NgoAprili 28, 1971, iOccupational Safety and Health Administration yavula iingcango zayo. Ukudalwa kwe-OSHA kubonakalise ukuba lolona loyiso lukhulu kwimbali yaseMelika kwimpilo yasemsebenzini. Ngelishwa, i-OSHA ayinakuze iphile ngokusemandleni ayo okuguqula indawo yokusebenza ngenxa yokuchasana okucwangcisiweyo kweenkampani, intshukumo yolondolozo eyayiza kuguqula ipolitiki yaseMelika iqale ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1970, kunye nokubanjwa okusemthethweni okunciphise ukusebenza kwe-arhente. Oko kwathiwa, i-OSHA yenze isixa esikhulu ukuphucula ubomi babasebenzi.
Iimeko zokusebenza ezingakhuselekanga nezingenampilo kudala zithwaxa abasebenzi baseMelika. Ithiyori yeGolded Age yomngcipheko wendawo yokusebenza, ifakwe kwisigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseMassachusetts ngo-1842. Farwell v. IBoston kunye neWorcester Rail Road Corporation, babeka imbopheleleko yasemsebenzini kubasebenzi kunangabaqeshi, besithi bazifaka esichengeni xa bevuma ukusebenza. Ngeminyaka yoo-1890, oku kwakusele kuqalisile ukuwohloka emva kokuba abasebenzi bamangalele ngempumelelo amaqumrhu ngokwenzakala nokufa. Izicwangciso zembuyekezo yabasebenzi ezixhaswa ngumqeshi zaqala ukudlula kwinqanaba likarhulumente ngeminyaka yoo-1910, zivumela iinkampani ukuba ziphephe ukumangalelwa kwaye ziqiqe ilahleko ngenxa yokwenzakala emsebenzini, ngelixa zikwanika abasebenzi kancinci. Abahlaziyi bemizi mveliso abafana no-Alice Hamilton baqhubekile nokuzoba unxibelelwano phakathi kwempilo yabasebenzi kunye nokuvezwa emsebenzini, nto leyo ekhokelela kuhlaziyo olucothayo. NgoMbutho Omkhulu, ukugcina abasebenzi bekhuselekile kuye kwabaluleka ngakumbi kubenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo. Abasebenzi bebenganelisekanga ngakumbi kukuvezwa kwabo bajongana nakho emsebenzini, intshukumo ekhulayo yokusingqongileyo yabonelela ngolwimi lwendalo kwindawo yokusebenza, kwaye iinkululeko ngaphakathi kuLawulo lukaJohnson zazama ukumisa umgangatho obanzi wemiba yobomi kwiDemocratic Party. Nangona iVietnam yavuthela umsebenzi we-LBJ, ukukhawuleza kwenkqubo yokhuseleko lwendawo yokusebenza, njengento eninzi yoMbutho oMkhulu, waqhutyelwa kuLawulo lweNixon.
NgoDisemba 29, 1970, uRichard Nixon watyikitya uMthetho woKhuseleko kunye nezeMpilo eMsebenzini, edala i-arhente yokujongana nokhuseleko lomsebenzi kunye nempilo eya kuqala ukusebenza ngo-Aprili 28, 1971. Lo mthetho wadala iZiko leSizwe loKhuseleko lwezeMpilo kunye neMpilo (NIOSH) njengenxalenye ye-OSHA ukukhokela iinkqubo zophando kule miba.
Abasebenzi abaququzelelweyo ngokubanzi baxhasa ukudalwa kwe-OSHA, kodwa zimbalwa kuphela iimanyano zabasebenzi ezithathe ithuba le-arhente ukuzisa ukhuseleko kwindawo yokusebenza kunye nempilo phambi kwezopolitiko zomanyano. I-AFL-CIO yatyhala ukuphunyezwa ngokupheleleyo kwesenzo njengenye yeenjongo ezininzi zomthetho, kodwa ayizange ifune ukuxhobisa abasebenzi kumgangatho weevenkile ngokulwela iindawo zokusebenza ezikhuselekileyo. Imibutho embalwa yabantu kodwa ikwenzile oku-uMbutho waMazwe ngaMazwe wooMachinist, i-International Woodworkers of America, kwaye eyona idumileyo yi-Oli, i-Chemical Workers kunye ne-Atomic Workers. Ezi yayizezona manyano zijolise kuhlaziyo kwi-AFL-CIO ngeminyaka yoo-1970, zifuna ukukhupha ukunganeliseki okubanzi kwabasebenzi kude nezopolitiko zobuhlanga ukuya kwinto eluncedo. Ibeziimanyano zabasebenzi ebezisoloko zibucaphukela ubunkokeli obungagungqiyo bukaGeorge Meany kunye nenkcubeko yolawulo lwezikhundla olwalulawula iimanyano ezininzi kule minyaka. Inkokeli yabasebenzi enxulumene kakhulu ne-OSHA kunye nempilo yasemsebenzini nguTony Mazzochi we-OCAW. Ngamanye amaxesha ebizwa ngokuba โyiRachel Carson yase-American Workplace,โ uMazzochi wayecinezele iminyaka yoo-1960 ngeenkqubo zokhuseleko ezisebenza ngamandla kwiikontrakthi zemanyano, waxhobisa amalungu emanyano ukuba abe ngamatsha ntliziyo kwivenkile yezempilo emsebenzini, kwaye bakhe iibhulorho phakathi kwabasebenzi kunye neentshukumo zokusingqongileyo. ukwenza indawo yokusebenza ibe yinto ebalulekileyo ye-ajenda yazo zombini. Emva kokusekwa kwe-OSHA, uMazzochi waba yinkokeli yelizwe ngokucinezela i-arhente ukuba ikhuphe imigangatho ye-asbestos enamandla ukukhusela abasebenzi kunye nabathengi.
Ukuguquka kwimbali ye-OSHA kukunyulwa kukaRonald Reagan. Kwi-1981, u-Reagan watshitshisa uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwe-OSHA kwi-1982. Umlawuli we-OSHA we-Reagan, u-Thorne Auchter, umakhi wezindlu zaseFlorida, wabonisa utshintsho kwimigaqo-nkqubo ye-OSHA xa eguqule umgaqo owawuvumela abasebenzi bokwakha ukuba bajonge iirekhodi zabo zonyango ngolwazi malunga nokuvezwa okuyityhefu. . Unokufunda ngakumbi malunga neminyaka ye-Auchter apha,.
Ukunikwa ixesha ekufuneka i-arhente izimise ngayo, yenze iinkqubo, kwaye iqhube uphando, ngeendlela ezininzi i-OSHA yayifikelela kwinqanaba layo xa uReagan wanciphisa uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali. Kubasebenzi bamazwe ngamazwe baseMelika, ukwehla kwenkxaso-mali ye-OSHA kwakubuhlungu kakhulu. I-IWA yayicotha kancinci kune-OCAW ekubandakanyeni i-OSHA nzulu. Unyulo lwesizukulwana esitsha sobunkokeli bomanyano ngo-1976 lwabangela ukuba imanyano ibe yenye yezona zinto zinamandla ekusebenziseni i-OSHA njengesixhobo sokuxhobisa abasebenzi kumgangatho wevenkile. I-IWA iqeqeshe abasebenzi kwimigaqo-nkqubo ye-OSHA, emva koko yabathumela emva kwivenkile ukuya kufuna ukuba iingxaki zicocwe. Ide yacebisa i-OSHA ukuba i-arhente ithumele umsebenzi ukuba asebenze ngokuthe ngqo kunye ne-IWA, eyakhatywayo ngenxa yokuba yayingaphandle kwe-arhente, kodwa yafumana ingqwalasela ye-arhente njengemanyano enzulu malunga nempilo yasemsebenzini. U-Basil Whiting, uSekela Nobhala oNcedisayo we-OSHA, uxelele iNgqungquthela ye-IWA ngo-1977, "Ubengomnye wemibutho embalwa e-United States ebambe i-nettle apha, sele iqalile ukuqhubela phambili malunga nokuphuhlisa amandla akho angaphakathi thabathani inyathelo ngokuphathelele iingxaki ezinzulu zempilo nokhuseleko ezibulala amalungu enu.โ
Uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lweReagan, ludityaniswe nokuhla kwengqesho yamaplanga ngenxa yezizathu zangaphandle kwaye ngaloo ndlela ubulungu obuncinane, buye bamisa ezi nkqubo zokhuseleko emsebenzini. Izibonelelo ze-NIOSH zokuxhasa ngemali imiphumo yomlotha ovela kwi-Mt. St. Ezinye izicwangciso zokuphuhlisa iinkqubo zembuyekezo ngenxa yesondlo somzimba esixhatshazwe ngabagawuli zaye zabekelwa bucala ngokupheleleyo.
Nangona ukuxhaswa kwe-Reagan kweenkqubo ze-OSHA, ukhuseleko lomsebenzi jikelele luye lwaphuculwa kakhulu e-United States ukususela ngo-1971. Intwana entle yale nto inento yokwenza neshishini elikhupha umngcipheko weshishini kwi-Latin America nase-Asia, kodwa kukho utshintsho lwangempela kwinkcubeko yendawo yokusebenza. Ngowe-1970, kwabulawa abantu abali-18 kwiindawo zokusebenza kubasebenzi abali-100,000. Ngo-2006, oko kwehle kwasweleka kwi-4.1 kubasebenzi abangama-100,000. Amazinga okwenzakala kunye nokugula emsebenzini ehle ngama-40% kwiminyaka efanayo.
Njengoko sibonile kwiiveki zamva nje, amandla e-OSHA okukhusela abasebenzi anemida enzima ngenxa yokungaxhaswa ngemali. Ngowe-1980, i-OSHA iqeshe abantu abangama-2950. Ngo-2006, iqeshe abantu abangama-2092 kuphela, ngaphandle kokuphinda kabini inani labasebenzi. Ugqabhuko-dubulo kwisityalo saseWest Fertilizer eTexas nge-17 ka-Epreli olwabulala ubuncinci abantu abali-14 lubonise imida yokwenyani ye-arhente. Bambalwa kakhulu abahloli be-OSHA kangangokuba kuya kuthatha iminyaka eyi-129 ukuhlola yonke indawo yokusebenza kweli lizwe kumanqanaba angoku abasebenzi. Isohlwayo sokwaphulwa kwe-OSHA sihlala sibuthathaka kwaye abaqeshi banoloyiko oluncinci lolo nasiphi na isohlwayo sokwenyani.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
Nikela