Ngo-Okthobha, i-Facebook kunye ne-Twitter zicime ii-akhawunti zamakhulu abasebenzisi, kubandakanywa iindawo ezininzi zemithombo yeendaba ezigcinwe ngabasebenzisi baseMelika. Phakathi kwabo batshatyalaliswayo kucociso olulungelelanisiweyo kwakukho iindawo ezidumileyo eziphonononga ubundlavini bamapolisa kunye nongenelelo lwase-US, njengeProjekthi yokucinga yasimahla, i-Anti-Media, kunye ne-Cop Block, kunye namaphepha eentatheli ezinjenge. URachel Blevins.
Facebook zifunyenwe ukuba la maphepha "aphule imithetho yethu ngokuchasene ne-spam kwaye alungelelanise ukuziphatha okungeyonyani." Nangona kunjalo, iisayithi ezifana neProjekthi yokuCinga yaMahala zaqinisekiswa nguFacebook kwaye zamkelwa ngokubanzi njengemithombo esemthethweni yeendaba kunye noluvo. UJohn Vibes, intatheli ezimeleyo efake isandla kwiNgcinga yasimahla, utyholwa I-Facebook "yemithombo ethandwayo ethandwayo kunye nokuthulisa amanye amazwi."
Kumagqabantshintshi apapashwe apha okokuqala, umntu ongaphakathi e-neoconservative waseWashington uye wabanga inqanaba letyala ngokucocwa kwamva nje- kwaye wathembisa ukuthotywa okungaphezulu kwixesha elizayo.
“IRussia, iTshayina kunye namanye amazwe angaphandle athatha ithuba lenkqubo yethu yezopolitiko evulekileyo,” utshilo uJamie Fly, ugxa omkhulu kunye nomlawuli wenkqubo yaseAsia kwitanki yokucinga enempembelelo iGerman Marshall Fund, ethi. ixhaswa ngemali ngurhulumente wase-US kunye ne-NATO. “Banokuqamba amabali aphindaphindwayo nasasazwa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo. Ngoko ke siqala ukubuyisela umva. Kule veki iphelileyo uFacebook waqala ukuqalisa ukuthatha iisayithi. Ngoko esi sisiqalo nje.”
UFly uqhubeke wakhalaza ngelithi “into oyifunayo yi-imeyile” yokuseka iakhawunti kaFacebook okanye iTwitter, ekhala ngokufikeleleka kwezi sayithi kuluntu ngokubanzi. Waxela kwangaphambili umzabalazo omde kwinqanaba lehlabathi ukulungisa le meko, kwaye wachaza ukuba ukwenza oko kuya kufuna ukuhlala uphaphile.
UFly wenze la magqabaza amangalisayo kuJeb Sprague, olilungu lefakhalthi endwendwelayo kwiSociology kwiYunivesithi yaseCalifornia-Santa Barbara kunye nombhali-mbhali weli nqaku. Aba babini bathetha ngexesha lesidlo sasemini e inkomfa ngokhuseleko Asia iququzelelwe yi ISayensi yeSiseko kunye nezopolitiko eBerlin, eJamani.
Kule tweet ingezantsi, Fly ngumntu wesithathu ukusuka ekhohlo obonakala ehleli etafileni.
Amagqabantshintshi kaFly - "siqala ukubuyisela umva" - abonakala eqinisekisa olona loyiko lubi lolunye uluntu lwemithombo yeendaba kwi-Intanethi. Ukuba wayenokukholelwa, ukuhlanjululwa kwamva nje kwakukhuthazwa yizopolitiko, kungekhona ukuthintela ugaxekile, kwaye kwakuqhutywa yiminqweno enamandla echasene nemibono ephikisanayo, ngakumbi apho ubundlobongela belizwe laseMelika buchaphazelekayo.
UJamie Fly, ukunyuka kweqela le-neocon
UJamie Fly ngumntu onempembelelo kumgaqo-nkqubo welizwe langaphandle othe wachitha unyaka ophelileyo ephembelela ukuba kujongwe “iimbono ezingephi” kumajelo eendaba ezentlalo. Ukutyhubela iminyaka, uye wakhuthaza uhlaselo lwasemkhosini eIran, a ulawulo utshintsho imfazwe eSyria, kunye nokunyuka inkcitho yasemkhosini ukuya kumanqanaba angazange abonwe ngaphambili. Uyimbonakaliso ye-neoconservative cadre.
Njengazo neocons ezininzi zesizukulwana sesibini, Fly wangena kurhulumente ngokugqobhoza kwizikhundla ezikwinqanaba eliphakathi kwiBhunga loKhuseleko leSizwe likaGeorge W. Bush kunye neSebe lezoKhuselo.
Ngo-2009, wonyulwa njengomlawuli we Inyathelo loMgaqo-nkqubo waNgaphandle (FPI), inguqulelo ehlaziyiweyo yeProjekthi yeBill Kristol yeNew American Century, okanye i-PNAC. Isinxibo samva yayiliqela leambrela lamatsha ntliziyo e-neoconservative aqala abeka ityala lohlaselo lwase-Iraq njengenxalenye yeprojekthi ebanzi yotshintsho lolawulo kumazwe axhathise impembelelo yaseWashington.
Ngo-2011, uFly wayeqhubela phambili inqanaba elilandelayo kuyilo lwePNAC ngo Ukukhwaza kuhlaselo lomkhosi eIran. “Unxibelelwano oluninzi aluyompendulo yaneleyo,” utshilo. Emva konyaka, Fly bongozwa I-US "yandise uluhlu lwayo lwezinto ekujoliswe kuzo ngaphaya kwenkqubo yenyukliya [yase-Iranian] ukuya kumyalelo ophambili kunye nolawulo lweempawu zoMkhosi weRiphabhlikhi kunye nenkonzo yezobuntlola, kunye nezixhobo ezinxulumene namanye amagosa aphambili karhulumente."
Ngokukhawuleza uFly wafumana indlela yakhe kwi-ofisi ye-senate kaMarco Rubio, iprojekthi ye-neoconservative pet, ethatha indima njengomcebisi wakhe ophezulu wenkqubo yangaphandle. Phakathi kwamanye amanyathelo okungenelela, uRubio ukhokele ekukhuthazeni izohlwayo zezoqoqosho eziqatha ijolise eVenezuela, ndide ndithethelele i-US uhlaselo lomkhosi elizweni. Xa iphulo lika-Rubio lika-2016 likamongameli laye laqhambuka phakathi kwemvukelo enkulu ye-Republican Party yase-American ephakathi ngokuchasene nokusekwa kweqela, uFly wanyanzelwa ukuba afune amathuba amatsha.
Wabafumana kwimo ye-paranoid Russiagate eyavela emva nje koloyiso lukaDonald Trump olothusayo.
I-PropOrNot yenza enye indlela yokoyika kwimidiya
Ingxelo yangaphakathi yentatheli yephulo likaHillary Clinton likamongameli, Ukuqhekeka, ibonise ukuba “kwiintsuku ezisemva konyulo, uHillary wala ukuthabatha uxanduva ngelahleko yakhe.” Abacebisi bakhe abaphezulu babizwe kusuku olulandelayo, ngokutsho kwencwadi, "ukuba babeyinjineli kwityala lokuba unyulo lwalungekho ngokupheleleyo ...
Ngaphantsi kweeveki ezintathu emva kokoyiswa kukaClinton, i-Washington Post kaCraig Timberg yapapasha a ingxelo efunyenwe ngokungathandabuzekiyo elalinomxholo othi, “Imigudu yokusasaza ubuxoki yaseRashiya iye yanceda ekusasazeni ‘iindaba zobuxoki.’” Eli nqaku lakhuthaza iinzame zikaMcCarthyite ezenziwa ngumbutho ongekho sikweni obizwa ngokuba yiPropOrNot wokudwelisa amajelo eendaba aseMerika angama-200 “njengenkcazelo yobuxoki ekwi-intanethi” yaseRashiya.
Ezinye iimpahla zemidiya kwi Uluhlu olumnyama lwePropOrNot ibandakanya ezinye zezo zihlanjululwe kutshanje nguFacebook kunye ne-Twitter, njengeProjekthi yokuCinga yaSimahla kunye ne-Anti-Media. Phakathi kwe criteria I-PropOrNot ichongiwe njengeempawu zepropaganda zaseRussia "Inkxaso yemigaqo-nkqubo efana neBrexit, kunye nokuqhekeka kwe-EU kunye ne-Eurozone" kunye "Ukuchasana nokuchaswa kwe-Ukraine kwiRussia kunye nokuchasana kweSyria kwi-Assad." I-PropOrNot ibize "uphando olusesikweni ngurhulumente wase-US" kwiindawo ezizibhalileyo.
NgokukaCraig Timberg, umnxibelelanisi weWashington Post owakhuthaza ngokungekho ngqiqweni inyathelo lokucinezela amajelo eendaba, iPropornot yasekwa “yingqokelela yabaphandi abangathathi ntweni abanomgaqo-nkqubo wangaphandle, umkhosi kunye neteknoloji.” UTimber ucaphule umntu onxulunyaniswa neZiko leYunivesithi yaseGeorge Washington yeCyber and Homeland Security, u-Andrew Weisburd, kwaye wacaphula ingxelo ayibhalayo nogxa wakhe, uClint Watts, malunga nokugxuphuleka kweRashiya.
Isiqwenga sikaTimber kwiPropOrNot sakhuthazwa ngokubanzi yi abasebenzi abaphezulu Clinton kwaye bhiyozelwa ngowayesakuba ngumncedisi ka-Obama White House uDan Pfeiffer "njengelona bali likhulu emhlabeni." Kodwa emva kwamaza okugxeka ahlabayo, kuquka kumaphepha e New Yorker, inqaku lalungiswa ngenqaku lomhleli elithi, "I[Washington] Post... ayiqinisekisi ukunyaniseka kweziphumo zePropOrNot ngokuphathelele kulo naliphi na ijelo leendaba."
I-PropOrNot yayibonakala ngathi ibhengezwe njenge-McCarthyite sham, kodwa ingcamango engemva kwayo - iveza amajelo eendaba aseMelika akwi-intanethi njengezithuthi ze-Kremlin "amanyathelo asebenzayo" - aqhubeka echuma.
Ukuzalwa kwe-bot tracker yaseRashiya - ngemali karhulumente wase-US
Ngo-Agasti, inyathelo elitsha, nelibonakala lihambelana lavela ngaphandle kweblue, ngeli xesha lixhaswa yimanyano ye-bipartisan yezandla zomgaqo-nkqubo wangaphandle weDemokhrasi kunye neocon Never Trumpers eWashington. Ibizwa ngokuba yi I-Alliance yokuKhusela idemokhrasi (ASD), isinxibo esijolise ekuvezeni indlela ekucingelwa ukuba iibhoti ze-Twitter zaseRussia zosulela ngayo intetho yezopolitiko yaseMelika ngeengxelo ezahlulayo. Yayibonisa usuku ngalunye "IHamilton 68” Ideshibhodi ekwi-intanethi eqaqambise umsebenzi ebekucingwa ukuba uwenze webhot enetshathi ezigaywa lula. Ngokufanelekileyo, indawo ithintele ukubiza nayiphi na iakhawunti ye-Kremlin yedijithali ebanga ukuba iyalandelela.
Inyathelo lokuqala lakhawuleza ixhaswe nguJohn Podesta, Umseki weDemocratic Party ucinga itanki yeZiko leNkqubela yaseMelika, kunye nowayesakuba yintloko yabasebenzi bephulo lika-Hillary Clinton lika-2016. UJulia Ioffe, umnxibelelanisi oyintloko weAtlantiki yaseRussiagate, khuthazwa i-bot tracker "njengesixhobo esihle kakhulu."
Ngokungafaniyo ne-PropOrNot, i-ASD yaxhaswa yenye yezona zixhobo zihlonitshwayo eWashington, i Ingxowa-mali yaseJamani yaseMarshall, eyasekwa kwi-1972 ukukhulisa ubudlelwane obukhethekileyo phakathi kwe-US kunye ne-West Germany ngoko.
Ingxowa-mali yaseJamani yaseMarshall ininzi kakhulu ixhaswa ngemali ngoorhulumente baseNtshona, kwaye ubukhulu becala ibonakalisa umdla wabo womgaqo-nkqubo wamazwe angaphandle. Abaxhasi bayo bezemali ababini abaphezulu, ngaphezulu kwesigidi esi-1 sezigidi zeedola ngonyaka ngamnye, ingalo yamandla athambileyo karhulumente wase-US i-Arhente yoPhuhliso lwaMazwe ngaMazwe.USAID) kunye neOfisi Yangaphandle YaseJamani (eyaziwa ngesiJamani njengeAuswärtiges Amt). Isebe lase-US likwabonelela ngemali engaphezulu kwesiqingatha sesigidi seedola ngonyaka, ngokunjalo neSebe laseJamani leNtsebenziswano yezoQoqosho noPhuhliso kunye nabaphathiswa bemicimbi yangaphandle eSweden naseNorway. Ikwafumana ubuncinci ikota yesigidi seedola ngonyaka kwi-NATO.
Nangona iNgxowa-mali yaseJamani i-Marshall ingakhange iwachaze abaxhasi abaxhase ngokukodwa inyathelo le-Alliance for Securing Democracy, ibamba i-baani phakathi kwe-bipartisan national-security hardliners kwi-ASD's. ibhunga labacebisi, ukubonelela umzamo kunye nepatina yokuthembeka. Basuka kwi-neocon movement icon uBill Kristol ukuya kulowo wayesakuba ngumcebisi kumgaqo-nkqubo we-Clinton wangaphandle uJake Sullivan kunye nomlawuli wangaphambili weCIA uMichael Morell.
UJamie Fly, ugxa waseJamani weMarshall Fund kunye nochwephesha waseAsia, uye wavela njengomnye wabona bakhuthazi kakhulu be-tracker entsha yaseRussia kumajelo eendaba. Ekunye noLaura Rosenberger, owayesakuba ngumncedi kumgaqo-nkqubo wangaphandle kwiphulo likaHillary Clinton lika-2016, uFly wavela kuthotho lwe Udliwano-ndlebe kunye no-co-ababhali abaninzi iiop-eds igxininisa imfuneko yokuqhekeka okukhulu kweendaba zoluntu.
NgoMatshi ka-2018 udliwano-ndlebe kwi-C-Span, UFly wakhalaza ukuba "ii-akhawunti zaseRashiya" "zizama ukukhuthaza imiyalezo ethile, ukwandisa umxholo othile, ukuphakamisa iimbono ezinqamlekileyo, ukugoba amaMerika omnye komnye, kwaye kufuneka sijongane nale ngxaki eqhubekayo kwaye sifumane iindlela kurhulumente, ngokusebenzisa iinkampani zobuchwepheshe, ngoluntu ngokubanzi ukulwa lo mba.”
Nangona kunjalo zimbalwa iisayithi ezikuluhlu lwabamnyama lwePropOrNot, kwaye akukho nasinye seziza eziye zacinywa kuFacebook wokuhlanjululwa uFly noogxa bakhe bathatha ikhredithi ecacileyo, yayiziakhawunti zaseRussia. Mhlawumbi ekuphela kolwaphulo-mthetho ababenokutyholwa ngalo yayikukupapasha iimbono ezabonwa nguFly namahlakani akhe “njengomphetho.”
Ngaphezu koko, i-ASD iye yanyanzeliswa ukuba ivume ukuba ubuninzi beeakhawunti ze-Twitter ezichonge kuqala njenge "Russian bots" yayingezobhoti - kwaye mhlawumbi yayingengoRashiya.
"Andiqinisekanga ngale nto ye-bot"
NgoNovemba 2017 uphando nguMax Blumenthal, umbhali-mdibaniselwano weli nqaku, ufumanise ukuba i-ASD ye-Hamilton 68 ideshibhodi yayiyilwe “ingqokelela yeekranki, uhlaselo lwabanqolobi, abaxhaphazi be-intanethi kunye nee-paranoiacs ezisebenza ngenkxaso evela kwamanye awona manani abalaseleyo asebenza eMelika. izixhobo zokhuseleko zelizwe.
La manani aquka iZiko leYunivesithi yaseGeorge Washington efanayo yeCyber kunye noKhuseleko lweLizwe - uAndrew Weisburd kunye noClint Watts - abakhankanywe njengeengcali kwinqaku leWashington Post elikhuthaza iPropOrNot.
U-Weisburd, ochazwe njengenye yeengqondo ezisemva kwedeshibhodi ye-Hamilton 68, wake wagcina umntu omnye, inyathelo lokujonga iwebhu elichasene nePalestine elikhethekileyo kwi-doxxing abaphembeleli bephiko lasekhohlo, amaSilamsi kunye naye nabani na awayemgqala “njengo-anti-American.” Kutshanje, uye wathatha kuTwitter ethetha ngeengcinga zokubulala kunye nezobufanasini malunga noGlenn Greenwald, umhleli we-Intercept - upapasho oluphawulwe yi-ASD ngaphandle kwengcaciso njengesithuthi sempembelelo yaseRussia.
UWatts, kwicala lakhe, uye wangqina phambi kweCongress izihlandlo ezininzi umnxeba kurhulumente ukuba "aphelise uvukelo lolwazi" ngamanyathelo angqongqo abandakanya "iileyibhile zezondlo" kumajelo eendaba e-intanethi. Ufumene upapasho oluhlekisayo oluvela kumajelo eendaba kwaye wawongwa ngendima yegalelo le-NBC ngesiseko sobuchwephesha bakhe ekucingelwa ukuba ukhuphe ulwazi olungachananga lwaseRussia.
kunjalo, phantsi kwemibuzo ngexesha lomsitho kawonke-wonke ngumxhasi weGrayzone u-Ilias Stathatos, uWatts uvumile ukuba iindawo ezininzi zobungqina bakhe zibubuxoki, kwaye wala ukunika ubungqina bokuxhasa amabango akhe anemibala engalunganga malunga nomsebenzi webhot waseRussia.
Kudliwano-ndlebe olwahlukileyo no Buzzfeed, Watts wabonakala ekhanyela ngokupheleleyo i-Hamilton 68 bot tracker njengesixhobo esisemthethweni. “Andiqinisekanga ngale nto,” wavuma watsho uWatts. Ude wayibiza ingxelo yokuba uncedise ekwenzeni “ngokugqithisileyo,” kwaye wavuma ukuba iiakhawunti ezilandelwa nguHamilton 68 azizange zilawulwe ngabadlali bobuntlola baseRussia.
“Asicingi nokuba bonke bayalelwa eRashiya - konke konke. Sicinga ukuba abanye babo ngabantu abanomdla ngokusemthethweni abafuna ukukhuthaza iRussia, ”uvumile uWatts.
Kodwa oku kwamkelwa kumangalisayo akwenzanga kancinci ukucothisa isantya sokucocwa okuzayo.
Ngena kwiBhunga leAtlantiki
Kwincoko yakhe noSprague, iFly yeNgxowa-mali yaseJamani yaseMarshall yathi wayesebenza neBhunga laseAtlantic kwiphulo lokucoca amanye amaqonga eendaba ezentlalo afana noFacebook.
IBhunga leAtlantiki lelinye itanki yokucinga esekwe eWashington esebenza njengendawo yokuhlangana ye-neoconservatives kunye nabangeneleli benkululeko betyhala uhlaselo lomkhosi kwihlabathi liphela. Yi Kuxhaswa ngemali yi-NATO kunye ingcinezelo, oorhulumente abamanyeneyo base-US kuquka iSaudi Arabia, iBahrain kunye neTurkey, kunye neeoligarchs zaseUkraine ezifana noVictor Pynchuk.
NgoMeyi, kuFacebook umemezele ubambiswano kunye neLebhu yoPhando ngoPhando lweDijithali yeBhunga leAtlantiki (DFRLab) “ukuchonga, ukubhenca, nokucacisa ulwazi olungachananga ngexesha lonyulo kwihlabathi liphela.”
I-DFRLab yeBhunga laseAtlantiki idume kakubi ngenzondelelo yayo yokudityaniswa kochaso olusemthethweni kwi-intanethi kunye nesenzo esingekho mthethweni saseRashiya, esamkela amaqhinga afanayo nePropOrNot kunye neASD.
U-Ben Nimmo, umfo we-DFLab ozakhele udumo ngokukhupha iinethiwekhi ze-Kremlin kwi-intanethi, babanjiwe ekuzingeleni kwamagqwirha okuhlazisayo kulo nyaka okwambona engazichazi kakuhle abantu abaphilayo, abaphefumlayo njenge-bots yaseRussia okanye “iiakhawunti zempembelelo” zaseKremlin. Amaxhoba kaNimmo aquka UMariam Susli, umntu owaziwayo waseSyria-Australian media media personality, umdlali wepiyano wekonsathi owaziwayo waseUkraine Valentina Lisitsa, kunye nomntu waseBritani odla umhlala-phantsi ogama linguIan Shilling.
Kudliwanondlebe neSky News, uShilling uye wazisa a tirade ekhumbulekayo nabamangaleli bakhe. “Andinabafowunelwa baseKremlin kwaphela; Andazi nabaphi na abantu baseRashiya, andinalo unxibelelwano norhulumente waseRashiya okanye nantoni na enokwenza nabo,” wadanduluka watsho. "Ndingummi oqhelekileyo waseBhritane owenza uphando malunga neemfazwe ze-neocon ezikhoyo eSyria ngalo mzuzu."
Ngokuhlanjululwa kwamva nje kooFacebook noTwitter, abemi abaqhelekileyo abafana noShilling bajoliswa elubala, ngaphandle koxolo. Ucimo oluninzi lweeakhawunti zeendaba ezizezinye zibonisa indlela abangqongqo bokhuseleko belizwe abavela kwiNgxowa-mali yeMarshall yaseJamani kunye neBhunga laseAtlantiki (kwaye nabani na obesemva kwePropOrNot) baye benza isixhobo soloyiko esijikeleze uphazamiseko lwaseRussia ukuvelisa inkxaso yoluntu kwiphulo elibanzi lokujongwa kwemithombo yeendaba.
Kwincoko yakhe eBerlin noSprague, uFly waphawula ngemvume ecacileyo ukuba, "uTrump ngoku walatha kungenelelo lwaseTshayina kunyulo lowama-2018." Njengoko i-mantra yongenelelo lwangaphandle isanda ukuya kumandla amatsha otshaba, ukucinezelwa kwamazwi aphikisayo kumajelo eendaba e-intanethi phantse ngokuqinisekileyo kuya kuqina.
Njengoko uFly wathembisayo, “Esi sisiqalo nje.”
I-Grayzone ixhomekeke kubafundi abafana nawe. Yiba nguMxhasi Apha kwaye usincede sivelise ubuntatheli bophando bokuqala ngolu hlobo.
UMax Blumenthal yintatheli ephumelele ibhaso kunye nombhali weencwadi ezibandakanya ezithengiswa kakhulu IRiphabhlikhi iGomora: Ngaphakathi kwiNtshukumo Eyaphule iQela, UGoliyati: Ubomi Nokunyaniseka kwaSirayeli Omkhulu, Imfazwe yosuku olungamashumi amahlanu ananye: Ukonakala kunye nokuchasa eGaza, kunye neThe Management of Savagery, eza kupapashwa ngasekupheleni kwalo nyaka nguVerso. Ukwavelise amanqaku amaninzi ashicilelweyo kuluhlu lweempapasho, iingxelo ezininzi zevidiyo kunye namaxwebhu amaninzi aquka. UJe Ne Suis Pas uCharlie kwaye okuzayo Ukubulala iGaza. I-Blumenthal yaseka iProjekthi yeGreyzone kwi-2015 ukuze ikhanyise ukukhanya kwentatheli kwimeko yaseMelika yemfazwe engapheliyo kunye nemiphumo yayo eyingozi yasekhaya.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
Nikela