"Nangona "zinkulu kakhulu ukuba zingaphumeleli," ezi bhanki zisilela abantu yonke imihla.
Ibhanki yoluntu ingavumela ilizwe laseNew York ukuba ligcine imali yalo kufutshane nekhaya, kwaye liyibeke emsebenzini olungileyo.
Nge-10 yeebhiliyoni zeedola kwii-asethi ezidibeneyo, iibhanki ezinkulu ezifana ne-Chase kunye ne-Wells Fargo zinokwenza okulungileyo. Nangona kunjalo, nangona "zinkulu kakhulu ukuba zingaphumeleli," ezi bhanki zisilela abantu yonke imihla. Nokuba kukusetyenziswa okuzingileyo kwe izenzo zokuhlasela, zabo ukunyamezela ucalucalulo, okanye utyalo-mali oluzingise kuyo ukuxhaphaza kwaye isicatshulwa kumashishini, la maziko oyikekayo emali anefuthe elibi kwilizwe lethu.
Ukanti, phezu kwako nje oku, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni babeka izinto zabo—intlanganisela yobutyebi basekuhlaleni obuqokelelwa ngerhafu—kwizandla zala maziko. KwisiXeko saseNew York kuphela, I-100 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi kwimali yesixeko iphathwa ziibhanki zabucala minyaka le. Ngelixa ii-asethi zesixeko zihleli kwibhokisi yeshishini yezi zixhobo zaseWall Street, iibhanki zikhululekile ukuba zityale imali ngokubona kwazo. Eyona njongo yabo: ukumpompa inzuzo yabo. Isiphumo kukuba iidola zikawonke-wonke zinokutyalwa kwiiprojekthi ezichasene nokulunga koluntu, ezinjengendawo eqikelelwayo, iintolongo zabucala, nezibaso zefosili.
Ukulungisa oku kunye nokunye okungekho sikweni, kwiSixeko saseNew York Iprojekthi entsha yoQoqosho, umbutho osekelwe kuluntu ozinikele ekuqhubeleni phambili ubulungisa kwezoqoqosho, uye walungelelanisa Ibhanki yoluntu NYC umfelandawonye ukusukela ngo-2018 ngenjongo yokugqibela yokutyala iidola zesixeko kwiiprojekthi eziza kujongana neemfuno zoluntu. Ngaphezulu kweminyaka emine, umanyano luye lwaquka uninzi lwemibutho yoluntu olusuka kuso sonke isixeko, lusebenza kwiiprojekthi ezahlukeneyo njengobulungisa bemozulu, izindlu ezifikelelekayo, kunye nokuxhotyiswa kwabasebenzi. Ingqwalasela yayo ephambili kukuqhubela phambili umthetho wesixeko kunye norhulumente oya kuvumela imibono yawo ukuba ibonakale.
UAndy Morrison, ongumalathisi oncedisayo weNew Economy Project, uthi: “Ukuze wenze into enkulu nenesibindi njengebhanki kawonke-wonke, kufuneka ube nentshukumo, ingakumbi eNew York, apho abantu abaza kungena eWall Street bebaninzi kwaye benamandla.”
Ukwakha loo ntshukumo akukhange kube nzima. Ibhanki yoluntu ingabonelela ngeenzuzo kwimibutho egxile kubulungisa yazo zonke iimilo, ubukhulu, ubuthunywa, kunye nemibono. Ngapha koko, njengoko ingxabano ibekwe ngaphakathi ingxelo iveliswe ngokubambisana yiProjekthi yoQoqosho olutsha kunye Idemo, itanki yokucinga yomgaqo-nkqubo, iibhanki zikawonke-wonke lelona nyathelo liphambili lokuzimisela koluntu kwizindlu, utyalo-mali nokusetyenziswa komhlaba. Oku kuya kubeka ikamva loluntu ezandleni zabo kwaye kubenze bakwazi ukujongana nentlekele eyongezelelweyo kunye nokungabikho kobulungisa.
Enye yezo ntswela-bulungisa ziqhubekayo kukungabikho kokufikelela kwiibhanki kunye neenkonzo zemali kubantu abaninzi baseNew York.
Albert Scott, umongameli webhodi ITrasti yoMhlaba woLuntu lweNew York, olilungu lomanyano lweBhanki kaWonke-wonke iNYC, uthi lo mbutho uzimanye nombutho “ukujongana nentlango yaseBrownsville naseMpuma New York.” Ukunqongophala kweendlela zebhanki kubeka amalungu ale ngingqi emngciphekweni omkhulu. Olu luntu mbini lunamasebe alithoba eebhanki phakathi kwabo, xa kuthelekiswa nama-47 kwi-Upper West Side kunye ne-Manhattan, utshilo uHannah Anousheh, umnxibelelanisi wabasebenzi be-East New York Community Land Trust. Ibhanki yoluntu iya kuthomalalisa oku kungalingani kunye nezinye ezifana nazo ezivela kwingqiqo yezoqoqosho yeebhanki ezinkulu.
Ukwenza ibhanki yoluntu ibe yinyani, umfelandawonye utyhala ekutshintsheni imali karhulumente, iibhanki, kunye nemithetho kamasipala ngokusebenzisa Umthetho weBhanki kawonke-wonke waseNew York. Lo mthetho uye waziswa kwiNdibano kaRhulumente kunye neSenethi, kodwa nangona ufumana abaxhasi be-87 kuzo zombini izindlu ngo-2021 kunye ne-94 ngo-2022, umthetho wasweleka kwikomiti ngexesha leeseshoni zombini. Kodwa uSen. James Sanders Jr., umxhasi oyintloko, uceba ukubuyisela umthetho oyilwayo ngo-2023.
Wakuba upasisiwe, lo mthetho uyilwayo uya kuvumela oorhulumente basekhaya ukuba "baqulunqe kwaye balawule iibhanki zoluntu" ukuba zibambe iimali zoluntu, ezinokuthi emva koko zilawulwe ukuxhasa okuhle koluntu. Inqaku elinye elibalulekileyo ekufuneka licaciswe: Ibhanki yoluntu ayinakuvula amasebe ayo okuthengisa. Akukho nto kwisenzo ethintela ngokucacileyo ibhanki yoluntu ukuba ihambe ngezitena kunye nodaka, kodwa umanyano lubona into eyahlukileyo.
Ibhanki kawonke-wonke inokuthi endaweni yoko ityale imali yayo kwiimanyano zamatyala nakumaziko emali ophuhliso loluntu (CDFIs), utshilo uLinda Levy, ilungu lebhodi kunye nowayesakuba yi-CEO IManyano yeTyala yaBantu eMazantsi eSide seMpuma, elinye ilungu lomanyano. Utyalo-mali olunjalo beluya kwandisa “amandla abo okukhula nokusebenzela uluntu olungakumbi.”
Zeziphi iimanyano zamatyala kunye neeCDFI ezifumana utyalo-mali ziya kuthi ekugqibeleni zigqitywe yibhanki yoluntu ngokusekelwe kwimigaqo-nkqubo yayo. Oku kuya kuthi ke kulungiswe ngoochwephesha bebhanki abaqeshwe phantsi kolawulo lwebhodi yebhanki. Abathathu kubalawuli bebhodi baya kunyulwa ngusodolophu, ababini libhunga lesixeko, aze omnye anyulwe ngunondyebo wesixeko. Ngalinye kula magosa kuya kufuneka ukuba atyumbe ubuncinane umlawuli ozimeleyo kunye nomlawuli omnye onamava ebhanki yoluntu-echazwe njengokuba esebenze indima yobunkokeli kwi-credit union, i-CDFI, okanye iziko elifanayo.
Abalawuli abathandathu abafumana ibhodi baya kuba noxanduva lokukhetha abalawuli abathathu ukuya kwabahlanu abongezelelweyo ngenjongo yokwandisa iyantlukwano yebhodi, kubandakanywa nokumelwa kwimibutho yasekuhlaleni kunye nemibutho yabasebenzi. Kwisixeko esikhulu, esahlukileyo njengeNew York, ibhodi, ngokokubona kwayo, inokuthi ekugqibeleni ibe nabalawuli abali-15.
Ibhodi ke iya kuba noxanduva lokubumba amaxwebhu olawulo kunye nokucacisa izinto eziphambili kwibhanki yoluntu. Amalungu emanyano yeBhanki kaWonke-wonke ye-NYC anethemba lokuba izinto eziphambili ziza kujongana neenkxalabo zoluntu olungagcinwanga kakuhle kunye noluntu olungagcinwanga kakuhle, oluthe umanyano luye lwazama ukucacisa nokubhalwa ngokucokisekileyo kwiingxelo zoluntu eziqokelelwe kwiiholo zedolophu kunye neeforam zoluntu. Ezi zinto ziphambili zilungelelaniswe kwiseti yeentsika ezine: ubulungisa kwezemali, ubulungisa bezindlu, ubulungisa babasebenzi, kunye nobulungisa bemozulu.
Ehlabathini, oko kuya kujongeka njengokuqinisa iibhanki zabahlali, ukutyala imali kwimodeli yezindlu ezifikelelekayo nezimiselwe ngokwentando yesininzi, ukuqinisa ookopolotyeni abangabasebenzi, kunye nokuxhasa iiprojekthi zamandla acocekileyo eziphantsi koluntu, phakathi kwamanye amaphulo. Nangona kunjalo, xa ibhanki yoluntu isekwe ngenye imini, umfelandawonye awunako ukuma nje kwaye unethemba lokuba ibhodi iya kulandela kwaye ibethelele ezi zinto ziphambili kumaxwebhu olawulo. Ukubenza babonakaliswe kwaye baqinisekise ukuphendula kwiminqweno yoluntu, "kuya kuthatha ukuqhubeka nokulungelelanisa," utshilo uMorrison weProjekthi yoQoqosho olutsha.
Nangona kunjalo, ukuba ibhanki yoluntu iyazilandela ezi njongo, inokubangela ukuvela kwezisombululo kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zeengxaki zentlalo. "Lo ngumthetho wezoqoqosho onokuthi usincede kwaye sizuze," utshilo uScott. “Baza kubeka imali kwiiCDFI ezinerekhodi yokunceda uluntu olufana nolwethu kwaye lubekho ekuhlaleni.”
I-Lower East Side People's Federal Credit Union lelinye lamaziko anjalo. I-Levy iyibeka icace into yokuba ibhanki kawonke-wonke iyakwandisa amandla ayo ukuze kuxhamle amalungu ayo kunye noluntu olungqongileyo. “Okwangoku, silinganiselwe kubuchule bethu bokuvula amasebe kwiindawo ezininzi ngenxa yokunqongophala kwemali,” utshilo. "Utyalo-mali luya kwandisa inkunzi yethu, lusivumele ukuba samkele idiphozithi yamalungu amaninzi kwaye sikhonze uluntu olongezelelweyo."
Ukwandisa ukufikelela kweebhanki kuluntu olunomvuzo ophantsi, uluntu olusuka kwamanye amazwe, kunye noluntu lwemibala yenye yeenjongo eziphambili zomanyano lweBhanki yoLuntu lweNYC. Le, ngoku, yenye yeendlela ekukuphela kwazo zokujongana neenkqantosi zeebhanki kwiindawo ezifana ne-East New York. Kodwa ibhanki yoluntu iya kwenza okungakumbi kunoko. Ngokubeka iimali zoluntu kwii-CDFIs kunye neemanyano zamatyala, imali inokuthi ityalwe kwiinzame zokulungisa iingxaki zentlalo, iinzame eziye zasokola ukufumana inkxaso-mali kwiibhanki eziqhelekileyo.
“Iibhanki zemveli ziyathandabuza ukuxhasa ezinye iimodeli zezindlu ezifana neetrasti zomhlaba zabahlali,” utshilo uAnousheh. “Ababoneleli ngenzala ephantsi mboleko eza kusivumela ukuba sifikelele kumanqanaba esiwadingayo. Kodwa ukuba besinebhanki kawonke-wonke, ibinokubonelela ngemali mboleko yezindlu ezingaqiqiyo, njengetrasti zabahlali kunye nemibutho yolwakhiwo lwezindlu.”
Kodwa akukho siqinisekiso sokuba ibhanki yoluntu iya kusebenza ngolu hlobo. Ekuphela kwebhanki yoluntu esebenzayo elawulwa sisixeko okanye urhulumente welizwe eUnited States, iBhanki yaseMntla Dakota, inembali exubeneyo yokuxhasa okulungileyo koluntu.
Ngelixa iBhanki yaseMantla Dakota incede abanini bamashishini amancinci bakhusele iimali mboleko zePPP ngaphezulu kunalo naliphi na elinye ilizwe, ibhanki ityale imali kakhulu ifosili yeefuweli kwaye wade waboleka phantse i-10 lezigidi zeerandi kwiinzame zokunyanzelisa umthetho wasekhaya ukuqhawula uqhanqalazo ngokuchasene noMbhobho wokuFikelela waseDakota kwindawo ebekelwe iStanding Rock. Phakathi koqwalaselo oluninzi lwesakhiwo olwenze ukuba utyalo-mali olunjalo lwenzeke kukunqongophala nokuba ngumlawuli omnye womthonyama waseMelika kwibhodi yebhanki, nangona urhulumente ebenayo. enye enkulu ngomntu ngamnye Abemi bomthonyama esizweni.
Ukunqanda ukuvelisa kwakhona izenzo eziyityhefu zebhanki yemveli, kukho uluhlu lwamalungiselelo kumthetho oyilwayo waseNew York owenza uMorrison akholelwe ukuba "yeyona mthetho inamandla yohlobo lwayo elizweni." Ibhodi yebhanki iya kujongwa ukubonisa abemi besixeko esiqeshisayo kunye nabalawuli abamele imibutho yoluntu. Iibhanki zikawonke-wonke kurhulumente kuya kufuneka ukuba zithobele iSibhengezo seZizwe eziManyeneyo ngaMalungelo abantu beMveli kwaye zibandakanye abameli abavela kuluntu lweMveli. Ikomiti yeengcebiso iya kubonelela ngolongamelo olongezelelweyo. Kwaye umasipala ohlawulayo usenokukhetha ukuluthintela utyalo-mali kumafutha ezilwanyana, iintolongo zabucala, kunye namanye amashishini ayingozi kuluntu.
Ngokuqinisekileyo, kwiminyaka emibini elandelelanayo yokufa-kwikomiti yomthetho, kungathatha ixesha ngaphambi kokuba kudlule. Kodwa sele kukho inkxaso entle kwibhanki yoluntu ngaphandle komfelandawonye. IBhunga lesiXeko saseNew York lagqitha ngamxhelo mnye kwisigqibo ebiza indlu yowiso-mthetho ukuba ipasise lo mthetho, kunye namagosa anyuliweyo angama-82, kubandakanywa nomlawuli waseNew York, watyikitya kunye ileta ngomnxeba ofanayo.
Ngayo yonke le nkxaso, uMorrison uqinisekile ukuba inkqubela phambili iya kwenziwa kwiseshoni yowiso-mthetho ezayo. Umqobo wabo omkhulu, uthi, ziinkokeli kwindlu yowiso-mthetho eziphenjelelwa yi-Wall Street lobbying. Kodwa oku kuthintelwa yenye into ethi uMorrison ibe lukusilela okukhulu komgaqo-nkqubo kwicala lamagosa anyuliweyo ukulungisa ingxaki eNew York.
Kukho isisombululo, utshilo uMorrison, esongeza, "Abafuni nje ukushukumisa isikhephe."
Amagosa anyuliweyo asenokungafuni ukugungqisa izinto, kodwa umfelandawonye weBhanki yoLuntu i-NYC ayinazo iingxaki ezinjalo. Bayazi ukuba ibhanki yoluntu iya kuthetha ntoni kuluntu lwabo. Ke, njengoko uMorrison esitsho, "baza kungena bonke" ukuze baphumelele.
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Nikela