Ewe, iMfazwe yaseIraq yayiyimfazwe yeoli, kwaye yayiyimfazwe nabaphumeleleyo: Ioyile enkulu.
Sele iyiminyaka eli-10 ukusukela oko kwaqala ukwenziwa iibhombu ze-Operation Iraqi Freedom eBaghdad. Kwaye ngelixa uninzi lwemikhosi yomanyano ekhokelwa yi-US sele ihambile, iinkampani zeoyile zaseNtshona zisaqala.
Phambi kohlaselo luka-2003, umzi-mveliso we-oyile wasekhaya wase-Iraq wawulawulwa ngokupheleleyo kwaye wavalwa kwiinkampani zeoyile zaseNtshona. Ishumi leminyaka lemfazwe kamva, ubukhulu becala bubekelwe bucala kwaye bulawulwa ngokupheleleyo ziifemu zangaphandle.
Ukusuka kwi-ExxonMobil kunye ne-Chevron ukuya kwi-BP kunye ne-Shell, eNtshona iinkampani zeoyile ezinkulu baye baseka ivenkile e-Iraq. Ke yiba nokubulawa kweenkampani zenkonzo yeoli yaseMelika, kuquka Halliburton, i-firm yase-Texas e-Dick Cheney yagijima ngaphambi kokuba ibe ngumlingane kaGeorge W. Bush kwi-2000.
Imfazwe sesona sizathu solu fikelelo lude lufunwa kwaye lusanda kufunyanwa.
Inkcazo epheleleyo: Imfazwe yaseIraq, iminyaka eyi-10
I-oyile yayingeyiyo yodwa injongo yeMfazwe yase-Iraq, kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo yayiyeyona iphambili, njengoko abantu basemkhosini abaphezulu base-US nabezopolitiko baye bangqina kule minyaka ilandela uhlaselo.
"Ngokuqinisekileyo malunga neoli; asikwazi ukuyikhanyela loo nto," watsho uGen. John Abizaid, owayesakuba yintloko ye-US Central Command and Military Operations e-Iraq, ngo-2007. Owayesakuba nguSihlalo we-Federal Reserve. U-Alan Greenspan wavuma, ebhala kwimemori yakhe, "Ndibuhlungu ukuba kungenakulungeleka kwezopolitiko ukuvuma oko wonke umntu uyazi: imfazwe yase-Iraq ininzi malunga neoli." Emva koko-Sen. kwaye ngoku nguNobhala wezoKhuselo UChuck Hagel uthe okufanayo ngo-2007: "Abantu bathi asilweli ioli. Ewe kunjalo."
Okokuqala malunga neminyaka engama-30, iinkampani ze-oyile zaseNtshona zihlola kwaye zivelisa i-oyile e-Iraq kwezinye iindawo zeoli ezinkulu zehlabathi kwaye zivuna inzuzo enkulu. Kwaye ngelixa i-US iye yagcina inqanaba elingaguqukiyo lokungeniswa kwe-oyile yase-Iraq ukususela kuhlaselo, izibonelelo azifumani ndlela yazo kuqoqosho lwase-Iraq okanye uluntu.
Ezi ziphumo zibe ngoyilo, isiphumo seshumi leminyaka likarhulumente wase-US kunye noxinzelelo lwenkampani yeoli. Ngo-1998, UKenneth Derr, owayengumphathi weChevron ngoko, utshilo, "I-Iraq inoovimba abakhulu beoyile kunye nerhasi-endingathanda ukuba iChevron ikwazi ukufikelela kuyo." Namhlanje kuyenzeka.
Okukodwa: UHans Blix 'kwimpazamo embi' e-Iraq
Ngo-2000, i-Oli enkulu, kuquka i-Exxon, i-Chevron, i-BP kunye ne-Shell, yachitha imali eninzi ukufumana abanye oo-oyile u-Bush no-Cheney kwiofisi kunokuba babechithe kulo naluphi na unyulo lwangaphambili. Kwisithuba nje seveki kwikota yokuqala kaBush, iinzame zabo zaba neziqhamo xa iQela loPhuhliso loMgaqo-nkqubo wezaMandla weSizwe, usihlalo walo nguCheney, lasekwa, lidibanisa ulawulo kunye neenkampani ze-oyile ukuze zicwangcise ikamva lethu elihlangeneyo lamandla. NgoMatshi, iqela elisebenzayo uluhlu oluphononongiweyo kunye neemephu echaza amandla e-Iraq apheleleyo emveliso yeoli.
Kungekudala kwenziwa amalungiselelo okuhlasela ngomkhosi. Unobhala wokuqala kaNondyebo kaBush, uPaul O'Neill, yatsho kwi2004, "Sele ngoFebruwari (2001), intetho yayininzi malunga ne-logistics. Akunjalo kutheni (ukuhlasela i-Iraq), kodwa njani kwaye ngokukhawuleza kangakanani."
in yayo ingxelo yokugqibela ngoMeyi 2001 (PDF), iqela labasebenzi lathi amazwe aseMbindi Mpuma kufuneka abongozwe "ukuba avule iindawo zamacandelo abo amandla kutyalo-mali lwangaphandle." Oku kanye kanye okuye kwaphunyezwa e-Iraq.
Nantsi indlela abenza ngayo.
ISebe likaRhulumente Ikamva leProjekthi ye-Iraq ye-Oyile kunye neQela eliSebenzayo laMandla ladibana ukusuka ngoFebruwari 2002 ukuya ku-Epreli 2003 kwaye wavuma ukuba Iraq "kufuneka ivulelwe iinkampani zeoli zamazwe ngamazwe ngokukhawuleza emva kwemfazwe."
UArwa Damon: I-Iraq ifuthaniseleka ngengubo yosizi
Uluhlu lwamalungu eqela aluzange lwenziwe luluntu, kodwa u-Ibrahim Bahr al-Uloum - owamiselwa njengomphathiswa we-oyile wase-Iraq ngurhulumente wase-US ngoSeptemba 2003 - wayeyinxalenye yeqela, ngokutsho kukaGreg Muttitt, intatheli kunye nombhali wencwadi. "I-Fuel eMlilweni: I-oyile kunye nezopolitiko kwi-Iraq ehlaselweyo." U-Bahr al-Uloum wakhawuleza waqalisa ukuzama ukuphumeza iinjongo zeqela.
Kwangaxeshanye, abameli beExxonMobil, Chevron, ConocoPhillips kunye Halliburton, phakathi kwabanye, wadibana nabasebenzi bakaCheney ngoJanuwari 2003 ukuxoxa ngezicwangciso zoshishino lwase-Iraq lwasemva kwemfazwe. Kule minyaka ilishumi izayo, abalawuli bangaphambili kunye nabakhoyo ngoku kwiinkampani zeoyile zasentshona baqale basebenza njengabalawuli benkonzo yeoli yase-Iraq emva koko "njengabacebisi" kurhulumente waseIraq.
Ngaphambi kohlaselo, bekukho nje izinto ezimbini ezimiyo kwindlela yeenkampani zeoyile zaseNtshona ezisebenza eIraq: uSaddam Hussein kunye nenkqubo yezomthetho yesizwe. Uhlaselo lwalusebenzisana noHussein. Ukulungisa le ngxaki yamva, abanye ngaphakathi nangaphandle kulawulo lukaBush bathethe ukuba kufuneka itshintshe imithetho ye-oyile yase-Iraq ngorhulumente womanyano okhokelwa yi-US wase-Iraq, nowalawula ilizwe ukusuka ku-Epreli ka-2003 ukuya kuJuni ka-2004. Endaweni yoko i-White House yalinda , ukukhetha ukucinezela urhulumente wase-Iraq osanda kunyulwa ukuba awise umthetho omtsha we-oyile ngokwawo.
Ngaba i-Iraq yazala i-Arab Spring?
Lo Mthetho we-Iraq Hydrocarbons, ngokuyinxenye uyilwe lushishino lwe-oyile lwaseNtshona, uya kuvalela isizwe kutyalo-mali lwangaphandle lwabucala phantsi kwemiqathango elungele ukushishina. Ulawulo lukaBush lwatyhala urhulumente wase-Iraq esidlangalaleni nangasese ukuba awise umthetho. Kwaye ngoJanuwari 2007, njengoko "ukunyuka" kwe-20,000 yemikhosi eyongezelelweyo yaseMelika yayigqitywa, umongameli wamisela imilinganiselo ethile kurhulumente wase-Iraq, kubandakanywa nomthetho omtsha we-oyile "ukukhuthaza utyalo-mali, umanyano lwesizwe kunye noxolelwaniso."
Kodwa ngenxa yenkcaso enkulu yoluntu kunye nepalamente engavumiyo, urhulumente wase-Iraqi akaphumelelanga ukuwisa uMthetho weHydrocarbons. Usama al-Nujeyfi, ilungu lekomiti yamandla epalamente, nkqu bayeke ukukhalazela umthetho, besithi iyakuyeka ukulawula kakhulu kwiinkampani zehlabathi kwaye "yonakalise ikamva lelizwe."
Ngo-2008, ngethemba lokuba umthetho uphunyeziwe kunye nethemba lokuqhubeka komkhosi wamazwe angaphandle ukuncipha njengoko unyulo lwalusondela e-US nase-Iraq, iinkampani ze-oyile zahlala kwelinye icala.
Ukudlula kwipalamente, iifemu zaqala ukutyikitya iikhontrakthi ezibonelela ngalo lonke ufikelelo kwaye uninzi lonyango olululo oluya kubonelelwa nguMthetho weHydrocarbons - kwaye nolawulo lwaseBush lwanceda. uyilo lwekhontrakthi zemodeli.
Kutheni abafazi bekhululekile emva kweMfazwe yase-Iraq
Ukushiya isikhundla, uBush kunye namagosa olawulo luka-Obama baye basebenzela iinkampani zeoyile njengabacebisi kwiinzame zabo zase-Iraq. Umzekelo, owayesakuba ngunozakuzaku waseMelika eIraq inkampani kaZalmay Khalilzad, CMX-Gryphon, "ibonelela ngeenkampani zeoli zamazwe ngamazwe kunye namazwe ngamazwe ngokufikelela ngokungenakulinganiswa, ukuqonda kunye nolwazi kwi-Iraq."
Iikhontrakthi ezitsha azinalo ukhuseleko oluza kunikezelwa ngumthetho omtsha, kwaye abenzi bomthetho base-Iraq baye baphikisa ukuba baqhuba ngokuchasene nomthetho okhoyo, ofuna ulawulo lukarhulumente, ukusebenza kunye nobunini becandelo leoli lase-Iraq.
Kodwa iikhontrakthi ziyayifeza eyona njongo iphambili ye-Cheney energy task Force: konke ngaphandle kokuthengisa icandelo le-oyile yase-Iraqi kunye nokulivulela iinkampani zangaphandle zabucala.
Bakwabonelela ngezivumelwano zekhontrakthi ezinde kakhulu kunye nobunini obuphezulu kwaye baphelise iimfuno zokuba i-oyile yase-Iraq ihlale e-Iraq, ukuba iinkampani zityala ingeniso kuqoqosho lwengingqi okanye ziqeshe uninzi lwabasebenzi basekhaya.
Imveliso yeoli yase-Iraq iye yanda ngaphezu kwe-40% kule minyaka mihlanu idlulileyo ukuya 3 imiphanda yeoli ngosuku (esengaphantsi kwe-1979 ephezulu ye-3.5 yezigidi ezibekwe ziinkampani zikarhulumente zase-Iraq), kodwa i-80% epheleleyo yale nto ithunyelwa ngaphandle kwelizwe ngelixa abantu base-Iraqi bezama ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ezisisiseko zokusetyenziswa kwamandla. I-GDP ngomntu ngamnye yonyuke kakhulu kodwa ihleli phakathi kwabona baphantsi emhlabeni kwaye ingaphantsi kakhulu kwabanye abamelwane abazizityebi nge-oyile e-Iraq. Iinkonzo ezisisiseko ezifana namanzi nombane zihlala zibutofotofo, ngelixa I-25% yabemi uhlala ebuhlwempu.
Yabelana ngebali lakho leMfazwe yase-Iraq
Isithembiso semisebenzi emitsha enxulumene namandla kwilizwe liphela asikafezeki. Amacandelo e-oyile kunye negesi namhlanje aphendula ngokuthe ngqongaphantsi kwe2% yengqesho iyonke, njengoko iinkampani zangaphandle zithembele endaweni yoko abasebenzi abavela kumazwe angaphandle.
Kwiiveki nje ezimbalwa ezidlulileyo, ngaphezulu Abantu abali-1,000 XNUMX baye baqhankqalaza kwi-ExxonMobil kunye neRussia uLukoil's super-giant West Qurna oil field,imisebenzi kunye nentlawulo kumhlaba wabucala olahlekileyo okanye wonakaliswe yimisebenzi yeoli. Umkhosi wase-Iraq wabizwa ukuba uphendule.
Ukruqukile ziifemu, umanyano oluphambili lwamaqela oluntu lwase-Iraqi kunye nemibutho yabasebenzi, kubandakanya nabasebenzi be-oyile, yabhengezwa nge-15 kaFebruwari ukuba iinkampani ze-oyile zamazwe ngamazwe "zithathe indawo yemikhosi yamazwe angaphandle ekulahlekiseni ulongamo lwase-Iraqi" kwaye kufuneka "ibeke ixesha lokurhoxisa."
Kufuphi nekhaya, kuqhanqalazo kwikomkhulu laseChevron eHouston ngo-2010, owayesakuba ligosa lezobuntlola lomkhosi wase-US uThomas Buonomo, ilungu le-Iraq Veterans Against the War, waphakamisa uphawu olufundeka ngolu hlobo, "Chevron ethandekayo: Enkosi ngokuhlazisa inkonzo yethu" (PDF).
Ewe, iMfazwe yase-Iraq yayiyimfazwe yeoli, kwaye yayiyimfazwe kunye nabalahlekileyo: abantu base-Iraqi nabo bonke abo baphalaza kwaye balahlekelwa ligazi ukuze i-Oli enkulu iphume phambili.
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