Iyamangalisa, inesisa.
Inkosana ehlala itsha kaFacebook, uMark Zuckerberg, uxelele umhlaba ukuba yena nenkosikazi yakhe uPriscilla Chan bazakunikela ngeepesenti ezingama-99 zezabelo zabo kwiinjongo zesisa ngexesha lobomi babo.
Umqondiso onesibindi kunye nesisa: phantse ngokwaneleyo ukuvuselela uluvo lokuba iibhiliyoni zetekhnoloji zaziyinto eyahlukileyo. Ukude kakhulu kwabo bhanki bangwevu nabagrubby babambe iibhonasi zabo ngendlela engafanelekanga, okanye i-tycoons yepropathi yebrash eneefollicle ezibekwe kuphela kunye nezazela ezingenanto.
Lo mfana uneminyaka engama-31 ubudala, usephezulu ekuzalweni kwentombi yakhe uMax, umntwana wakhe wokuqala, uthe izabelo, ezixabisa i-45 yeebhiliyoni zeedola, ziya kuya 'kwimfundo, ukunyanga izifo kunye nokunxibelelana'.
UZuckerberg ungomnye wesizukulwana sabachwephesha abaye benza amabali empumelelo amangalisayo kaGoogle, Facebook, Amazon et al.
Iinkampani zisendle kakhulu, ziyila ngaphandle kwebhokisi, azinamda kumabhongo azo. Ukuhamba emajukujukwini, iirobhothi, iimoto ezingaqhubiyo, i-cryogenics - akukho nto ingaphaya kokufikelela kwiingcamango zabo, okanye amandla eepokotho zabo.
Basisimo esifashisayo, esinobuhlobo sobukapitali. 'Abaphazamisi' abancinci abaqulunqe amaqonga kunye nezixhobo esingenako ukumelana nazo - ezingekho lula kwaye zigudileyo ukuzisebenzisa, kodwa kwiimeko ezininzi zisimahla, nazo!
Konke kubonakala kukuhle kakhulu ukuba yinyaniso...
Kwaye kunjalo, ukuba ezinye izinto eziye zabetha izihloko ziyinto ehamba ngayo.
I-digital titans iyayinqanda irhafu kwi-industrial scale. Amapolisa aseFransi aphanda malunga ne-1.8 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi enetyala lerhafu, agqogqa iiofisi zikaGoogle eParis.1 Iinkonzo zemithombo yeendaba zikaFacebook ekucingelwa ukuba zingathathi hlangothi kunye ne-injini yokukhangela kaGoogle ityholwa ngokusebenza ecaleni kwezopolitiko. Iingxelo zangaphakathi zityhila iimeko zokusebenza ezirhabaxa kunye nezixhaphazayo ngaphakathi kweAmazon kuwo onke amanqanaba, kunye nokuqhubeka kokwala ukuqaphela iimanyano.2, 3 U-Uber, umntwana oyiposta osakhulayo 'woqoqosho lokwabelana', otyholwa ngezenzo ezingekho mthethweni neziyingozi, uvaliwe kumazwe aliqela.
Kwaye kukho inkxalabo ekhulayo malunga negunya elilodwa.
Ngexesha lokubhalwa, iManyano yaseYurophu sele iza kuhlawulisa iAlfabhethi (inkampani ebambe uGoogle) irekhodi le-3.4 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi, emva kophando lweminyaka esixhenxe lokuxhaphaza. UGoogle, owonwabela i-90-epesenti yeepesenti yesabelo se-injini yokukhangela eYurophu, uya kuyalelwa ukuba ayeke ukukhohlisa iziphumo zophendlo ukuze athande ezakhe kunye neemveliso zamaqabane akhe. 4
Isiphumo sothungelwano
John D Rockefeller kaThixo Standard Oli kwi US kudla ngokuchazwa njengomzekelo wamandulo wenkulungwane yama-20 wokuba yedwa. Imithetho echasene nokuthembana yayiyilwe ukuze kuqhawulwe ezo nkampani, kuthintelwe ukuba ibe zizo kuphela ezibonelela ngokulungileyo okanye ngenkonzo, nokwenza ukhuphiswano, ngenjongo yobulungisa nokuzuza abathengi noluntu ngokubanzi.
Ii-titans zanamhlanje zedijithali zi-oligopolies ngokobuchwepheshe - abadlali abambalwa abakhulu abalawula imarike. Kodwa indlela yokuziphatha abayibonisayo ngokucacileyo iphumelele-ithatha-konke i-monopolistic.
Sele uGoogle, uFacebook kunye neAmazon zonwabele izabelo zentengiso ezothusayo. Imizuzu enye kwisixhenxe echithwe kwi-intanethi kwihlabathi namhlanje ichithwa kuFacebook kwaye inkampani, ngokufuna ukuthatha indawo yawo onke amaphepha asekhaya ewebhusayithi, ijonge ukuba le isango lokungena kwi-intanethi; IAmazon ayinayo kuphela i-67 pesenti yazo zonke iincwadi ezithengiswayo kwi-intanethi (eziprintiweyo kunye nedijithali) kodwa idlula kakhulu iWalmart njengoyena mthengisi mkhulu US kwaye ilungiselela ukongamela iinkonzo ze-cloud-computing; Imbuyekezo yonyaka kaGoogle ngoku iphezulu kunaleyo yeearhente ezintandathu ezinkulu zentengiso kwihlabathi - kubandakanya nabanamandla. WPP โ kudityanisiwe.
Oku kunokubonakala kungaqhelekanga - kuba i-cyberpace bekufanele ukuba ikhululekile kwaye ivulekile, indawo yabadlali abohlukeneyo. Ngokwenyani, into eyenzekayo kukwenziwa koloni kwe-intanethi ziinkampani ezimbalwa zabucala eziphumelele kakhulu.
Ukujongisisa ibali likaGoogle kunceda ukuchaza ukuba kwenzeke njani oku.
Kwi-1996, abafundi uSergey Brin kunye noLarry Page benza i-algorithm ebizwa ngokuba yi-PageRank eyayiza kuba sisiseko se-injini yokukhangela ye-Google eyomeleleyo kwaye eyinkimbinkimbi. Kungekudala sonke sabe 'siGoogling', kwaye silibala konke malunga ne-Alta Vista kunye nabanye.
UGoogle ebexhamla 'kwisiphumo sothungelwano': okukhona abantu besebenzisa injini yokukhangela, kokukhona ixabiseka kubo bonke. Kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo abenzi bayo. Utyekelo lokuba yedwa, ngandlelโ ithile, lungaphakathi.
Wired uChris Anderson uthi: 'Eneneni uqoqosho lwemonopoli lunokwenzeka ngakumbi kwiimarike ezinxibeleleneyo njengehlabathi le-intanethi. Icala elimnyama leempembelelo zenethiwekhi kukuba iindawo ezityebileyo ziba zizityebi.' 5
UGoogle kufuneka abe le injini yokukhangela kwaye yenze njalo. Kwaye ngenxa yokuba ukhangelo lubaluleke kakhulu kubomi bethu namhlanje, uGoogle ukwazile ukusebenzisa amandla akhe kule ndawo ukuya kwenye. Inqanaba elilandelayo leGoogle yayiyintengiso.
Ngena ubungxowankulu bokucupha
Ngaphambi kokuba i-dot.com ibeke uxinzelelo lwabatyali-mali kwiinkampani ezifana noGoogle, abathengisi banokukhetha amaphepha exesha lokukhangela kwiziboniso zabo.
UGoogle uthathe isigqibo sokuzama ukonyusa ingeniso ngokusebenzisa amandla ayo okuhlalutya ukunyusa ukubaluleka kwentengiso kubasebenzisi, kwaye ke ixabiso kubathengisi. Ukwenza oku, ibuyisele i-cache yayo ekhulayo yedatha yokuziphatha (ukusuka kukhangelo lwangaphambili, umzekelo) ukuyitshatisa neentengiso.
Ukuza kuthi ga ngelo xesha, loo datha yayingahoywa okanye ilahliwe; ngoku le mveliso ibonakale ingumgodi wegolide.
Njengoko unjingalwazi weSikolo soShishino saseHarvard uShoshana Zuboff ebona oku: 'UGoogle usisiseko seentlobo ezintsha ngokupheleleyo zobukapitali apho ingeniso iphuma kuhlolo olucalanye kunye nokuguqulwa kwendlela yokuziphatha kwabantu. Lo bubungxowankulu obutsha bokucupha obungenakucingelwa ngaphandle kweesekethe zesantya esiphezulu ezingenakufundeka zendalo yedijithali yakwaGoogle.' 6
We ziimathiriyeli ekrwada apha. Yonke idatha yobuqu esibonelela ngayo ngokungazi ngelixa sisebenzisa i-intanethi ixabiseke kakhulu kwabo bafuna ukuqikelela imikhwa yethu yexesha elizayo, kwaye basiqhubele kwicala abanokuthanda. Oko kuquka iinkampani ezizama ukusithengisela izinto okanye iinkampani zeinshorensi ezizama ukuqikelela indlela esiziphatha ngayo. Ingeniso yayo ifumaneka ikakhulu, 'ukuba ayiphelelanga, kwiimarike zokuziphatha kwixesha elizayo'.
Ngokuka-Zuboff, obu bungxowankulu bokucupha 'buxhakamfula abantu abaxhomekeke kubo abangengabo abathengi babo okanye abasebenzi babo kwaye ubukhulu becala abangazaziyo iinkqubo zabo'.
Ukubona oku njengento engenademokhrasi kakhulu, 'ubhukuqo-mbuso oluvela phezulu' 'olucela umngeni kwimithetho-siseko kunye nezenzo zokuzimela'.
Amandla okuhlola kaGoogle ngumona wamazwe. Kodwa, njengoko ingcaphephe kwezokhuseleko uBruce Schneier ecacisa, ii-titans zedijithali kunye noorhulumente banxibelelana ngokusondeleyo kunokuba uninzi lwethu luqonda.
Amalinge ongxowankulu
Ngasemva koosomashishini bedijithali lelinye iqela labantu elisisithunzi kakhulu โ oongxowankulu bamashishini. Baye banempembelelo enkulu egqwethekileyo kwinto eye yaba yiyo i-intanethi namhlanje.
Ngeentsuku zokuqala, umyili waseBritane wewebhu yehlabathi, uTim Berners-Lee, waqulunqa i-intanethi njengomthombo oqhelekileyo wokunceda uluntu. Akakhange afune ukwenza nayiphi na imali kwimveliso yakhe eqaqambileyo kwaye ubambelele kwimigaqo yakhe, esilwela ukugcina umnatha uvulekile, ungathathi hlangothi kwaye ukhululekile.
Umbono ofanayo wawukhona kwezinye ze-intanethi zokuqala. Kodwa uninzi aluzange lukwazi ukumelana nohlaselo lweemegabucks. Abatyali-mali bagalela izixa ezijonge ngamehlo abomvu kwi-capital venture kwiinkampani ezisakhulayo-kwaye zilindelwe iziphumo ze-stellar njengembuyekezo.
Ixabiso lemali eyinkunzi, isixa-mali esityaliwe kunye nexabiso lesabelo iinkampani ezinokuliyalela xa zisiya kuluntu, zazingekho kumgangatho wexabiso leenkampani ngokwayo nayiphi na ingeniso ebekunokulindeleka ukuba yenze.
Oosomashishini abasaqalayo bakhawuleza bafunda kubaxhasi babo abazizityebi ukuba umsebenzi wabo yayingekokwenza inkampani yabo izinzileyo, kodwa yayikukuyenza ithengiswe. 'Basenokuba babecinga ukuba bubunjineli beteknoloji entsha,' ucacisa watsho umbhali wezoqoqosho lwedijithali uDouglas Rushkoff, 'xa babeziinjineli ekwabiweni ngokutsha kwenkunzi.'7
Namhlanje imboni yedijithali ibanjwe kulo mgibe wokukhula. 'Akwanelanga ukuba i-app ixhase ishishini elizinzileyo,' utsho uRushkoff, 'kufuneka ibenendlela yokuba ngumnini wemarike yonke, mhlawumbi ngonaphakade, kunye neendlela zokuthatha ezinye. Kungenjalo ayinakuthethelela i-venture capital eyamkeleyo.'
I-Twitter, iluncedo kakhulu kwiintatheli kunye namatsha ntliziyo kwiintshukumo ze-Arab Spring kunye ne-Occupy, okwangoku iphantsi koxinzelelo olukhulu kubatyali-mali bayo abazizityebi (ababandakanya iGoldman Sachs kunye ne-Saudi Billionaire Prince Al-Waleed) ukuba bakhule kwaye bafumane isabelo esikhulu kwintengiso yentengiso. .
Kunyaka ophelileyo bekukho izikhalazo zokuba inkampani ibikude kakhulu ekufikeleleni kwi-'100x yamandla okukhula' kunye nayo CEO UDick Costello wanyanzeleka ukuba aphume. U-Rushkoff ucinga ukuba ukuze i-Twitter ihlawule amaxesha angama-100 otyalo-mali kuyo, kuya kufuneka ukuba ibe yinkampani enkulu kunoqoqosho lwezizwe ezininzi.7
Enye indlela yokukhula kukukhupha ezinye iinkampani. I-Facebook kunye noGoogle, xa beqala ngokwabo, ngoku bafumana amashishini amaninzi kunokuba bawafukamele ngaphakathi. Ukususela ngo-2001 uGoogle ufumene iinkampani ezingaphezu kwe-190 (ngoku ezidweliswe phantsi kwenkampani yokubamba i-Google, i-Alphabet). I-Facebook ifumene i-50 ukususela ngo-2005.
Irhamncwa lezopolitiko
Indlela izikhulu ze-intanethi ezingene ngayo kuqoqosho lwelizwe, zidityaniswe nobutyebi bazo, zibanika amandla amakhulu ezopolitiko.
Abaphathi babo bavela kwiiphaneli kwiindibano ezikumgangatho ophezulu zamazwe ngamazwe zeForam yezoQoqosho yeHlabathi okanye i-G8, umzekelo. Oorhulumente bafuna ezi nkampani kwicala. Kwaye iinkampani zifuna ukuba oorhulumente bakhanyisele kulawulo, babanike ikhefu lerhafu kwaye bajike amehlo njengoko bezama ukuba bodwa.
Emva kweenyanga zokuphembelela uMongameli uNarendra Modi waseIndiya, kunye nekhubalo elizinzileyo elijolise kubantu baseIndiya, uFacebook wabonakala ekude kwisivumelwano esasiza kuzisa ukuzimela geqe kwi-intanethi yezigidi zabasebenzisi abatsha. Emva koko, ukuhlanganiswa okunempumelelo ngokungaqhelekanga ngabaphembeleli bokungathabathi cala baseIndiya bachasa izicwangciso zesigebenga semidiya yoluntu.
Ingxelo entsha evela kwi US Iphulo lokuZiphendulela (CfA) libonisa indlela uGoogle athe wayinyusa ngayo imizamo yakhe yokuphembelela. Inkampani sele yonwabele impembelelo engenakuthelekiswa nanto eWashington. Abaphathi bayo batyelela i-White House ngaphezu kweveki enye ngokuqhelekileyo, ngokutsho kuka-Anne Weismann we-CfA. Umbutho ubhale ngaphezulu kwe-250 'yomnyango ojikelezayo' ohamba phakathi kukaGoogle kunye norhulumente wase-US.
Ngoku uGoogle ubonakala ezama ukuphinda eli nqanaba lempembelelo eYurophu kwilinge lokuyeka isenzo esichasene nokuthembana kunye nokuzama ukuqinisa ubumfihlo be-intanethi. Uphando lucebisa ukuba uGoogle uqeshe ubuncinci abangama-65 ababesakuba ngamagosa karhulumente kwi-European Union kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo. Amagosa amalunga nama-28 aqeshwe kumasebe aphambili kurhulumente waseBritani. Ngeli xesha, u-Eric Schmidt, usihlalo weAlfabhethi (uGoogle), usenkulumbuso uDavid Cameron's Business Advisory Council.
Umqolomba weTamasin weqela laseBritane iSpinwatch uthi: 'Kufuneka siphinde sicinge ngendlela esimjonga ngayo uGoogle. Asiyonjini yokukhangela, lirhamncwa lezopolitiko elithathe ingqalelo yabaqulunqi bomgaqo-nkqubo bethu. Eyona nto ixhalabisayo kwezempilo nakwimfundo, apho ushishino lwabucala ngetekhnoloji luqokelelana ngesantya. Nokuba abezopolitiko bethu bathengile kwingcinga yabo, thina njengoluntu kufuneka sibuze ukuba ukubandakanyeka kukaGoogle kwiNkonzo yeSizwe yezeMpilo kunye nezikolo kuya kubachaphazela njani. Zithini iziphumo, kwaye ngubani ozuzayo: thina okanye uGoogle?'8
Yintoni ekufuneka yenziwe?
Sikwinqanaba elibalulekileyo njengoko singena 'kwi-Intanethi Yezinto', ilizwe apho phantse zonke izixhobo zasekhaya kunye neenkqubo ziya kuba zikwi-intanethi; 'ubuchule' bobomi bemihla ngemihla, ngenkqubo kaGoogle kaGoogle esebenza iiwotshi zethu ezikrelekrele, iimoto ezikrelekrele, iithermostats ezikrelekrele. Njengoko umgxeki weSilicon Valley u-Evgeny Morozov ebeka, oku kubeka i-Google 'phakathi kwakho kunye nefriji yakho, wena kunye nemoto yakho, wena kunye nomgqomo wakho wenkunkuma, ukuvumela i-Arhente yoKhuseleko lweSizwe ukuba iyanelise umlutha wedatha ngobuninzi kunye nefestile enye.'9
Ngo-2020, izixhobo eziqikelelwa kwiibhiliyoni ezingama-25 ziya kuqhagamshelwa ngale ndlela. Amathuba okubek'esweni akanamda, kwaye kungekuphela nje kwiinkampani kunye neBig Brother states, kodwa izaphuli-mthetho kunye nabanqolobi nabo. (Iziqhoboshi zemoto ezinokucinywa ukude, umzekelo.) Imo emdaka yobumfihlo be-intanethi kunye nokuqheleka kokucupha okuninzi kusenza sonke sibe sesichengeni ngakumbi kwabo banokusiqhatha.10
Kufuneka sithathe inyathelo ngoku ukuba siza kutshintsha ubudlelwane bethu nee-digital titans ezilawula le teknoloji kunye nedatha yethu kuyo, kwaye ngubani ofuna ukuqhubeka nokwenza oko ngeyona ndlela ingalawulwayo. Ukungalingani kwamandla esijongene nawo akulotyala lobuchwephesha okanye ukusungula izinto ezintsha. Sisiphumo sento engeyiyo intsha okanye yenguqu-nguquko- ukhapitali, kunye nenyhweba engaqhelekanga, ekhululekileyo kunye nemo yazo.
Ukumelana nayo kufuneka sibe, kwaye siwazi, amalungelo ethu. I-Civil-society yaseMadrid i-Privacy Declaration ka-2009 kukuchazwa kakuhle kwamanye ala malungelo kwaye kubekho uloyiso olubalulekileyo lwezomthetho kwiNkundla yoBulungisa. EU.11, 12 Kodwa yinkqubo ecothayo kwaye inzima.
Kufuneka kubekho iqumrhu lamazwe ngamazwe elizimeleyo lokongamela kunye nokulawula iinkampani zedijithali kunye nokuthatha inyathelo ngokuchasene nokulawulwa kwe-monopolization. Sidinga imithetho emitsha enyanzelisa iinkampani ukuba ziqokelele ubuncinci bedatha, ixesha elincinci, kwaye ngokukhuselekileyo ngakumbi kunokuba zisenza ngoku. Kufuneka kubekho izinto elubala, ukuze siyazi into abayenzayo ngedatha yethu, kwaye sibe ne-arhente phezu kwayo.
Kukho inani lamaphulo ajolise ekuxhobiseni abasebenzisi kwiintsebenziswano zabo nababoneleli bezobuchwepheshe. Emva kwayo yonke loo nto, thina, abasebenzisi, singumthombo wobutyebi babo. Abanye bethu banokuthi, malunga, bangakwazi ukukhetha ukungazisebenzisi okanye ukuzisebenzisa kancinci okanye ukutshintshela kumaqonga okuziphatha okuhle, ngaphambi kokuba sonke singene kwi-Intanethi yeZinto.
Ukubanjwa kumsindo we-techno-rush eqhutywa yinzuzo, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba akunyanzelekanga ukuba ibe ngolu hlobo. Ababoneleli ngeenkonzo banokuphatha abasebenzisi babo ngokufanelekileyo. Banokuhlonipha ubumfihlo babo, ukuzimela kunye nemfuno yokhuseleko. Banokwenza ushishino ngokwahlukileyo, ngendlela yentsebenziswano nengaxhaphaziyo. Khawufane ucinge, umzekelo, iAmazon eyabelana ngeengeniso kunye nababoneleli bayo, endaweni yokukhupha amaxabiso ukuba ingabikho ngaphambi kokuba idlulele kwixhoba elilandelayo elibi.
Banokujonga i-cyberpace, hayi njengendawo yabucala ekufuneka yoyisiwe, ikoloniwe kwaye ivalelwe, kodwa njengendawo eqhelekileyo yehlabathi. Ukungathathi hlangothi komnatha kunye nabaphembeleli bemithombo evulekileyo, loo mbono ayizange imke, kodwa kufuneka ikhwazwe kakhulu ngoku, ukusuka kwindawo eqhelekileyo.
In foreveryone.net, Ifilimu entsha ye-documentary kaJessica Yu, uTim Berners-Lee usikhuthaza ukuba sithathe ezitratweni kwaye silwele i-intanethi ekhululekile ekulawuleni nokuba ngaba iinkampani okanye oorhulumente, kwaye lilungelo lomntu, njengokufikelela emanzini.13
Utshintsho lokwenyani lufuna utshintsho kwizithethe zasekuhlaleni kunye nokuqonda ukuba oosozigidi bezigidi basinika 'ixabiso eliphantsi kakhulu' okanye 'simahla' bane-ajenda yolawulo olungenamthetho ejongela phantsi idemokhrasi.
Ke, kuthekani nge-largesse kaMark Zuckerberg? Kuyinyaniso ukuba, i-43 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi yimali eninzi, nangona ubomi bonke, kwaye kubonakala kubuhlungu ukukhalaza. Kodwa i-Facebook yi-serial tax avoider, usebenzisa 'i-Double Irish' amalungiselelo okuhlawula kuphela iipesenti ezimbini ukuya kwezintathu okanye irhafu engaphantsi kuyo yonke ingeniso yamazwe ngamazwe. Loo rhafu ingahlawulwayo yayinokuya ekuboneleleni 'ngemfundo, amayeza, uqhagamshelwano' kumazwe amaninzi apho i-Facebook yenza imali. Kodwa ke ngeyabe yabiwe ngokwezinto eziphambili ezibekwe ngoorhulumente abanyulwe ngokwedemokhrasi, hayi iminqweno yobuqu yebhiliyoni ekhululekileyo, othi, ngempazamo, agcine amandla okuvota omnini zabelo kuzo zonke izabelo afunga ukuzinikezela.
Njengakwimiba emininzi yokwenza nenguqu yedijithali kunye nabaxhamli bayo, kungcono ukuba ungathathi kakhulu ngokwexabiso lobuso.
- thestreet.com 05/24/2016 nin.tl/tax-raid-google-paris โฉ
- nytimes.com 2015/08/16 nin.tl/amazon-workplace โฉ
- nytimes.com 2016/05/17 nin.tl/amazon-anti-union โฉ
- bloomberg.com 2016/05/15 nin.tl/google-faces-eu-fine โฉ
- wired.com 2010/08nin.tl/the-web-is-dead โฉ
- Shoshana Zuboff nin.tl/surveillance-capitalism โฉ
- UDouglas Rushkoff, uphosa amatye kwibhasi kaGoogle, iPenguin, ngo-2016 โฉ
- theguardian.com 2016/jun/04 nin.tl/google-political-influence โฉ
- Evgeny Morozov, guardian.com 2014/jul/20 nin.tl/internet-of-things-v-democracy โฉ
- Le Monde Diplomatique, Juni 2016, 'I-Europe's New Privacy Shield' nguJanne Jรคrvinen kunye noMarkku Kutvonen โฉ
- Isibhengezo saBucala saseMadrid ngo-2009 nin.tl/madrid-declaration โฉ
- yaseYurophu-v-facebook.org kwaye nin.tl/max-schrems โฉ
- foreveryone.net kananjalo bona nin.tl/berners-lee-interview โฉ
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
Nikela