Ukusukela ngoNovemba kulo nyaka uphelileyo, nabani na ofaka isicelo sokuba ngummi waseBritane kufuneka aphumelele uvavanyo olubonisa ubuchule besiNgesi kunye "nolwazi olwaneleyo lobomi e-United Kingdom". Ukulungiselela olu vavanyo, abafaki-zicelo bacelwa ukuba bafunde incwadana eqala ngembali emfutshane yaseBritani. Ivunywe kwaye ipapashwe yi-ofisi yaseKhaya, le yeyona nto isondeleyo kwimbali "esemthethweni", nangona yabhalwa ngumntu, uNjingalwazi Bernard Crick, umhlalutyi wezopolitiko kunye nombhali we-Orwell.
UCrick ulahla nasiphi na isimo esisemthethweni kwisincoko sakhe samagama angama-9,000 kwaye utsho ngokucacileyo:
Nayiphi na i-akhawunti yembali yaseBrithani, nokuba inde okanye imfutshane, yinkcazo. Akukho mntu unokuvumelana nomnye ukuba makafake ntoni, ashiye ntoni, kwaye athethe njani.
Nangona kunjalo, isicatshulwa sakhe savuswa ngababhali-mbali, abaphawula intaphane yeempazamo ezihlazisayo. UCrick ucaphula kakubi uChurchill, uyimela kakubi iMagna Carta, kwaye uthi ngempazamo ukubulawa kwabantu eGlencoe kwenzeka ngaphambi kweDabi laseBoyne kwaye ukungaqeshwa โkwathi shwakaโ emva ko-1945.
Ezinye zezinto ezishiyiweyo zibonakala zingenakukhuseleka. Kukho amagama angama-210 ekupheleni kwezizwe zaseHighland ngo-1745 kodwa akukho nalinye malunga namaTshathi, ukunyuka kombutho wabasebenzi okanye uqhankqalazo jikelele luka-1926; kukho ingxelo ende ngokwentelekiso yeminyaka kaThatcher โ ngaphezu kwamagama angama-300 โ kodwa ayikhankanywanga imfazwe yaseFalklands, udushe lwangaphakathi edolophini okanye ugwayimbo lwabasebenzi basezimayini luka-1984-85, ngokuqinisekileyo sesinye seziganeko zale mihla zaseBritane.
Eyona nto iphazamisayo, nangona kunjalo, kukuphathwa kobukhosi baseBritani. Ngelixa urhwebo lwekhoboka lwaseAtlantiki lugwetywa ngokungathandabuzekiyo โnjengobubiโ, ubukhosi bunikwa iglosi elungileyo:
Kubantu abaninzi bomthonyama e-Afrika, kwilizwekazi laseIndiya, nakwezinye iindawo, ubukhosi baseBritani basoloko bezisa iinkqubo zomthetho ezithe gqolo, ezamkelekileyo nezingakhethi calaโฆ Ukusasazwa kwesiNgesi kwanceda ukumanyanisa imimandla yezizwe eyahluka-hlukeneyoโฆ Impilo yoluntu, uxolo, nokufikelela kwimfundo. inokuthetha okungakumbi kubantu abaqhelekileyo kunokuba bangoobani na abalawuli babo ...
Kuphawulwa ukuba amaBritani awazange azame ukunyanzela ubuKristu eIndiya, nto leyo ekhokelela ekubeni kuphawulwe ukuba โukunyamezelana kwamaNgesi kwiinkcubeko zezizwe ezahlukeneyo eUnited Kingdom kusenokuba kwaba nempembelelo kwindlela alawula ngayo eIndiya.โ Ngoko, kuyabonakala ukuba, kwakungekho mgaqo-nkqubo wokwahlula nokulawula yaye kungekho lucalucalulo lobuhlanga nxamnye nabemi bomthonyama.
Akukho nokuba sinye sikhankanyiweyo ngobukumkani obusenza izenzo zengcinezelo okanye ukuxhaphaza โ naphi na, nanini na; akuthethwa nto ngeendlala ezabulala izigidi zabantu baseIndiya eyayilawulwa yiBritani; kwaye, okubaluleke kakhulu, akukho lizwi malunga nokuchasana nobukhosi, ngaphandle nje kokubhekisela "kwinkululeko okanye imibutho yokuzilawula eyayikhula eIndiya kwiminyaka yoo-1930". Kwingxelo kaCrick, ubukhosi bafikelela esiphelweni ngoxolo emva kwemfazwe yehlabathi yesibini ngenxa nje yokuba abantu baseBritani babengenamdla kubo yaye โiqela lezaBasebenzi lalikholelwa ekubeni lizimisele ukuzilawula kwiindawo ezazisakuba ngamathanga.โ
Kodwa obo bukhosi abuzange buphele ngokuzolileyo ngowe-1947. Imikhosi yaseBritani yalwa imfazwe nabavukeli baseMalaya (ukususela ngowe-1948 ukusa kowe-1960), eSipro (ngo-1955 ukusa kowe-1959) naseAden (ngowe-1963 ukusa kowe-1967). Phakathi kwe-1952 kunye ne-1956, iBritish yacinezela imvukelo yaseMau Mau eKenya ngexabiso elibi (uqikelelo oluncinci luyi-12,000 efile, kodwa ezinye izifundo zibanga ngaphezu kwe-100,000). Ngowe-1953 nangowe-1962, imikhosi yaseBritani yasetyenziselwa ukonakalisa idemokhrasi eGuyana. Yaye ngowe-1956, iBritani yathelela iFransi noSirayeli ekuhlaseleni iYiputa ngelizama ukuhlutha umjelo weSuez. Emva koko, iBritane yaba ligunya elingaphantsi kwe-US, kwaye kweso sikhundla sisabambelele ngokunzulu emkhosini kunye nokunyanzeliswa kwezoqoqosho kwabantu kumazwe angaphandle.
Uninzi lwabo baya kuthatha uvavanyo lobumi olutsha bavela kumazwe akhe alawulwa yiBritane okanye ezinye izikumkani zaseYurophu, kwaye umbono wabo wobukumkani kungenzeka ukuba ube nolwazi olungcono kwaye ubaluleke ngakumbi kuneCrick. Into ekhathazayo kukuba indlela yakhe yeglavu yomntwana iyinxalenye yendlela ebanzi, apho abahlalutyi abalungileyo abanjengoNiall Fergusson kunye noRobert Kaplan baye bazama ukubuyisela umbono wolawulo lobukhosi, ukungahoyi okanye ukunciphisa iziphumo zayo ezibi ngelixa bebaxa ukulunga kwabo.
Bambalwa kakhulu abantu baseBritane abaziyo ukuba ilizwe labo layibamba iJiphutha ngo-1882 kwaye lahlala liyi-de facto engumlawuli iminyaka engama-72, ngelo xesha uqoqosho lwayo lwalugqwethekile kakhulu; okanye phakathi kowe-1899 nowe-1920 iBritani yenza iphulo elibi nxamnye nemvukelo yaseDervish eSomalia, yatshayela isinye kwisithathu sabemi, imiphefumlo eli-100,000 XNUMX.
Ngamajoni angama-8,000 aseBritani ngoku alwa nabavukeli e-Iraq kunye nenye i-4,000 yenza okufanayo e-Afghanistan, ukungazi ngembali yobukhosi kunye nokuzama ukugubungela ukuba imbali ingaphezu kokukhathazeka kwezemfundo. Oku akuthethi ukucela abantu ukuba bazive benetyala ngenxa yezono zexesha elidlulileyo; imalunga nokuqinisekisa ukuba abemi banamhlanje baseBhritani baxhotyisiwe ukuhlalutya kunye nokulungelelanisa imigaqo-nkqubo karhulumente wabo.
Ngenxa ye-Kipling kunye noMdlalo oMkhulu, kukho ulwazi lokuba iBritane ibikho e-Afghanistan ngaphambili. Kodwa bambalwa abanolwazi olungaphezulu kweemfazwe ezintathu ze-Anglo-Afghan (1839-42, 1878-80 kunye no-1919), kuyo nganye imikhosi yaseBritane yayifuna ukunyanzelisa intando yeBritane kubantu abangavumiyo, benyanzelisa kwaye bebandezeleka kakhulu ngaphambi kokuba babulawe. kwanyanzeleka ukuba arhoxe.
Bambalwa abasaziyo malunga nezinto ezenzeka ngaphambili zaseBritane e-Iraq. Isebenzisa amajoni aseIndiya, iBritish yathimba iMesopotamiya ngo-1918 yaza yahlala apho, ngokufanelekileyo, de kwangowe-1958. Uvukelo lwesizwe ngo-1920 lwaye lwathotywa ngenkohlakalo engathethekiyo, ebandakanya ukusetyenziswa kwerhasi yetyhefu kunye nokuqhushumbiswa kweebhombu zodaka, amatye neengcongolo ngokungayekiyo. . Kunyaka omnye, iRAF yehla iitoni ezingama-97 zemikhosi, yabulala abantu baseIraq abangama-9,000 ngenxa yokulahlekelwa ngamajoni alithoba kuphela. Imvukelo nangona kunjalo yaqhubeka ishumi leminyaka, njengoko kwenza uhlaselo lwebhombu lokohlwaya, phantsi komyalelo ka-Arthur Harris, owayeza kulawula i-1945 firebhombing yaseDresden, eyathatha ubomi be-35,000.
Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo kaHarris umi namhlanje kwiFleet Street yaseLondon. Owu, akukho ndawo eBritane kukho isikhumbuzo ku-Air Commodore uLionel Charlton, owarhoxa kwisikhundla sakhe ngo-1924 emva kokundwendwela isibhedlele kwaye ejongene namaxhoba angenazandla nangenamilenze kuhlaselo lomoya lwaseBritane.
Egqabaza ngowe-1934 ngebango lamaBritani namaFrentshi lokuba โeyona njongoโ yokwaba kwabo izinto zakudala zaseOttoman kuMbindi Mpuma yayikukukhulula abantu balapho, uJawaharlal Nehru wanikela ngesityholo esibuhlungu nesisafaneleka: โBadubula babulale baze babulale. tshabalalisa kuphela ngenxa yokulunga kwabantu ababuleweyo. Inkalo entsha yohlobo lwale mihla lwama impiriyali kukuzama kwabo ukufihla ubunqolobi nokuxhatshazwa kwabo ngamabinzana onqulo .
Ukuba abantu baseBritani, nokuba ngabemi bomthonyama okanye ngabemi bemveli, bafanele bahluthe amabinzana angcwele abakhi bobukhosi banamhlanje, badinga ingxelo enenyani kakhulu yexesha labo elidlulileyo kunaleyo inikelwa nguNjingalwazi uCrick kunye neOfisi yeKhaya.
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