IKomiti ye-Anti-Impiriyali kwi-Solidarity kunye ne-Iran ibambe "INkundla yaBantu yeHlabathi kwi-Imperialism yase-US: Izohlwayo, i-Embargoes, i-Economic Conercive Measuresโ nge-18 kaDisemba.
Oku kulandelayo liphepha lokuma kwekomiti elipapashayo licacisa ngokubaluleka kwenkundla yabantu.
Sihlawulisa i-Imperialism
Iphepha lesikhundla kunye nesakhelo sokusebenza seNkundla yaBantu baMazwe ngaMazwe kwi-Imperialism yase-US: Izohlwayo, iZithintelo, kunye neMiqathango yokuNyanzeliswa kwezoQoqosho.
Ukususela ekupheleni kweMfazwe Yomlomo, ihlabathi liye labona ukwanda ngendlela engazange kubonwe ngaphambili kwezohlwayo, ngokukodwa liBhunga loKhuseleko leZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, iManyano yaseYurophu neUnited States.[1] Oku kubangelwa ngokuyinxenye kukuwa kweSoviet Union, okwaphelisa umqobo phakathi kwamagunya amakhulu kwiBhunga lezoKhuseleko.[2]
Kule minyaka imbalwa idlulileyo, izohlwayo ziye zahlengahlengiswa kancinci ukusuka kwizixhobo zemfazwe ukuya kwizixhobo zomgaqo-nkqubo wexesha loxolo. Ukuze lo mzamo wenzeke, abaqulunqi bomgaqo-nkqubo, abaphengululi bezomthetho namagosa karhulumente benza iphulo lokuwisa izohlwayo njengesixhobo esisemthethweni sokohlwaya amazwe angavumiyo ukuthobela iUnited States neYurophu.
Uluhlu olutyebileyo loncwadi luphanda ngokusetyenziswa kwemilinganiselo yokunyanzeliswa yamazwe ngamazwe liBhunga lezoKhuseleko, kunye namanyathelo amabini kunye namacala omabini asetyenziswa ngabathathi-nxaxheba bommandla kunye norhulumente.[3] Olu luhlu loncwadi lunokohlulwa ngokubanzi lube ziindidi ezimbini, iindlela 'eziqhelekileyo' kunye 'nezibalulekileyo', zombini zinganelanga ukubamba ubundlobongela kunye nomsebenzi wokwenyani wezohlwayo wezopolitiko noqoqosho.
INkundla yaBantu bamazwe ngamazwe kwi-Imperialism yase-US: iSanctions, Blockades, kunye ne-Economic Coercive Measures isondela kumanyathelo okunyanzeliswa kwezoqoqosho njengobundlobongela obungokwemvelo, obuyilelwe ukugcina ukungalingani kwezoqoqosho, ukuqhubeka nokubiwa kobutyebi kwi-Global South, kunye nokugcina ulawulo lobuhlanga kwinkqubo yamazwe ngamazwe. Amanyathelo anjalo ngokwesakhiwo akanako ukuguqula, kwaye akanakubandakanya iinkxalabo zobuntu.
I-Tribunal ngumzamo ohlangeneyo wokwakha iinkqubo zokuphendula-ezisekelwe kwi-global cross-movement solidarity-ngaphakathi nangaphandle komthetho, ukucela umngeni kubundlobongela be-imperialism ngokusebenzisa izohlwayo.
Izohlwayo sizigocagoca hayi ngokwembono yabo basinyanzelisayo, kodwa ngokwembono yabo bachatshazelwa kakhulu zizo, ezizezi, abantu baseAsia, eAfrika, naseMzantsi Melika.
Imeko yethu ebanzi yeyokuba izohlwayo zezoqoqosho zibandakanya, kwaye zisekwa ngamaqumrhu ama impiriyali eyilelwe ukugcina iniyo-koloniyalizim yongxowankulu ngokugqithiselwa kobutyebi beniyo-koloniyali ngokugqithiselwa kobutyebi beGlobal South, ukuthotywa kwengeniso, ukungaphuhlisi, kunye nokuxhotyiswa okukhulu kodlame lwasentshona.[4]
Sisebenzisa le ndlela yokuphazamisa kunye nokwala ubulumko obuqhelekileyo, obuqiniswe ngemveliso yolwazi lwe-hegemonic, olubonisa izohlwayo zezoqoqosho, ngakumbi ezo zikwimo yazo 'ehlakaniphile' okanye 'yomntu', 'njengezinye iindlela zoxolo zemfazwe.'[5]
Siyayilungisa le ngcamango ngokwakha ngokutsha izakhiwo ezakhelwe phezu kwazo izohlwayo zezoqoqosho nezithi zivelise kwakhona izohlwayo zezoqoqosho.[6]
Izohlwayo ziyindlela yokuqeqesha nokulawula ulongamo lweGlobal South kunye nokuthintela ukuvela kocwangco lwehlabathi. Ekuhlalutyeni izohlwayo, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba zisetyenziswa phi, njani kwaye ngubani. Ngaloo ndlela, uhlalutyo loqoqosho lwezopolitiko lwezohlwayo kunye nolwakhiwo, indawo, ixesha, kunye nokucwangciswa kobuhlanga kwabadlali abasebenzisa la manyathelo kuyimfuneko.
Amaqumrhu amathathu aphambili asebenza njengokunyanzelisa iindlela zeziko zezohlwayo zoqoqosho aquka iMelika, iBhunga loKhuseleko leZizwe eziManyeneyo, kunye neManyano yaseYurophu. Sinika ingqwalasela eyodwa kubume besakhiwo, indawo, kunye nobuhlanga bequmrhu ngalinye elinyanzelisayo kunye noqhagamshelo phakathi kwabo ukuze siqonde indima yala maziko anamandla ekuzinziseni ubudlelwane bolawulo kunye nokuxhaphaza.
Sigqibe kwelokuba ulawulo lwezohlwayo lufuna uphuhliso oluqhubekayo lweendlela ezintsha zomthetho, ubuchule, kunye nobuchwepheshe bokwenza imvume yamazwe ngamazwe yokubekwa kwazo. Ngoko ke, uphando kunye nokugocagocwa kwezi ndlela zomthetho linyathelo eliyimfuneko elikhokelela ekugqibeleni ekuchithweni kolawulo lwezohlwayo.
Ngaphezu koko, ekuvumbululeni iinkqubo zomthetho nezembali ezikhokelele ekwakhiweni kwangoku kwezigwebo njengezixhobo zomgaqo-nkqubo woxolo, sithetha ukuba ngelixa ingcamango yomthetho yemfazwe iqulunqwe ukuvuma ukungenelela komkhosi kunye nokulawulwa kwendawo, ihlala iyimfama kungenelelo lwezoqoqosho.[7] ]
Kuyimfuneko ke ngoko ukungazinzisi i-dichotomy eqhelekileyo yoxolo kunye nemfazwe ukuqonda iindlela 'imfazwe' njengoko isetyenziswa ngoku ngabaphengululi kunye nabahlalutyi bayoyisakala ukuphendula ngeendlela ezithile zobundlobongela, kubandakanya ubundlobongela bobungxowankulu kunye ne-impiriyali, ngakumbi ulawulo olusemthethweni lwezohlwayo ngokuchasene neGlobal South.
Ngokuphanda izohlwayo nge-lens ye-capitalism kunye ne-impiriyalizim, kwaye ngokuqwalasela ukubaluleka kwazo kwiingcamango zethu zangoku zemfazwe noxolo, sijoyina abo bagatya uphawu oluphambili lwezohlwayo 'njengezoxolo' okanye 'ezingenabundlobongela' 'ezizezinye. emfazweni'.
Nangona kunjalo, sihamba ngaphaya kokuqonda izigwebo njengendlela yemfazwe nje ngenxa yemiphumo 'enjengemfazwe' yobuntu, njengoko abaphengululi ababalulekileyo badla ngokucebisa.[8] Ukuchonga izohlwayo zoqoqosho 'njengemfazwe' kuba nazo, zibulala abantu, kukuphosa ngokupheleleyo imeko ebanzi apho isohlwayo sezoqoqosho zikhona kwaye zisebenza.
Ekwenzeni le ngxoxo, asikujongi ukubaluleka kweendleko zobuntu kwizohlwayo zezoqoqosho kodwa sizichonga njengeepiphenomenal kumbuzo ongundoqo, oluluphuhliso olungalinganiyo lobukapitali.
Olu phuhliso lungalinganiyo lomeleza inani elincinane lamazwe ahambele phambili kongxowankulu (undoqo wama impiriyali), ngenxa yegunya lawo kuqoqosho lwehlabathi, [9] ukunyanzelisa amanyathelo okunyanzeliswa kwezoqoqosho ngenjongo yokuxhaphaza izinto eziphathekayo, ukuthotyelwa kwezopolitiko, kunye nolawulo lwenkcubeko yelizwe. IGlobal South kunye nokugcina inkqubo yongxowankulu yangoku.
Ngoko ke sixoxa ukuba asikwazi ukuqonda okanye ukulungelelanisa izigwebo zezoqoqosho ngaphandle kwe-impiriyalizim kumthetho wamazwe ngamazwe okanye ngokuzimeleyo kwintuthuko ye-capitalism kumyalelo wezomthetho wehlabathi.
Ekugqibeleni, siphikisa ukuba ukubeka 'imfazwe' njengesakhelo sethu sereferensi yokucinga ubundlobongela, nangona kumzamo wokubonisa ukuba izohlwayo zezoqoqosho zinokonakalisa njengohlaselo lwasemkhosini, kuyafundisa kodwa akuphelelanga.
Akufunekanga siyibethe ngoyaba inyaniso yokuba izohlwayo zezoqoqosho zicacile, ngokohlobo lwazo, imo, kunye nesakhiwo senza ungenelelo lomkhosi kwaye ngoko ke lunokuthi lubangele kwaye lubandakanye iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zobundlobongela kwabo bathunyelwa kwiimfazwe. Lo mahluko ubalulekile, kwaye awunikezi izohlwayo zezoqoqosho 'njengezinye iindlela zoxolo' kumkhosi womkhosi.
URichard Nephew, umphengululi wophando kunye nomhlalutyi wemigaqo-nkqubo oye wadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuyileni nasekuphunyezweni kwezohlwayo zase-United States ngokuchasene ne-Iran kwiminyaka yakutshanje, uthi: 'ngenxa yokuba umonakalo owenziwe yizohlwayo unokungabonakali kakhulu (ubuncinane kunye nolawulo lwezohlwayo) , akuyomfuneko ukuba ibe yingozi kangako, ingakumbi kubantu abasesichengeni ngokwezoqoqosho abasenokuchaphazeleka.'[10]
Oku kugxininisa imfuneko yokuhamba ngaphaya kweengxelo eziqhelekileyo ezichonga amaxhoba ngaphakathi kwezakhelo ezikhethiweyo zemfazwe. Kungokugocagoca ngaphantsi kwalo mphezulu kuphela kwaye sisebenzise inkqubo-sikhokelo yokuchasana nama impiriyali esinokuthi siyibambe ngokupheleleyo size ke ngoko sixhathise ingcinezelo, ukuxhaphaza, kunye nemo etshabalalisayo yezohlwayo zoqoqosho.
Abaququzeleli bakhethe โiNkundla yaBantuโ njengesakhelo esiququzelelayo njengoko ingumzekelo oneengcambu ezinde kuququzelelo oluchasene nama impiriyali kunye nobungxowankulu.
IiNkundla zaBantu zibamba isimilo sokuzimela kunye nehlabathi jikelele elathi lavakaliswa kwimizabalazo yenkulungwane yamashumi amabini echasene nobukoloniyali kwaye yamiselwa kwiNkomfa yeTricontinental ka-1966 eCuba. Badibanisa amagqwetha entshukumo kunye nabaququzeleli abavela kwihlabathi liphela kwaye bayilwe kwaye baphendule kwimibutho yezentlalo kunye noluntu apho zimiliselwe khona.
Esebenza ngaphandle kwengqiqo kunye namaziko omthetho wongxowankulu kunye no-impiriyali, iiNkundla zaBantu zenza izigqibo ezinokuthi zingabophi kwaye azinamandla omthetho, kodwa impumelelo yazo kwirejista yezopolitiko kunye nengxoxo iyakhuthaza kwaye ibonelele ngezixhobo eziyimfuneko kwixesha langoku kunye nekamva. ukulungelelanisa.
INkundla Yabantu ivumela abacinezelweyo ukuba bagwebe abanamandla, ichaza umxholo kunye nobubanzi beenkqubo, ezibuyisela umva isiqhelo sokudala nokuphumeza umthetho.
Kukho isithethe eside sokuba abaququzeleli bamagqabantshintshi basebenzisa umthetho ukubeka ubungxowankulu kunye nama impiriyali ematyaleni.
Iququzelelwe yiNkongolo yamaLungelo oLuntu, kwaye ixhaswa yiQela lamaKomanisi kunye neqela lezikhanyiso eziNtsundu zasekhohlo, kubandakanya WEB Du Bois, uClaudia Jones, kunye noPaul Robeson, "Sihlawulisa iGenocide: Isibongozo seMbali kwiZizwe eziManyeneyo soNcedo lweZizwe eziManyeneyo. i-Crime of the United States against the Negro Peopleโ yamangalela inkqubo yezopolitiko nezoqoqosho yobungxowankulu kunye nobukhulu obumhlophe ngokubangela iintlobo ezininzi zobundlobongela obuphathelele kwesakhiwo nomzimba kubantu abaMnyama e-US kunye nokuhambelana nobundlobongela be-impiriyali base-US kumazwe angaphandle.
INkundla kaRussell yasekwa ngo-1966 ukuba igwebe ukungenelela komkhosi wase-US kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe eVietnam. Ifomathi efanayo yaphinda yavela kamva kwiiNkundla zikaRussell ezijongene nolawulo lobuzwilakhe lomkhosi waseBrazil kunye nowaseArgentina oxhaswa yi-US (1964 kunye no-1976, ngokulandelelana), ubhukuqo-mbuso oluxhaswa yi-US eChile (1973), kunye nokungenelela kwe-US-European ngokuchasene ne-Iraq (1990, 2003). ).
INkundla yaMazwe ngaMazwe yowama-2016 yeDemokhrasi eBrazil yaphonononga ngokunzulu ukubekwa ityala kukaMongameli uDilma Rousseff kunye nendima yorhulumente wase-US.
Iququzelelwe eBrussels ngawo omabini amaqela ePhilippine kunye namazwe aphesheya, iNkundla yaBantu yaMazwe ngaMazwe ka-2018 ePhilippine yabhenca kwaye yagxeka iindlela ezininzi zobundlobongela baseburhulumenteni ezityelelwe abantu bakwiiPhilippines ukusukela oko uRodrigo Duterte waba ngumongameli ngo-2016.
Kwaye okokugqibela, urhulumente wase-US wavavanywa ngokuthe ngqo ngababini beeNkundla zaBantu, kubandakanya neNkundla yaMazwe ngaMazwe ka-2007 eKatrina naseRita kunye neNkundla yaMazwe ngaMazwe yowama-2018 kuLwaphulo-mthetho lobuKoloniyali lwase-US oluchasene nePuerto Rico.
INkundla yaBantu baMazwe ngaMazwe nge-US Impiriyalizim: Izohlwayo, iZithintelo, kunye neMiqathango yokuNyanzeliswa kwezoQoqosho isuka kwaye ibe negalelo kwesi sithethe sibukhali sokusebenzisa umthetho wezizwe ngezizwe ngokuchasene nemigangatho kunye neenkqubo zengcinezelo eyayiyilelwe ukuyixhasa.
Citations
[1] Elliott, Kimberly Ann. "Iindlela zomgaqo-nkqubo wezohlwayo kwezoqoqosho: imingeni kubulumko obuqhelekileyo." Izohlwayo zamazwe ngamazwe. Routledge, 2005. 21-32. Pg. 21.
[2] Tzanakopoulos, Antonios. "Thina Singenjengabanye: Izohlwayo kunye noLawulo (lweHlabathi) loKhuseleko." (2020). Pg. 6-7.
[3] Carter, Barry E., kunye Ryan M. Farha. "Amagqabantshintshi kunye nokusebenza kwethu izohlwayo zemali, kubandakanya nomzekelo weIran." Geo. J. Int'l L. 44 (2012): 903.
Menkes, uMarcin J. "Ubusemthethweni beZohlwayo zoTyalo-mali zase-US ezichasene ne-Iran phambi kwe-ICJ: Umzuzu waManzi woKhuseleko oluBalulekileyo kunye neeMvelelo eziMnayo." Incwadi Yonyaka YaseKhanada yoMthetho waMazwe ngaMazwe/uAnnuaire canadien de droit international 56 (2019): 328-364.
[4] Ekwenzeni le ngxoxo, sitsalela kumsebenzi wezifundiswa ezigxekayo ezinjengoEva Nanopoulos, othe waqulunqa ulawulo lwezohlwayo 'njengendlela yobupolisa, [โฆ] njengezixhobo ezibandakanyeka kuyilo kunye nolawulo lolawulo longxowankulu kwindlela yabo. ikhoyo emva kobukoloniyali kunye neneoliberal. Nanopoulos, uEva. Ukulawulwa kweZohlwayo zoMntu kunye nePolitiki yoMthetho we-EU. Upapasho lweHart. 2020. Iphe. 5.
[5] Uhlalutyo lwethu lwamanyathelo oqoqosho olunyanzeliswayo luxhomekeke kwiiNdlela zeThathu zeHlabathi kwiiNdlela zeLizwe leSithathu kuMthetho waMazwe ngaMazwe (TWAIL) i-scholarship, kuquka i-Marxian kunye ne-postcolonial critiques yomthetho, esekelwe ekuqinisekiseni ukuba i-colonialism kunye ne-impiriyalizim zingundoqo kwisiseko kunye nokuqulunqwa komthetho wamazwe ngamazwe. uAnghie, uAntony, kunye noBhupinder S. Chimni. "Ihlabathi lesithathu liNdlela kuMthetho waMazwe ngaMazwe kunye noXanduva loMntu kwiNgqungquthela yaNgaphakathi." IsiTshayina J. int'l L. 2 (2003): 77. Pg. 84.
[6] Lewis, Thea. Ubundlobongela obunoxolo, obubulalayo be-embargo: denaturalizing hegemonic discourses in international relationship theory. Diss. 2019. Iphe. 83.
[7] Id. kwa 85. Bona kwakhona, Gordon, Todd. I-Impiriyali yaseCanada. I-Arbeiter Ring Pub., ngo-2010.
[8] uYasper, uDaniyeli. "Amaqela oluntu akhuthaza ukuNceda kweZohlwayo ngokukhawuleza kunye noHlengahlengiso loMthetho." PHAKAMISA IZOHLWAYO, SINDISA UBOMI., 23 Apr. 2020, www.liftsanctionssavelives.org/pressrelease42320.html.
[9] Miรฉville, China. "Phakathi kwamalungelo alinganayo: ithiyori kaMarxist yomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe." Uthotho lweNcwadi yeMbali yeMbali, uLeiden: Brill (2005). Pg. 228
[10] Umtshana, uRichard. Ubugcisa bezohlwayo: Umbono ovela ebaleni. Columbia University Press, 2017. Pg. 10-11.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
Nikela