(Isazi sentlalo-ntle yehlabathi u-Immanuel Wallerstein wazalwa ngo-1930 waza wafa ngo-Agasti 31 kulo nyaka uphelileyo. Njengenxalenye ye-Hong Kong-based IYunivesithi yeHlabathi yoZinzo imbeko, abemi abaninzi baseMzantsi Afrika bayikhumbula indima yakhe apha.)

Ekuziseni IWallerstein ebalulekileyo, U-Immanuel Wallerstein wabhala,

Ndiyabulela kwizifundo zam zase-Afrika ngokuvula amehlo am kwimiba yezopolitiko etshisayo yehlabathi langoku nakwimibuzo yezifundo malunga nendlela yokuhlalutya imbali yenkqubo yehlabathi yanamhlanje. YayiyiAfrika eyayinoxanduva lokucela umngeni kwezona ndawo zindomelezayo zemfundo yam.

Ndiqale ndacinga ukuba iingxoxo zemfundo kunye nezopolitiko zaziphezu kohlalutyo olubonakalayo lwenyani yangoku, kodwa kungekudala ndiye ndaqonda ukuba izixhobo zokuhlalutya zazifanele ukubuzwa. Ezo ndandizifundisiwe zazibonakala kum ziluphembelela uhlalutyo lwethu lwamandla kwaye zigqwethe utoliko lwethu.

Kancinci, ngaphezu kweminyaka engamashumi amabini, iimbono zam zavela, de kwaba ngo-1970 ndaqala ukuthetha ukuba ndizama ukujonga ihlabathi kwimbono endiyibiza ngokuba 'uhlalutyo lweenkqubo zehlabathi.'

Lo ibingumoya u-Imanuweli awawugcinayo kutyelelo loMzantsi Afrika ngo-2006, 2009 nango-2011, njengoko abazimeleyo bashiya apha bekhula kwaye bafumana amathuba okumtsalela kwimisitho yezemfundo neyobutshantliziyo, ukuze sixhase izigxeko zethu zorhulumente welizwe okhulayo weneoliberal kwaye udidi longxowankulu oludume ngokugqithisileyo. Ngexesha lohambo ngalunye, ukutyelela izixeko ezithathu eziphambili zelizwe kunye neeyunivesithi eziphambili, wasibonisa indlela amakhonkco ethu asekuhlaleni kunye nehlabathi jikelele kwiiprojekthi zezopolitiko zenkululeko ayefuna ukomelezwa, ngaphaya kwamandla kunye neendlela ezibanzi zokucinga nokwenza.

Izifundiswa ezine ezizimeleyo ezisekhohlo – uTrevor Ngwane, uKate Alexander, uMary Galvin noAshwin Desai – ababemazi kakuhle bangangqina oku:

Imibhalo kaComrade u-Immanuel Wallerstein ivule amehlo am kunye naleyo yamaqabane amaninzi kwimo yehlabathi yongxowankulu kunye nenkqubo yama impiriyali yokuxhaphaza nengcinezelo. Wabonisa ukukhula kwayo ngokwembali kunye neendlela ezahlukeneyo ezisebenzisayo ukuthobela abantu behlabathi kunye nabasebenzi kumandla alo apheleleyo. Oku kuqonda kwakubaluleke kakhulu kumzabalazo wenkululeko yesizwe kuba kwakuququzelela ukwakhiwa kwemibutho yesizwe yenguqu epheleleyo ngokuchasene nekoloniyalizim esekelwe kumbono ochasene nongxowankulu wobusoshiyali. I-anti-impiriyalizim yaba luphawu lwawo nawuphi na umbutho wenkululeko oxabisa ityuwa yawo.

Namhlanje izifundo zikaWallerstein zibaluleke kakhulu njengoko uluntu lusokola ukujamelana nokumoshakala kwezoqoqosho kunye nemekobume yobungxowankulu behlabathi. Babonisa imfuneko yokuba abasebenzi behlabathi kunye nemibutho yasekuhlaleni emanyeneyo imanyane ngaphakathi nangaphaya kwemida yelizwe ukuze ihambelane namandla ezizwe ngezizwe ongxowankulu. Sizama ukuphelisa zonke iindlela zokuxhaphaza nengcinezelo. Ekuphela kwesisombululo esisebenzayo nesihlala sihleli kukubhukuqa inkqubo yehlabathi yobukapitali kuze endaweni yayo kufakwe isoshiyali kwindlela eya kubukomanisi.

Ngokwam, ndikhumbula ngo-2011 weza eSoweto etyelela iKomiti yeNgxaki yoMbane yaseSoweto kwaye sambonisa indlela yokuphinda uqhagamshele umbane [owuqhawulwe ngabasemagunyeni] kwindlu enye. Bekumnandi ke nama comrades ebemthanda nyani kwaye ebeyonwabele. Wayeyixhasa ngokupheleleyo indlela yethu yokudibanisa umbane.

UTrevor Ngwane, uMhlohli oMkhulu kwiSociology kwiDyunivesithi yaseRhawutini kunye noMongameli weSouth African Sociological Association ngowama-2020-21

Zininzi iinkumbulo ezimnandi zika-Immanuel, owasityelela kwiDyunivesithi yaseRhawutini izihlandlo ezininzi. Unike intetho kubafundi bethu abaphezulu – 'Ukusuka kuphando lobugqirha ukuya kwiTheory yeeNkqubo zeHlabathi' - eyathi yajika yaba yincwadi ebhayibhileyo yobukrelekrele eyamilisela ukukhula kwakhe kumava aseAfrika, yaza yenza abafundi baziva bebakhulu, benekamva elingaphaya kwedissertation yabo.

Ngesinye isihlandlo samthatha samsa eSoweto apho wathatha inxaxheba ekususeni imitha yamanzi yekhaya, ukuze usapho oluhluphekayo lufumane amanzi asimahla. Wayengakhathazwa kukuba oku akukho mthethweni, kwaye wayekuthanda ukufotwa kwakhe namatsha ntliziyo. Yayiligalelo elincinci kumzabalazo.

Kwakhona wandinceda xa ndandisengxakini nomphathi wam owayecinga kancinci, owayenomphathi wam owayefuna ukundikhulula. Waphinda wandiqinisekisa, endixelela malunga namava afanayo - eBinghamton ndicinga ukuba - apho uMongameli wamhlangula ekugqibeleni. Ngethamsanqa usekela-tshansela wam wayengumntu othanda u-Imanuweli, kwaye wayechophela intetho awayeyenza. Ekupheleni kwentetho, u-VC wandijonga kwaye wanqwala. Ndandizazi ukuba ndilungile. UImanuweli wandinceda wandisindisa.

Ibuhlungu kakhulu into yokuba u-Imanuweli asweleke ngaphambi kokuba simnike isidanga sewonga. Kwabaninzi, wayeyinkcuba-buchopho ebalaseleyo, mhlawumbi engoyena mntu ubalaseleyo kwezentlalontle kangangexesha elidlule amashumi eminyaka, kodwa wayekwanobubele nesisa, efuna ukuphuhlisa isizukulwana esitsha seenkcuba-buchopho zaseAfrika kwaye, apho wayenokuxhasa abantu abangabasebenzi. ukulwa okungekho sikweni nobuhlwempu.

Kate Alexander, uNjingalwazi weSociology kunye noMlawuli weZiko loTshintsho lweNtlalo, kwiYunivesithi yaseRhawutini

Okokuqala, uImanuweli wayeyinkcuba-buchopho, njengoko oko kungqinwa yingqokelela yethala leencwadi elalizaliswe ziimpapasho zakhe ezinkulu eziguqulelwe kwiilwimi ezininzi. Eyona nto yayibalasele kuye yayikukuzibophelela kwakhe ekwenzeni ukuba yena kunye neembono zakhe zifumaneke kumatsha ntliziyo ukondla umzabalazo wodidi.

Ukusuka kwiiForam zeNtlalo yeHlabathi ukuya kwiinkomfa kwihlabathi jikelele, ishedyuli yakhe yokuhamba yayihlala igcwele, ilawulwa kakuhle ngumlingane wakhe onengqondo kunye nomfazi uBeatrice. Xa wayeseMzantsi Afrika, ndikhumbula u-Immanuel enikela iintetho kwizifundiswa namatshantliziyo, engenela umngcelele kwaye echitha ixesha lakhe lokuphumla kunye namaqabane, ecamngca ngezinto ezadlulayo ezisifundisayo malunga nemizabalazo kunye nezicwangciso zethu zangoku.

Besimazi njengomdala onesisa, onobulumko nonobubele, ebonakalisa ukonwatyiswa ngoncumo lwakhe. Xa ndandimtyelele kwiinyanga ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe, wayezimisele ukufezekisa injongo yakhe yokuvelisa i-500th ye-Commentaries yakhe. Ukungadinwa?

Kusasazo lwakhe lokugqibela wabhala: 'Ngenxa yentlekele yesakhiwo senkqubo yehlabathi yanamhlanje, kunokwenzeka, okunokwenzeka kodwa akuqinisekanga, ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwenguqu kwisakhiwo sika-1968 kuya kufezekiswa ngumntu okanye iqela elithile ... kwixesha elidlulileyo ndandicinga ukuba umzabalazo obalulekileyo yayingumzabalazo wodidi, usebenzisa iklasi ngendlela echazwe ngokubanzi. Into abanokuyenza abo baya kube besaphila kwixesha elizayo kukuzamana neziqu zabo ukuze olu tshintsho lube lolokwenene.’

UMary Galvin, uNjingalwazi oDibeneyo kwiZifundo zoPhuhliso, kwiYunivesithi yaseRhawutini

Intsebenziswano ka-Immanuel kunye no-Etienne Balibar kubuhlanga nobuzwe yayiyingxaki, ngezifundo ze-Afrika esemazantsi kuquka i-Angola kunye noMzantsi Afrika. Apha, waye wacel' umngeni uluvo 'lwezigaba ezibini' [oko kukuthi, okokuqala kufuneka siphelise ucalucalulo, emva koko siphelise ubukhapitali]. Wakwenza oko ngokuzimisela, ewubeka ekugxekweni ngovelwano, engavumelani nokuqulunqwa, ngaloo ndlela ejoyina abaninzi bethu abangazange bavume, kuquka nam.

Kodwa kulo nxantathu weklasi, uhlanga kunye nesizwe, sasinombono omlingo ngexesha le-1980, malunga nokuba yintoni enokuyenza ipolitiki yodidi. Ndicinga ukuba besiyijongela phantsi indlela enamandla ngayo imibono yobuhlanga nesizwe, kwanokuba bangena kolo mgaqo kaKhongolose. Izithintelo zenkululeko yesizwe zicacile, kodwa uWallerstein uye wathwala amava akhe kwaye wayethe kratya ngakumbi ekufundeni kwindlela yaseMzantsi Afrika iTrojan Horse yobuzwe, njengokuba umntu ebeya kwenza iTrojan Horse yeStalinism ebixhaphake kakhulu kubukomanisi. kwezopolitiko apha.

Enye yezimvo ezihlasimlisa umzimba awathi wazenza kum inxulumene namaziko ethu amabini kwizifundiswa zasekhohlo: iZiko loLuntu loLuntu kwiYunivesithi yaKwaZulu-Natal kunye neZiko loTshintsho loLuntu kwiYunivesithi yaseRhawutini. Wasixelela xa siphantsi koxinzelelo kwezi ndawo zimbini, ukuba kumava akhe e-US naseLatin America, ezi ntlobo zeendawo ngamaziko axabisekileyo kodwa unokuphulukana nawo, kwaye ukuba wenza, awunakuze uzibuyisele.

Ashwin Desai, uNjingalwazi weSociology, kwiYunivesithi yaseRhawutini

Into u-Ashwin abhekisa kuyo ngokuyinxenye, kwiZiko leMibutho yaBantu (CCS) kwisixeko sesithathu soMzantsi Afrika, izibuko laseThekwini – iziko lophando/lokufundisa elisekelwe kwipraksis endaliyalela ukusuka ngo-2004-16 – yayingekokuhlohla rhoqo kuka-Immanuel. Kwakhona, yakhe u kuvunywa yeCCS phakathi ku-2008 yaba sisixhobo ukuthintela ukuvalwa kweziko okusongelayo, ngexesha lohlaselo lwezopolitiko oluvela kulawulo lweYunivesithi yaKwaZulu-Natal (UKZN). I-CCS “yayingowona msebenzi ubalulekileyo” wase-UKZN, wabhala u-Immanuel, kunye “nelitye elinqabileyo kwisithsaba sayo. Abo bethu bazama ukulandela okwenzekayo eMzantsi Afrika baye bathembela kwi-CCS njengowona mthombo ubalaseleyo wolwazi olubanzi. Ukuyivala akusayi konakalisa kakhulu isidima se-UKZN kuphela kodwa kuya kubuyisela umva uphando kwihlabathi jikelele ngoMzantsi Afrika wale mihla.”

U-Immanuel ebeza kwenza iintetho ezinzulu, ngamanye amaxesha kwimowudi yesemina esondeleleneyo kumda waselwandle oMazantsi weTheku nabafundi abasele benezidanga. Kwesinye isihlandloembindini ka-2011, wathetha ngoqhanqalazo lwaseMntla Afrika kunye ne-impiriyalizim yase-US kubaphulaphuli abangamakhulu aliqela amatsha ntliziyo, iinkokeli zabasebenzi kunye namahlwempu asezidolophini, kunye nokuphazamiseka koohlohlesakhe abanenkqubela abafumana kwiindawo ezifana ne-UKZN (indima yabo ukuzala kodidi olulawulayo kwasinda kwinguqu yedemokhrasi). Ngo-2006 ebekwiCCS ukuxoxa USamir Amin kwiQonga leNtlalo leHlabathi, apho ukuba nethemba kwakhe kwasosulela khona. Wayebaluleke ngakumbi ku-a Inkomfa ka-2009 malunga 'necommons' lowo yena iqatshelwe ecaleni ongasekhoyo umlandeli kaMarx waseUganda uDani Nabudere, imbongi yenguqu yasekuhlaleni uDennis Brutus (kwinkangeleko yakhe yokugqibela yoluntu) kunye nesazi ngendalo sase-US uHazel Henderson. Apho, isiseko samagalelo oMzantsi Afrika kwithiyori ye-eco-socialist-feminist iye yazinziswa ngcono kwiinzame zamaqabane ethu asezantsi zokuphelisa amayeza e-AIDS (ukunyusa ubomi obude ngokukhawuleza ukusuka kuma-52 ukuya kuma-65 namhlanje); ekugqibeleni bafumane imfundo yasimahla yaseyunivesithi; kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba iilokishi ezininzi zifumana umbane kunye namanzi nokuba bezingenako ukufikelela kwiinkqubo zikamasipala ezikhulayo (kungoko amaqhinga oqhagamshelwano olungekho mthethweni loqhagamshelo lwenkonzo abhekisa kuwo uTrevor ngasentla, kwaye oko kwamvuyisa uImanuweli xa wafumanisa ukuba i-86% yabantu baseSoweto babengayihlawuleli. umbane).

Ubungangamsha buka-Imanuweli kwezi ziganeko zemfundo zagungqiswa ngokukhawuleza xa wayehamba kwiilokishi ezinemivuzo ephantsi, watyelela i-ashram ka-Mahatma Gandhi (ukususela kwixesha lango-1894-1913 ngendawo yokuhlala nokuphumayo eDurban) kwaye wangena kwiindawo ezininzi zokuzonwabisa zaseMzantsi Afrika. U-Imanuweli wenze indawo yokuvuselela nabahlobo. Ngo-2009 wandwendwela imizobo ye-Bushmen rock kwiiNtaba ze-Drakensburg kunye noMary kunye nabantwana bakhe, bencedisa ukuthwala usana uKati benyuka iinduli kunye nokufundisa i-Cameron chess. UMary ukhumbula uloyiko awayenalo xa kungekho mntu uze nezimuncumuncu kwaye umfazi wakhe uBeatrice wayenexhala leswekile yegazi (wayenesifo seswekile). Ukugcina ucwangciso lwakhe lulawuleka yaye emkhuthaza kwinyathelo ngalinye kucwangciso lokongeza ukuphumla nokuzihlaziya, wayenamandla ovelwano. Kwaye intsebenziswano yakhe yobukrelekrele nayo yabonakala kakhulu. Ngaphezu koko, inkathalelo ka-Beatrice yokugcina ubuhlobo boMzantsi Afrika yayisoloko iyinto entle kakhulu kuye nawuphi na undwendwe endilukhumbulayo.

U-Eddie Webster, ingcali yentlalo yoluntu ekudala ikho eMzantsi Afrika, uneenkumbulo ezintle zotyelelo luka-Immanuel: “Kolunye utyelelo lwakhe kwiYunivesithi yaseWits ndamehlisa kumgodi wegolide we-ERPM eBoksburg, empuma yeJoburg. Wathabatheka ngakumbi xa ndachaza indlela iirockfalls eziwajika ngayo amadoda ukuba abe ziphene. Yayisisikhumbuzo kuthi sobabini.”

Ixesha lokugqibela ndichitha ixesha no-Imanuweli ngo-2017 xa uNancy Fraser waqokelela inethiwekhi kunye, kude kufuphi nendawo yakhe yokuhlala eParis, ukuze acinge ngeqhinga 'lokuhamba kathathu' (i-post-Polanyian), ngokuyinxalenye yokulwa nongxowankulu -kwi-feminism', eyona nto iphambili kurhwebo 'i-ecological modernisation' kunye nohlobo lokuXhotyiswa kwabaMnyama kwezoQoqosho apho iifemu ezizimfimfithi-mfimfithi zafana nomongameli wethu okhoyo, uCyril Ramaphosa. U-Imanuweli waye, njengakuqala, ekhathazekile kwaye ebandakanyeka. Kwaye kulo lonke unxibelelwano lwam olwalandelayo, waphendula ngokukhawuleza xa ebuzwa ingcebiso yamva nje anayo, malunga nokudibanisa uhlalutyo kunye nepraksis ejolise kuzo zombini inqanaba lehlabathi ukusuka phezulu ukuya phantsi, kunye nomzabalazo osuka ezantsi ukuya phezulu.

Ayikuko ukuba bekungekho iingxoxo-mpikiswano ezivulelekileyo kunye neengxabano, ezinje ngokuba isiqingatha semi-periphery simele 'i-sub-imperial' umaleko, lowo wayexhalabile ezinye iithiyori zehlabathi eziquka uRuy Mauro Marini ngeminyaka yoo-1960-70s kunye noDavid Harvey ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-2000. Umbuzo wakudala wokuba ingaba iinkqubo zehlabathi zazisongezelela - okanye zichasene - ithiyori yophuhliso olungalinganiyo yasibhida rhoqo. Kodwa ekusekeni indlela yobuchule kwezi ngxaki zinkulu, esisathe gqolo ukujongana nazo eMzantsi Afrika, akukho mntu ndimaziyo owamkela upolitiko olungcono, enobuzaza obungaphaya kunye nokufikelela kwembali, kunye nombono wekamva elide kangaka, novelwano. , kunoImanuweli.

UPatrick Bond yinjingalwazi karhulumente, kwiYunivesithi yaseNtshona Koloni: pbond@mail.ngo.za.

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