ukulinganisa. ISiqendu 62 sibhengeza ukuba ukuthatha inxaxheba kwabantu “yindlela eyimfuneko yokuphumeza inxaxheba ekuqinisekiseni uphuhliso lwabo olupheleleyo, umntu ngamnye kunye neqela”; kunye neSiqendu sama-70 sikhomba "ukuzilawula, ulawulo lwentsebenziswano, intsebenziswano kuzo zonke iintlobo" njengemizekelo "yeendlela zombutho ezikhokelwa yimilinganiselo yentsebenziswano kunye nokubambisana".
Enyanisweni, ingqikelelo yophuhliso lomntu kunye nengqiqo yokusebenza ingundoqo ekwakheni i-socialism. Siphuhlisa izakhono zethu ngokuziqhelanisa, ngomsebenzi wethu. Ukukhula komntu akusuki esibhakabhakeni. Ayizi njengezipho ezivela phezulu. Sisiphumo somsebenzi womntu kuphela. Le yingcinga kanye ka-Karl Marx yenkqubo yoguqulo, ayichaza njengokutshintsha kwangaxeshanye kweemeko kunye nokuzitshintsha okanye ukwenza komntu.
Kodwa oko kubeka umbuzo ngokukhawuleza - ukuba uphuhliso lwabantu luyinjongo, luhlobo luni loluntu olunokwenzeka? Ndicebisa ukuba ikhonkco eliphambili ekufuneka liqatshelwe kwaye lichongwe lelo lophuhliso lwabantu kunye nokusebenza. Ngoba? Ngenxa yokuba eli khonkco liphambili likhomba kuhlobo loluntu olululo kuyimfuneko "ukuqinisekisa uphuhliso lwabantu ngokubanzi".
Cinga, umzekelo, inkqubo yokuvelisa. Ukuba abantu bayathintelwa ekusebenziseni iingqondo zabo kwindawo yokusebenza, kodwa endaweni yoko balandele imiyalelo evela phezulu, unayo into uMarx ayichaza njengokukhubazeka komzimba nengqondo, abavelisi abaqhekekayo, abathotyiweyo, abahlukanisiweyo “kumandla obukrelekrele benkqubo yabasebenzi” . Ngaphandle "kolwalathiso olukrelekrele lwemveliso" ngabasebenzi, ngaphandle kwemveliso "phantsi kolawulo lwabo olunokuqonda nolucwangcisiweyo", uMarx waqonda ukuba abasebenzi abanako ukuphuhlisa amandla abo njengabantu. Ngoba? Kuba kwawabo amandla aba ngamandla phezu bona. Luhlobo luni lonxulumano olunemveliso, ke ngoko, olunokubonelela ngeemeko zophuhliso olupheleleyo lwamandla oluntu? Kuphela ezo kukho intsebenziswano enengqiqo phakathi kwabavelisi abanxulumeneyo; kuphela ezo injongo yokuvelisa iyile yabasebenzi ngokwabo. Ngokucacileyo, nangona kunjalo, oku kufuna okungakumbi kunolawulo lwabasebenzi kwiindawo zokusebenzela. Kufuneka zibe ziinjongo zabasebenzi kuluntu, ngokunjalo - abasebenzi kwiindawo abahlala kuzo.
Idemokhrasi yeProtagonistic
Ukuhamba kweli khonkco liphambili lophuhliso lomntu kunye nokusebenza kukuqaphela isidingo sethu sokukwazi ukuphuhlisa ngentando yesininzi, inxaxheba kunye nomsebenzi we-protagon kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi bethu. Ngokwenza uguquko kwiindawo zethu, kwiindawo zethu zokusebenza nakuwo onke amaziko ethu oluntu, sivelisa ngokwethu njengoko uMarx wabiza ngokuba "ngabantu abazizityebi" - abazizityebi ngamakhono kunye neemfuno. Ndithetha ngedemokhrasi apha ku sebenza, idemokhrasi as ziqhelanise, idemokhrasi njenge protagonism. Idemokhrasi yeProtagonistic emsebenzini, idemokhrasi yeprotagonistic ekuhlaleni, uluntu, i-communes yindlela yokuvelisa abantu abazizityebi, uphuhliso olupheleleyo lwabantu.
Yeyiphi enye indlela ngaphandle kwedemokhrasi yeprotagonistic kwimveliso sinokuthi siqinisekise ukuba inkqubo yokuvelisa yileyo ityebisa abantu kwaye yandise izakhono zabo kunokuba ibaqhwalelise kwaye ibathwaxaze? Ngenye indlela ngaphandle kwedemokhrasi yeprotagonistic kuluntu singaqinisekisa ukuba oko kuveliswayo kuko okufunekayo ukukhuthaza ukufezekiswa kwamandla ethu? Ukuba kuya kubakho imveliso yedemokhrasi kwiimfuno zoluntu, nangona kunjalo, kukho umqathango obalulekileyo: akunakubakho ukulawulwa kweemveliso zabasebenzi ngabantu, amaqela okanye urhulumente.
Oku kusizisa kumbuzo wongxowankulu. Enyanisweni, uninzi lwale ncwadi incinane imalunga ne-capitalism. Kuba kubalulekile ukuqonda indlela i-capitalism echasene ngayo nokuqinisekisa uphuhliso olupheleleyo lomntu. Kwaye ukwenza loo nto, kufuneka uqonde ukuba yintoni i-capitalism kwaye yenza ntoni. Ukuqonda i-capitalism kubalulekile ekuzabalazeni ukuya ngaphaya kwayo. Ukuba awuyiqondi imo ye-capitalism, ayinakuthintelwa ukuba ekugqibeleni uya kuzama ukuyilungisa; akunakuphepheka ukuba uzame ukususa ubukhapitali obubi ngobukapitali obulungileyo.
Into endiye ndazama ukuyenza kule ncwadi kukucacisa nje iimpawu ezithile kunye notyekelo lobungxowankulu. Ngokucacileyo, andinakuyihamba yonke le nto apha. Nangona kunjalo, ndiyakwazi ukukhomba eminye yemibuzo ephononongwayo:
Kutheni le nto umsebenzi kwi-capitalism unxunguphalo kangangokuba konke esinokucinga ngako kukunciphisa imini yokusebenza?
Yintoni ubudlelwane phakathi komsebenzi ngaphakathi kongxowankulu kunye nomnqweno wethu wokutya kunye nokutya, imfuno yethu yokuba nayo?
Kutheni sijonga abanye abasebenzi rhoqo njengabakhuphisana neentshaba?
Yintoni ubudlelwane phakathi kwentswela-ngqesho kunye nemveliso yongxowankulu? Ngaba ubukho bentswela-ngqesho i ingozi kubungxowankulu?
Kutheni umsebenzi wenziwa ekhaya ungabonakali kubungxowankulu?
Kutheni i-capitalism ikhuthaza ubuhlanga kunye nesini?
Kutheni kukho iintengiso ezingaka kubungxowankulu?
Kutheni abadlali abadumileyo befumana imali eninzi kangaka?
Hayi iingozi kwaphela
Le yeminye yemibuzo ephononongwe kule ncwadi. Omnye wemiba ebaluleke kakhulu yale ncwadi incinci, nangona kunjalo, kukubonisa ukuba izinto ezinokubonakala ngathi ziingozi aziyongozi. kukonke - ukuba bakwimo yongxowankulu. Umzekelo, i-impiriyalizim ayiyongozi kubungxowankulu. Ukutshatyalaliswa kwendalo asiyongozi kubungxowankulu. Iingxaki zoqoqosho azikho iingozi kubungxowankulu. Zonke ezi ziphuma kwindalo yendalo yobukhapitali. Kwaye kubalulekile ukuyiqonda loo nto.
Ngokuba ukuba wena musa qonda i-capitalism kunye nento engaphakathi kuyo, ukuba ubona izinto kuphela phezulu kwaye awuboni ukudibanisa kwazo ngaphakathi, into elula kakhulu iya kubonakala iyinkimbinkimbi - inzima kakhulu ukutshintsha. Ukuba awuyiqondi indalo yobukhapitali, uya kucinga ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba nongxowankulu ngaphandle ama impiriyali; uya kucinga ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba nongxowankulu ngaphandle ukutshatyalaliswa kwendalo; uya kucinga ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba nongxowankulu ngaphandle ingxaki. Kwaye ke, uya kucinga ukuba kunokwenzeka ukwenza uhlaziyo olusombulula yonke into.
Umzekelo, uya kuthi ingxaki yezoqoqosho esijongene nayo ngoku isisiphumo soosomashishini ababawayo kunye nabaxhasi bezimali baseWall Street kunye nokunqongophala kolongamelo lukarhulumente; ke, impendulo iya kuba kukuba kufuneka sibe noyilo olutsha lwemali kwaye kufuneka sijonge iibhanki ngokusondeleyo.
Kunokuba uqonde ubume bemeko yeentlekele kubukhapitali (kunye nendlela ingxaki ekhoyo ebonisa ngayo iipatheni zophuhliso lokhapitali ukusukela ngeminyaka yoo-1970 ukuya phambili), uya kufana noosoqoqosho benkulungwane ye-19 abathi iingxaki zoqoqosho zisisiphumo selanga kweli tyala iisunspots ozibeka ityala kuzo zonke ziya kuba ziindawo ezicingelwayo ezenzeke eWall Street.
Ngokufanayo, thatha ingxaki yokutshatyalaliswa kwendalo. Ngaba loo nto inokwahlulwa kwi-capital drive yokwandisa? I-“isangqa esikhohlakeleyo sobukapitali” ibandakanya ukuveliswa kwabantu abahlukanisiweyo nabakhubazekileyo kwaye bafumane ukwaneliseka kwabo ekutyeni nasekutyeni. Kwaye yindalo yesi sangqa ukukhula. Iyakhula ngenxa yokuqhubela phambili kwenkunzi. Kuba inkunzi kufuneka ikhule, inikezela ngobutyebi obuninzi babantu kunye nezinto eziphathekayo ukudibanisa iimfuno ezintsha, ezenziweyo. Ihenda abantu kubomi bokuthenga (obungenakuze baneliseke ngokupheleleyo), kwaye kumele yenza oku - kufuneka ithengise ngakumbi nangakumbi imveliso. Kufuneka idale iimfuno ezintsha, iimfuno ezintsha ezandisa ukuxhomekeka kwethu kwinkunzi. Yiyo loo nto uMarx egqabaza esithi “amandla ale mihla enkunzi axhomekeke” ekudalweni kweemfuno ezintsha zabasebenzi.
Ngamanye amagama, a isangqa esikhulayo - Ukukhula kwemveliso engaqhelekanga, iimfuno ezikhulayo kunye nokukhula kokusetyenziswa. Kodwa ixesha elide kangakanani ukuba qhubeka? Wonke umntu uyazi ukuba amazinga aphezulu okusetyenziswa aphunyezwe kwiindawo ezithile zehlabathi akanako ukukhutshelwa kwiindawo zehlabathi ezithe inkunzi entsha ifakwe kuqoqosho longxowankulu behlabathi. Ngokulula kakhulu, uMhlaba awukwazi ukuyigcina le nto - njengoko sele sibona ngobungqina obucacileyo bokufudumala kwehlabathi kunye nokunqongophala okukhulayo okubonisa ukunyuka kweemfuno zeemveliso ezithile kumaziko amatsha ongxowankulu. Kungekudala okanye kamva, eso sangqa siya kufikelela kwimida yaso. Yalo ekugqibeleni umda unikwe imida yendalo, imida yoMhlaba ukugcina usetyenziso oluninzi nangakumbi lweempahla, ukusetyenziswa okungaphezulu nangaphezulu kobutyebi bomhlaba.
Kodwa nangaphambi kokuba sifikelele kwimida yokugqibela yesangqa esikhohlakeleyo sobungxowankulu, ngokuqinisekileyo kuya kuvela umbuzo wokuba onegunya lokuyalela abo vimba bemithombo yolwazi banqongophele ngokwandayo? Ioyile, isinyithi, amanzi iya kubani na—zonke ezo mfuno zobomi bale mihla? Ngaba iya kuba ngamazwe atyebileyo ngoku ongxowankulu, lawo akwazileyo ukuphuhla ngenxa yokuba amanye engakwazi ukuphuhla? Ngamanye amazwi, ngaba baya kukwazi ukugcina inzuzo enkulu abanayo malunga nokusetyenziswa kwezinto kunye nezixhobo? Ngaba amazwe atyebileyo ongxowankulu aya kukwazi ukusebenzisa amandla awo ukuze ahluthe ubutyebi obukwamanye amazwe? Akuthathi nto ingako ukubona ukuba uburharha buxhaphakile ehlabathini.
Angathini umntu ukuba acinge ukuba i-capitalism yindlela yophuhliso lomntu? Ewe kunjalo, ezinye abantu bebesoloko bekwazi ukuphuhlisa uninzi lwamandla abo ngaphakathi kongxowankulu - kodwa zonke abantu abanako. Ngoba? Ngenxa yokuba ubungxowankulu buxhomekeke ekubeni abanye abantu balawule iziqhamo zemisebenzi yoluntu nempucuko nokuxhaphaza nokubabekela bucala abanye. Kodwa, njengoko uMarx noEngels bebonile, oko kukodwa kukukhula komntu okulinganiselweyo. Injongo yethu kufuneka ibe "ngumbutho, apho ukuphuhliswa okukhululekile komntu ngamnye kuyimeko yophuhliso lwamahhala kubo bonke". Injongo yethu, ngokufutshane, ayinakuba luluntu apho abanye abantu bekwazi ukuphuhlisa izakhono zabo kunye nabanye hayi; sixhomekeke omnye komnye, sonke singamalungu entsapho yoluntu.
`Unxantathu osisiseko' wobusoshiyali
Kodwa akwanelanga ukuthi, ewe, ndiyavuma i-capitalism ayihambelani nophuhliso olupheleleyo lomntu. Ukuba ucinga ukuba akukho ndlela yimbi kunobukapitali, iinzame zakho ziya kuzama phucula yona, ndizama ukuyenza Ngaphantsi embi, ezama ukuyenza ingalingani kwaye ingachasi kakhulu kuphuhliso lomntu. Ngamanye amazwi, ukuba ucinga ukuba akukho ndlela yimbi, kutheni kunzima chasene ubungxowankulu; kunokuba, uyasokola Ngaphakathi ubungxowankulu.
Yiyo loo nto isixhobo esisebenzayo ngokuchasene ne-capitalism kufuneka sibandakanye a umbono - umbono we ezizezinye, enye indlela esekelwe kuphuhliso lwabantu, enye indlela yobusoshiyali. Ke, ukongeza ekujongeni ubukhapitali, le ncwadi iqwalasela umbono wobusoshiyali wenkulungwane yama-21. Ngumbono osekelwe kwingcamango yokuba yintoni
Ubunini bentlalo beendlela zokuvelisa kuba kuphela kwendlela yokuqinisekisa ukuba uluntu lwethu, imveliso yentlalo ijoliswe ekuphuhliseni ngokukhululekileyo. zonke endaweni yokuba isetyenziselwe ukwanelisa iinjongo zabucala zongxowankulu, amaqela abantu okanye amagosa karhulumente. Imveliso yentlalontle ehlelwe ngabasebenzi kuba oku kwakha ubudlelwane obutsha phakathi kwabavelisi kwaye ibavumela ukuba baphuhlise amandla abo. Kwaye, ukwaneliseka kweemfuno zoluntu kunye neenjongo kuba kuthetha ukuba umsebenzi wethu onemveliso usekwe phezu kolwamkelo lobuntu bethu obufanayo kunye neemfuno zethu njengamalungu osapho loluntu. Ngaloo ndlela, igxininisa ukubaluleka kokudlulela ngaphaya kokuzingca ukucinga ngoluntu lwethu kunye noluntu. Njengakwimeko yeenkqubo ze-ALBA (iBolivarian Alternative for the
Lo nxantathu wesiseko sobusoshiyali uhluke kakhulu kwinto endiyibiza ngokuba “ngunxantathu wongxowankulu” — (a) ubunini babucala beendlela zokuvelisa, (b) ukuxhatshazwa kwabasebenzi ngenxa (c) yokuqhutywa kwengeniso. Ibonelela ngombono wenye indlela yobuqaba; yenye indlela yokuzama ukwenza uburharha ngobuso bomntu.
Noko ke, makhe ndicebise esinye isizathu sokubaluleka kombono. Cinga ngento uKarl Marx ayibiza ngokuba ziimpawu zenkqubo yabasebenzi, inkqubo yokuvelisa. Loo nkqubo iqala ngenjongo, umbono wesiphumo esingekaphunyezwa. Kwaye ke ibandakanya abantu abasebenza kunye nezixhobo kunye nezixhobo zemveliso kunye nokuqeqeshwa ukufumana loo njongo - ngamanye amazwi, ukwenza umsebenzi ngenjongo ethile. Ngoku, kubungxowankulu, injongo ebonakalisa inkqubo yabasebenzi bongxowankulu inkunziInjongo - inkunzi yeenjongo zengeniso. Abantu kunye neendlela zokuvelisa ziyindlela elula yokufikelela loo njongo; abantu bajoliswe ekufezekiseni loo njongo; baqeqeshekile emsebenzini ukuze bafezekise injongo yenkunzi. Ngoko ke, injongo eyayinombono wenkunzi, injongo yengeniso, iphunyeziwe kangangoko inkunzi iphumelela ekuqeqesheni abasebenzi.
Makhe sicinge ngomzabalazo wobusoshiyali. Ndicebisa ukuba sifune umbono; sifuna ingqiqo; sifuna umbono wobusoshiyali. Ukuba thina musa sibe naloo mbono, asiyi kuziqeqesha ukuze siqhubeke nomzabalazo wokufikelela loo njongo. Sonke siyazi ukuba akuyi kuba lula ukufikelela olo sukelo. Eso sisizathu esingakumbi sokuba sifune umbono. Sidinga umbono wobusoshiyali ukuze sigcine amehlo ethu emvuzweni. Ngokufutshane, akwanelanga ukuchaza nje ubungxowankulu. Kufuneka sithethe ngoluntu esizama ukuludala.
Kakade ke, ukwazi apho ufuna ukuya khona akufani nokuba lapho. Kukho umsantsa omkhulu phakathi kombono kunye nenkqubo yokwenza loo mbono ube yinyani. Kodwa yi- ukuqala. Sisiqalo senkqubo edityanelweyo yokwakha usocialism — inkqubo ekufuneka idityanisiwe. Inkqubo yobusoshiyali ngokuyimfuneko ibandakanya iinjongo zethu ezihlangeneyo kunye nokuziphatha kwethu ngokubambisana ekuzabalazeleni ukufezekisa ezo njongo. (Ayinakubandakanya iinjongo zomnye umntu okanye uqeqesho olubekwe phezulu.) Inxalenye yale nkqubo ibandakanya izixhobo ezithile, izixhobo, izixhobo. Kwaye, njengoko bendibonisile ngaphambili, ndiyathemba ukuba le ncwadi inokuba sisixhobo kulo mzabalazo.
Ekubeni ndibuyele kumbono wencwadi ekwakhiweni kwe-Bolivarian socialism kunye nombono wencwadi njengesixhobo, mandiphelise ngokubuyela kumbongo kaBertolt Brecht, "Ekudunyisweni kokuFunda":
Funda ezona zinto zilula. Yeyakho
oxesha lakhe sele lifikile
ayikashiywa lixesha!
Funda ii-ABC zakho, akwanelanga,
kodwa bafunde! Musa ukuyivumela ukuba ikudimaze,
qala! kufuneka wazi yonke into!
Kufuneka uthathe ubunkokeli!
Funda, ndoda kwindawo yokukhusela!
Funda, ndoda entolongweni!
Funda, mfazi ekhitshini!
Funda, ndoda yamashumi amathandathu!
Khangelani isikolo, nina bangenakhaya!
Zikhalimeleni iingqondo, nina bangcangcazelayo!
Indoda elambileyo, fikelela incwadi: sisixhobo.
Kufuneka uthathe ubunkokeli.
[UMichael A. Lebowitz ngunjingalwazi ophumayo kwezoqoqosho kwi
[1] Imibongo ekhethiweyo kaBertolt Brecht; Inguqulelo kunye nentshayelelo ngu-HR Hays. NY: Grove Press;
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