Elingeno liposwe ngokunqamlezileyo ukusuka yam iblogi.

Iinkcuba-buchopho zityekele ngakumbi kwipropaganda kunabanye.

Leyo yenye yamabango kaJacques Ellul kwincwadi yakhe I propaganda eyandivuyisa kakhulu loo nto. Ingcaciso yakhe ngoku yeyokuba iinkcuba-buchopho zifuna ukuba noluvo kuwo wonke umbandela, zilandela iziganeko zangoku ngenyameko, yaye ngenxa yokuba zikrelekrele zicinga ukuba ziyakwazi ukukuqonda oko kwenzekayo. Oku kukhokelela ekubeni bathambekele ngakumbi kwi-propaganda ngenxa yokuba akukho xesha laneleyo lokuba nombono onolwazi kwisifundo ngasinye, kuba ukulandela iziganeko zangoku ngononophelo kuthetha ukukhokelwa yi-ajenda yeendaba kunye nokutyala amandla ekuqondeni izinto ezivela ngaphakathi kweso sikhokelo sinikiweyo, kwaye kuba ubukrelekrele abanelanga ukuqonda iziganeko ezintsonkothileyo ezifuna ububanzi obukhulu bolwazi namava.

Ndiyifumana le ngcamango inika umdla kakhulu, kodwa kukho enye inkalo endifuna ukugxila kuyo, leyo yokuba iinkcuba-buchopho zifuna ukuzama ukuqonda ihlabathi ngokulenza libe lula. Bafuna ukunciphisa iingcamango ezintsonkothileyo kwiimodeli ezilula kubo, kwaye baziqonde ngokwenjenjalo. Oku kunxulumana nebango lika-Ellul kuba ukuba unemodeli elula yehlabathi ocinga ukuba ichaza yonke into, kunzima kakhulu ukuyiyeka. Ugqiba ukutolika kwakhona iziganeko kunye neenyani ukuze zilungele ithiyori kunokuba nethemba elinzima nelinzima lokuyeka ithiyori, nto leyo eya kufuna ukuba ucinge kwakhona ngayo yonke indlela ojonga ngayo umhlaba. Enye yeengongoma zika-Ellul kukuba omnye weyona misebenzi mibini iphambili yepropaganda - into ayibiza ngokuba yipropaganda yokudibanisa - kukuqinisa iindlela ezikhoyo ngoku zokujonga umhlaba kunye nokuzijika zibe zizenzo. Ipropaganda yokumanyanisa kufuneka isebenze bhetele kumntu onenkuthazo eyomeleleyo yobuqu yokungayeki imodeli yakhe esele ikhoyo yehlabathi.

Into endifuna ukuyiqonda nangona kunjalo, kukuba kutheni abantu ababonakala bekrelekrele, benenkathalo, kwaye banobubele, bekwazi ukukholelwa kwizinto eziphambeneyo, kwaye babe neziphumo ezibi ngokuziphatha. Umzekelo ocacileyo yiNazism, kodwa kukho imizekelo emininzi engaqhelekanga. Abanye abantu abacaphuki, umzekelo, xa bebona umntu ongenakhaya ekhenkceza ezitratweni ebusika.

Ndiyakwazi ukubona iindidi ezimbini zengcaciso yale nto, kwinqanaba leemvakalelo kunye nenqanaba lengqiqo. Ndiza kubuyela kwinxalenye yeemvakalelo kwisithuba sexesha elizayo, kodwa xa sithetha yinto efana ne-cognitive dissonance. Kunzima kakhulu ukuhlala kwihlabathi ukuba uya kuba nokusabela ngokweemvakalelo kuyo yonke into eyoyikisayo, kwaye ke sinenkuthazo enamandla yokuzama ukubona umhlaba ngendlela eyenza izinto ezingathandekiyo ziphephe okanye zingabikho kulawulo lwethu. Olunye uhlobo lwengcaciso kukuba sifuna ukuzama ukuqonda izinto ngokuzenza lula, kodwa ukuba umhlaba umdaka kakhulu kwaye unzima ukuba oku kusebenze ngokwenene, ke siphela sisenza iinyani zilungele ithiyori.

I-neoconservative economist ikholelwa ukuba iimarike zamahhala zihlala zisebenza kakuhle, ngoko ke ubona ukudalwa kweemarike ezintsha njengesisombululo kuzo zonke iingxaki zehlabathi. I-Marxist ibona yonke into ngokwenkqubo ye-dialectical kunye neklasi yongquzulwano. Bobabini babona intlungu kunye nokubandezeleka okwenzekayo ngenxa yezi ngcamango njengoko kuyimfuneko, kwaye ngoko abothuki. I-theist ikholelwa ngokupheleleyo kwiimfundiso zenkolo yabo, kwaye ke ayikwazi ukubona ukubandezeleka kwabantu okunokubangelwa zizo. Ngokomzekelo, umKatolika okuchasayo ukusetyenziswa kweekhondom eAfrika. Kwelinye icala, umntu ongakholelwayo kubukho bukaThixo uyabona ukuba ukukholelwa kuThixo kuphosakele yaye ngaloo ndlela utyhola unqulo ngazo zonke iingxaki zehlabathi, ezimfamekisa kwiinjongo zezobupolitika okanye zezoqoqosho zabaninzi babo. Ngenxa yoko, banokuphela bexhasa imfazwe ephalazwa igazi ngendlela emangalisayo kunye nokuthuthunjiswa kwinqanaba eligqithisa iiMfazwe Zomnqamlezo, njengakwimeko kaChristopher Hitchens kunye noSam Harris umzekelo.

Ubukrelekrele buthanda kakhulu olu hlobo lokucinga, kuba ukuncipha lilifa lethu lenkcubeko yobukrelekrele, into abangene kuyo ngokupheleleyo. Ukunciphisa iimeko ezinzima ukuya kwiimodeli ezilula zazo ngemathematika, i-physics, njl. ukuqonda kwethu kunye nokulawula umhlaba wenyama. Kodwa akukho mzekelo wokunciphisa ukuphumelela kwezopolitiko okanye weengxaki zabantu. Ukuzama ukufumana iinkcazo zokunciphisa kwezopolitiko okanye ukuziphatha komntu ngumzamo ofanelekileyo wesayensi, nangona okwangoku awuphumelelanga. Kodwa ukukholelwa ukuba sele sikwimeko yokuqonda abantu okanye ezopolitiko ngokulula, kwaye - ngakumbi - ukwenza ezo nkolelo, yimpazamo enkulu yengqondo (nokuba iyaqondakala). I-Empiricism inzima kakhulu, kwanezazinzulu eziqeqeshiweyo ezisebenza kwimimandla ebambekayo kunezopolitiko okanye indlela yokuziphatha komntu ikufumanisa kunzima kakhulu ukwahlula ingcaciso yenzululwazi yento ethile kwisiphithiphithi.

Asinakulinda ukuqonda kwenzululwazi ngezopolitiko. Kufuneka sizame ukuqonda ihlabathi ngoku, kwaye senze izigqibo kunye nezenzo ezisekelwe kolo kuqonda. Ndicinga ukuba kubalulekile ukuba siqaphele ukuba asinakuthembela kakhulu kwiimodeli zokunciphisa ukukhokela ukucinga kwethu kule miba, kodwa oko kushiya ingxaki enkulu evulekileyo esinokuthembela kuyo. Uluvo lwam kukuba singasebenzisa le mizekelo yehlabathi, kodwa kufuneka sikhumbule ukuba akukho nanye kuzo inomda obanzi kakhulu, kwaye zonke zinokungalunganga ngeendlela ezinkulu. Ekugqibeleni, kufuneka sithembele kwisigqibo sethu sobuntu kunokuba ithiyori zethu njengomlamli wokugqibela wengcinga yethu yezopolitiko. Oko akuthethi ukulahla ingqiqo kunye nengqiqo, kuthetha ukuzibophelela ekuqeqesheni ngokufanelekileyo isigwebo sethu kunye nokuzama ukwenza izigqibo kangangoko kunokwenzeka ngaphakathi kwemida yokukwazi kwethu ukuqiqa ngehlabathi. Kuthetha ukuzama ukungafezeki ukuqonda iimeko ezinzima njengoko zinjalo kunokuqonda ngokugqibeleleyo ukwenziwa lula kwazo. Kuthetha ukujonga iinkcukacha kunokuzama ukufumana ithiyori esenza ukuba singayihoyi.

Oku kunjalo, kunzima kakhulu. Esinye isicwangciso esinokuthi siyenze icace ngakumbi ngumbono wokuba nemigaqo emininzi, eyondelelanayo, nebambekayo engenamandla yokuqonda umhlaba kunenani elincinane lemigaqo ebanjwe ngamandla ezama ukucacisa yonke into kwisikimu esinye esikhulu. Idityaniswe noku sisicwangciso sokuba neembono ezininzi malunga nemeko ethile enamanqanaba ahlukeneyo okukholelwa, kunokuba ube nenye. Ezi mbono zinokude zibe, eneneni mhlawumbi kufuneka zichasane. Kwakhona, oku ayikokulahla isizathu ngenxa yokwamkela ukuchasana, kodwa kukukhumbula ukukhumbula ukuba kukho iimbono ezizezinye kwimeko ethile endaweni yokubeka ezinye izinto engqondweni. Oku kunokuba ngokuqinisekileyo isicwangciso esilungileyo. Bekuya kuba sisicwangciso esibi kwixesha elide lokuqonda i-physics, umzekelo. Uvavanyo lokuba ingaba sisicwangciso esilungileyo na, kukuba kusinceda ukuba siqonde ngcono izinto ngokwembono yobungqina kunye nepragmatic. Ingongoma ephambili ayikukuba esi sicwangciso sesona silungileyo, kodwa kukuba isicwangciso sokunciphisa sisoloko sisikhokelela kwimpazamo.

Ndiza kugqiba ngomzekelo wale ndlela esetyenziswa kwingxaki yezopolitiko yangoku, uhlaselo lwase-US e-Iraq. Ngaphambi kokuba uhlaselo lwenzeke, kwabakho ingxoxo enkulu malunga nokuba yayiyinto elungileyo na, okanye inokuba yinto elungileyo. Mhlawumbi, nokuba zithini na izizathu zase-US zokufuna imfazwe, inokuba yinto entle kubantu baseIraq. Kulungile ngokupheleleyo. Inokuthi, ngaphandle kwamakhulu amawaka abantu abenzakeleyo, iseyinto entle ekuhambeni kwexesha, nangona oko kubonakala ngathi yinto ekude kakhulu ngoku. Isizathu sokuba ndiyichase yayingengenxa yokuba ndikwazi ukubona la makhulu amawaka okufa-enyanisweni oko kudlule kakhulu kwiingcinga zam ezimbi kakhulu - kodwa ukuba yonke into malunga nemfazwe ecetywayo yayingathandabuzeki. I-US kunye noorhulumente base-UK baxoke kuthi ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwaye iinjongo zabo zazingekuko ukuthotywa kwezixhobo okanye ukunceda abantu base-Iraq. Ubukhulu becala, ndaziva ngathi ukuba imfazwe ibe nesiphumo esihle okanye hayi iya kuxhomekeka kwindlela eqhutywe ngayo, kwaye ngenxa yokuba iarhente eyintloko kuloo nto yayingenamdla wokuthotywa kwezixhobo okanye abantu baseIraq entliziyweni, babengakholelwa ukuba bangayiqhuba kakuhle. Ukuchasana kwam nemfazwe kwakungasekelwanga kwiziqikelelo malunga nokuba kuza kwenzeka ntoni na, kwakungasekelwanga ekungabini semthethweni kwemfazwe ngokwemithetho yamazwe ngamazwe (eyayingayi kundikhathaza kakhulu ukuba imfazwe ibe yimpumelelo enkulu ngokwenene kwi-Iraqi. abantu), yenziwa kukungazi ukuba yintoni eyona njongo ye-US emfazweni. Nangona kunjalo, ndiyakholelwa, ngaphandle kwako konke oko kungaqiniseki kunye nokungazi kwicala lam, isigwebo sam sasichanekile, kwaye iziganeko ezilandelayo zibonise ukuba kunjalo. Unokufunda into endiyibhale ngayo ngoFebruwari 2003 Apha.

ps Andiqinisekanga ukuba ndingacebisa incwadi ka Ellul. Andikayigqibi okwangoku, kodwa ibonakala ngathi iyaziphikisa ukusuka kwisahluko ukuya kwisahluko kwaye ngamanye amaxesha ukusuka kumhlathi ukuya kumhlathi.

pps Xa ufunda incwadi malunga neepropaganda kuloliwe, kuyamangalisa ukuba ngequbuliso xa ujonga phezulu ufumanisa ukuba wonke umntu ojikelezayo ufunda i-propaganda: i-Economist ikuxelela ukuba inkulu kangakanani i-capitalism; iphephancwadi elimenyezelayo lixelela amabhinqa ukuba kufuneka abukeke njengezi modeli zibhityileyo ngendlela emangalisayo; yonke into egcwele iintengiso, iintengiso kunye namabali aqhutywa yi-PR.