Kwiminyaka elikhulu eyadlulayo nge-19 kaNovemba ka-1915, ingoma ebhalwe phantsi, i-cartoon scribblin', i-parody pushin' Umququzeleli we-Industrial Workers of the World uJoe Hill wabulawa ngokungekho sikweni liqela lokudubula e-Utah. Ah, kodwa unokuthi, ekuphela kwento endiyaziyo ngaye kukuba "uJoe Hill akabhubhanga," ecaphula amazwi omntu odumileyo. ingoma yesintu. Ngelixa kuyinyani ukuba baninzi abantu abangaphandle kwentshukumo yabasebenzi kunye nezangqa ezinxulumene nazo bazi okuninzi malunga neJoe Hill kwezi ntsuku-lihlazo elililayo.

Imizabalazo kaJoe Hill yamalungelo abasebenzi, intetho ekhululekileyo, ilungelo lokuxoxwa kwetyala elinobulungisa, kunye nokuchasana nokungalingani kocwangco lwethu lwezoqoqosho isabalulekile nanamhlanje. Wazalelwa eSweden ngo-Okthobha 7, 1879 njengoJoel Emmanuel Hägglund, uJoe Hill washiya ngasemva ilifa leengoma zamatshantliziyo kunye namagama angenakubalwa ukuba aphile, kwaye afe, ngo. Ngapha koko, xa usekela owayesalathisa iqela labadutyulwayo ekubulaweni kuka-Hill lathi kumadoda akhe “Lungile, joliseni,” u-Hill wakhwaza esithi, “Dumani, qhubekani nidubula!” — ukufowunela izithonga kude kube sekupheleni. Wayenganikeli urhulumente kuphela umsebenzi, kodwa kunye nathi sonke, ukuba sikhawuleze kwaye senze.

U-Hill weza e-United States ngo-1902 kwaye wachitha iminyaka eli-13 elandelayo eququzelela abasebenzi kwaye ezama ukutshintsha ukusuka eNew York ukuya eCalifornia. Njengoko iimpembelelo zoququzelelo lwabasebenzi kunye nabaSebenzi bezoShishino beHlabathi, okanye i-IWW, ugwayimbo lwavakala, "i-copper barons" kunye nee-cronies zenkampani azizange zonwabe kakhulu. Uqhankqalazo lukarhulumente kwi-Wobblies, njengoko amalungu e-IWW esaziwa, kwachazwa kwisityholo kunye nokubulawa kuka-Hill ngokubulala usomashishini kunye nonyana wakhe eSalt Lake City. Ngelo xesha, ingqwalasela enkulu yelizwe yayigxile kwityala lakhe, elalimfiliba ngeyona ndlela. Ukwala kukaHill ukunikela ubungqina egameni lakhe ngokungathandabuzekiyo kwaba negalelo kwisigwebo sakhe sokuba netyala; Ngokwengxelo, u-Hill wayekholelwa ukuba uya kuba nexabiso lokufa ngakumbi kunokuphila ngenxa yomanyano. Ngenxa yokuba kwiminyaka eyi-100 kamva abantu basathetha ngaye kwaye bacula iingoma zakhe zomanyano, amathuba okuba wayenyanisile ngaloo nto.

Kuyinyani ukuba u-Hill ukwazile ukuququzelela kwaye aphazamise nangaphaya kweqela labadubuli. Engafuni “ukubanjwa efile e-Utah,” wacela ukuba umzimba wakhe uthunyelwe eChicago apho watshiswa khona. Umlotha wakhe wasasazwa, ngeposi, kwiimvulophu ze-600 kumalungu e-IWW, imibutho kunye nabaxhasi emhlabeni jikelele. Ngokwengxelo, olunye uthuthu lwathinjwa yiNkonzo yePosi yase-US (yaye lwakhululwa ngeminyaka yoo-1990), olunye lusetyenziswa kwizinto zokwakha (ezisafumaneka eludongeni kwigumbi lokufunda laseSweden), olunye lwatyiwa (kutsha nje nguBilly Bragg). ), yaye abanye bathi saa kwiziganeko okanye umoya wotshintsho eNicaragua, eUnited States, eKhanada, eSweden naseOstreliya. Ke i-Hill ngokoqobo ayihlali nje ngengoma, kodwa nakwamanye amagcisa amangalisayo kunye namatshantliziyo. Nazi izifundo ezihlanu ezivela kuJoe Hill ezisasebenza namhlanje.

Kukho amandla kumanyano

U-Hill wayekholelwa kumandla omsebenzi odibeneyo, wokuququzelela ukulwa nenkqubo, kungekhona abanye abantu. Wajoyina i-IWW kuba yayivulelekile kubo bonke abasebenzi - abantu bemibala, abafazi, abangenamakhono kunye nabangaphandle, ababengabandakanywanga kwi-AFL ngelo xesha. Ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1900 yayilusuku lweeWobblies, olwalusebenza kakuhle kakhulu ekuthetheni nabantu malunga nemfuneko yokuhlangana kunye “kwiManyano eNkulu eNye” ukusebenzisa amandla ngokuchasene nenkqubo yongxowankulu eyonakeleyo ukudala idemokhrasi yezoshishino.

Ngelishwa, i-IWW yalile ukuthatha inxaxheba kwezopolitiko ngeli xesha - ishiya le ndawo kwiisocialists ezilondolozayo eziye zasoyikisa uluntu lwase-US. Bakwalile ukutyikitya iikhontrakthi nabaphathi, bebabona njengesivumelwano kakhulu, nto leyo ethetha ukuba abakwazanga ukuqinisa iinzuzo ezifunyenwe ngogwayimbo. Ngenxa yezi zinto, iyantlukwano ngaphakathi kwe-IWW, kunye nokuqhekeka okuqatha kukarhulumente, ubulungu obufakwe phakathi koo-1920s - kwaye imanyano ayizange iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde ibuye.

Nangona kunjalo, uJoe Hill wabhala amagama anemibono nasikiweyo kwiingoma zemveli ezihlala zixela uzuko lwabasebenzi. Kwi "Basebenzi behlabathi, Vuka,” wabhala wathi:

Basebenzi behlabathi, vukani! Qhawula amatyathanga akho. Banga amalungelo akho.
Bonke ubutyebi obenzayo buthathwa ngokuxhaphaza izifunxi-gazi.
Uya kuguqa ngamadolo ngokunzulu, Kususela emizalwaneni yakho kuse emangcwabeni akho?
Ngaba ukuphakama kwebhongo lakho, Ukuba ngamakhoboka alungileyo navumayo?
sukani nime, mabanjwa alambayo; Yilwele inkululeko yakho;
sukani nime, nina bakhonzi beentlanga zonke, Kunye mkhulu.

Ukwakha intshukumo yakho, quka

Ukuqaphela ukuba ukwakha abantu amandla kufuna ukukhula amanani intshukumo, Hill wabhala iingoma ukukhuthaza ubumbano kwizikhundla kunye nokuqesha amalungu amatsha. Wayengumntu othanda abasetyhini kwangethuba, kangangoko umntu anokuxelela kumazwi akhe malunga nobulungu bomanyano kunye nendima ebalulekileyo enokudlalwa ngabasetyhini kumzabalazo weklasi. Kwi "Intombazana evukelayo,” ephefumlelwe nguElizabeth Gurley Flynn obalaseleyo, wabhala isifundo esijolise kubazalwana bakhe bomanyano. Wabhala wathi:

Nokuba zithe zaqina izandla zakhe ngenxa yokubulaleka, Nesinxibo sakhe singabi sihle;
Kodwa intliziyo esifubeni sakhe ibetha, Yinyani leyo kwiklasi yakhe kunye nohlobo lwakhe.
Nabatyali batyatyadula bangcangcazela, batyhwatyhwa ngenxa yentiyo nentiyo yabo.
Ekuphela kwenenekazi elinobuqhophololo, Yintombazana evukelayo.

Ubuchule bufumana iimpahla

Njengombhali weengoma, imbongi, isithethi sikawonke-wonke kunye nomququzeleli, u-Hill wayengumsebenzi wenkcubeko owayewazi amandla okusebenzisa ubuchule kunye neengoma ezithandekayo ukusasaza umyalezo apho amajelo eendaba emveli awela phantsi. IiWobblies zamkela iingoma, iicomics, ugwayimbo, i-soapboxing, kunye nezinye iindlela zobuchule zokufikelela kubasebenzi abangacwangciswanga kunye nakwizenzo ezithe ngqo kwindawo yomsebenzi. “Incwadana, nokuba ilungile kangakanani na, ayifundi ngaphezu kwesihlandlo esinye, kodwa ingoma ifundwa ngentliziyo kwaye iphindaphindwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo,” u-Hill wabhala kwileta eya kumhleli we Solidarity ngoNovemba 1914. “Yaye ndimi ngelithi ukuba umntu unokufaka izibakala ezimbalwa zengqiqo eculweni aze azinxibe isinxibo esihlekisayo, uya kuphumelela ekufikeleleni inani elikhulu labasebenzi abangekho krelekrele kakhulu okanye abangakhathaliyo kakhulu. funda incwadana okanye inqaku lomhleli ngenzululwazi yezoqoqosho.”

Awukwazi ukutya izithembiso

Kwiingoma ezininzi, kwacaca ukuba u-Hill wayekholelwa ukuba izithembiso zenzuzo yexesha elizayo azinakuthatha indawo yobomi obungcono apha kwaye ngoku. I-parody yakhe"Umshumayeli kunye nekhoboka,” kwiculo loMkhosi Wosindiso elithi, “Sweet Bye and Bye,” laliyimvelaphi yebinzana elithi “pie in the sky,” elimela isithembiso sobuxoki okanye usukelo olungenakufikelelwa.

Uya kudla, bye and bye,
Kuloo mhlaba uzukileyo ngaphezu kwesibhakabhaka;
Sebenza kwaye uthandaze, phila kwi-hay,
Uza kufumana ipayi esibhakabhakeni xa usifa (kwaye bubuxoki obo).

Musa ukuzila, ququzelela

Mhlawumbi owona myalelo udumileyo kaJoe kunye nomgaqo-siseko wolungiselelo wabanjwa kolunye lwezonxibelelwano zakhe zokugqibela, itelegram eyayisiya kumanyano wamaqabane uBill Haywood ngobusuku bangaphambi kokubulawa kwakhe. Ihlala kumsebenzi wabaphembeleli abangenabundlobongela kwihlabathi liphela ukusuka eBeirut ukuya eParis, kwaye ikhonkco liyinyani ngakumbi njengoko sizabalazela ukuhambela ngaphaya kwezenzo zobundlobongela zobunqolobi kunye nokuziphindezela ukudiliza iinkqubo zengcinezelo eziqhuba ububi nokungalingani. “Usale kakuhle uBill,” wabhala watsho. “Ndifa njengomvukeli wenene. Ungachithi xesha uzilile. Lungelelanisa.”

Enkosi uJoe Hill, kunye nabo baqhubeka nokugcina izifundo zakhe ziphila ngokuqhubeka nomsebenzi.

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