Umthombo: FAIR
Kwakuyiminyaka engama-35 eyadlulayo kule nyanga ukuba ndishiye iVenice yam endiyithandayo, eCalifornia, ukuya kwisiXeko saseNew York ukuze ndiqalise i-FAIR. Azikho ezininzi eziqhubela phambili ezingenzi nzuzo ezinyamezela iminyaka engama-35, kodwa i-FAIR iye yasinda kwaye yaphumelela.
Ndandifuna ukuqalisa i-FAIR esuka eVenice, kodwa abahlobo kunye nabacebisi bagxininisa, ngokuchanekileyo, ukuba iqela leendaba zelizwe liya kusilela ukuthembeka ukuba alisekelwanga eNew York okanye kwi-DC. Ngenxa yevumba leReaganite eligqugqisayo kwikomkhulu lesizwe sethu, iNYC yayilukhetho olucacileyo.
Wamkelekile kwi-NYC
Kulula ukulibala ukuba imithombo yeendaba yenkululeko ngelo xesha yayithambile kwi-Reagan eyayihla-kunye nophawu lwakhe olukhohlakeleyo lwezopolitiko kunye neemfazwe zobugrogrisi kuMbindi Merika-njengoko zinjalo namhlanje kuJoe Biden. Oko ukuthotyelwa kweendaba kwiReaganism yayisisizathu esikhulu sokuba ndiqalise i-FAIR; ukufika kwam eNew York kwabuliswa ixesha yemagazini yaseNyakatho Korea-njenge iqweqwe likaReagan, izaliswe ziifireworks ezimibalabala.
Ekuqaleni sasingenamali yokuqesha iofisi, ngoko ke siye saphehlelela i-FAIR ngaphandle kweflethi exineneyo yase-Upper West Side ka-FAIR umseki/umbhali uMartin Lee kunye negqwetha uPia Gallegos. Kuba nayiphi na intatheli ephaphileyo iyazi ukuba idilesi yethu yase-West End Avenue yayingesosakhiwo seofisi, sacinga ukubeka โi-Suite 7Cโ kunye naloo dilesi kwizinto zokubhala ze-FAIR yayisisiqhulo esivulelekileyo, endaweni yokuba bubuxoki. "Ukuchaneka," emva koko, yayiligama lethu eliphakathi.
Kamva safudukela kwiofisi yethu yokuqala e-666 Broadwayโisakhiwo esasinelunda ukwabelana ngaso nemibutho efana neZiko Lamalungelo Omgaqo-siseko, Harper kaThixo iphephancwadi kunye neLambda Legal. Kulapho siphehlelele ileta yethu yeendaba, Yongezelelweyo!, ngoJuni 1987, kunye UMartin Lee njengomhleli. Ngethamsanqa kwi-FAIR, uMartin wayesele egqibile Amaphupha aneasidi, i-opus yakhe kwi-LSD, i-CIA kunye ne-1960s.
iMelika entle
Ngaphandle kwethamsanqa, iqela lokwenyani eliqhubela phambili kwaye elichasene noshishino aliyi kuphila kude ngaphaya kokuzalwa. Sifumene izibonelelo eziphambili ngamaxesha (enkosi kuDavid Hunter ongasekhoyo), amavolontiya aphambili (njengombhali wamahlaya uDennis Perrin; uSteve Rendall, owathi kamva waba ngumlawuli wophando weFAIR; kunye โnooLinda ababiniโ: uLinda Valentino noLinda Mitchell) kunye nesitshixo. ubudenge ukusuka kwi Umabonwakude weABC umnatha.
Phezu kwako nje ukukhala kukaReagan โngobukhosi obungendawo,โ iSoviet Union yayikwimilenze yayo yokugqibela ngowe-1986-87. Kodwa kwintelekelelo yaseHollywood eshushu yeMfazwe Yomlomo, amaRashiya ayesazaโezimisele ukusoyisa nokusilawula. ABC uthathe imbeko kukhuphiswano lweparanoia nge EMelika, icandelo elimangalisayo leeyure ezili-14 elicetywayo ABC ngumbhali wemihlathi osekunene (Inew york, 1/26/87). Ibonise i-USA phantsi kwesithupha somsebenzi okhohlakeleyo weSoviet, kwiligi kunye neqela labacebisi: iZizwe eziManyeneyo, abangcatshi bangaphakathi, amaCuba, njl.
I-FAIR yafunda kwangoko ukuba sifuna amahlakani eendaba aphambili ukuze siphile. Ngexesha lokwenziwa kwefilimu EMelika, kwatsho impempe ngaphakathi ABC sivuze sonke iskripthi sokudubula. Sabelana ngayo ne-UN. Yonke intatheli ephambili ebibhala olu gqabhuko-dubulo EMelika Impikiswano yayifuna ukuba sijonge umbhalo. I-miniseries ibeka i-FAIR kwimephu njengabagxeki be-conservative okanye i-Cold War media propaganda. Ndicatshulwe kumaphephandaba ndibhekisa kuwo EMelika njengorhwebo lweeyure ezili-14 lweskimu seReagan's Star Wars.
Ngeli xesha le Ukukhanya okubomvu/Rambo/EMelika, ndaxoxa nge-ultra-right "Ukuchaneka kwiMediaโ uReed Irvine wobuntatheli. U-Irvine wajoyina i-Reaganites ekuhlaseleni nabani na othelekisa i-US-iphiko lasekunene "i-authoritarianism" (aka fascism) kubuKomanisi. Oko kwakusoyikeka "ukulingana kokuziphatha.โ Ngokungafaniyo noozwilakhe abaphiko lasekunene abanokuthi babhukuqwe, u-Irvine wagxininisa, amazwe obuKomanisi angunaphakade. Kwiminyaka nje embalwa, iSoviet Union kunye nabanye oorhulumente abangamaKomanisi abalishumi elinesibini baphela.
Ukusuka kumda ukuya kwisiqhelo
Enye yeenjongo eziphambili ze-FAIR yayikukuthatha into ebikade ijongelwa phantsi igxeka amajelo eendaba (eyafunyanwa kwiincwadi ezazingajikelezi kangako ngelo xesha ze. Noam Chomsky kwaye U-Ed Herman, okanye UAlex Cockburn's columns) kwaye utyhalele oko kugxekwa ebusweni beentatheli eziqhelekileyo. EMelika yasinceda ukuba saziwe. Kungekudala ndavela kwiingxoxo zikamabonwakude zelizwe lonke.
Xa siqalisa Yongezelelweyo!, abahlobo bethu ababesebenza kumajelo eendaba esizwe bafaka intaphane yeekopi kumagumbi okuhlambela. Sithumele iikopi simahla kumakhulukhulu eentatheli eziqhelekileyo-ukuba babhalisile okanye akunjalo (okunokuthi kubizwe ngo-spam namhlanje).
Kwi-PR heft, ngokukhawuleza sahlanganisa "iBhodi yeeNgcebiso" equka iintatheli ezidumileyo, abagxeki beendaba kunye nabaphembeleli abanjengoChomsky, UBen Bagdikian, Jessica Mitford, Studs Terkel, Adam Hochschild, UAllen Ginsberg, Dolores Huerta, UFrances Moore Lappรฉ kunye noMfundisi uJoseph Lowery.
Ngeminyaka yoo-1990, i-FAIR yayiza kufumana udumo ngokuthatha inxaxheba Rush Limbaugh kwaye Fox News, kodwa amajelo osasazo asekunene ayengenamandla kangako phakathi kwiminyaka yee-1980. Ugqaliselo lwethu kwiminyaka yokuqala lwalukwimijelo yeendaba โyodumoโโezo zibonwa njengeendawo zogcino-ndaba olunenjongo, olusekelwe kwinyani.
I-media elite ehlazisayo
Ngo-Oktobha 1987, sanikela inkupho ekhethekileyo enamaphepha ali-16 kumajelo eendaba abalaseleyo Iziphazamiso ezinobuhlobo beReagan malunga nemvukelo yamaSandinista, emva kweenyanga ezimbalwa kwalandela โImibuzo etshabalalisayoโ enamanqaku ali-18. ENew York Times kuMbindi Merika ogubungelayoโ (Yongezelelweyo!, 1โ2/88). Uxwebhu lwesahluko kunye nevesi, olunikezelwe ngokukodwa Maxesha abahleli, babhentsise ucalucalulo lwenkquboโbebuza ukuba kutheni, ngokomzekelo, ukubulawa kweenkokeli ezinenkqubela-phambili e-El Salvador okanye eHonduras kufumaneke ingxelo engaphantsi kakhulu kunokuvalelwa ngokufutshane kwabachasi bephiko lasekunene eNicaragua.
Kwimpendulo ebhaliweyo nakwingxoxo kawonke-wonke kwiYunivesithi yaseColumbia, Maxesha abahleli babhekisele kuluhlu lwemibuzo yethu โnjengesimangalo.โ Yayinye ke leyo Maxesha Uvavanyo ekuchaneka kwalo singenako ukucela umngeni.
Kwiinzame zethu zokuhambisa iindaba eziphambili, ngokukhawuleza kwacaca kuthi ukuba ukuhlazisa (ingakumbi kwezinye iiforamu eziqhelekileyo) yayiyeyona ndlela isebenzayo kunokweyisela. Xa kwasungulwa i-FAIR, owona mboniso udumileyo weendaba zikamabonakude wase-US yaba nguTed Koppel Nightline on ABC. Kwizifundo zokuqala ezininzi ezicwangcisiweyo kunye nefuthe, i-FAIR ipapashe uhlalutyo lweenyanga ze-40 ze Nightlineuluhlu lweendwendwe (Yongezelelweyo!, 1โ2/89), ebhentsise ucalucalulo olucacileyo lwe-pro-conservative kunye ne-pro-militarist, kunye nokungabandakanywa kweendwendwe zabasetyhini kunye nabantu bebala.
Isifundo sethu safumana ingxelo eqinileyo kumakhulu eencwadi zemihla ngemihla. Umbhali wemihlathi ophambili wase-Afrika-waseMelika uthathele ekubhekiseni kuyo Nightline njenge-Umgca omhlophe.โ Iphephandaba lasePennsylvania mihla le lipapashe ifoto kaKoppel edlanโ indlebe noKermit the Frog, enomxholo ophoxayo othi: โUTed Koppel wenza imbonakalo enqabileyo nelungu leqela elincinci Nightline. "
Ndisagxeka emva kwayo yonke le minyaka
Sele kuyiminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amabini oko ndashiya abasebenzi be-FAIR. Yonke imihla, ndiqaqamba njengotata onebhongo kumsebenzi oqaqambileyo we-FAIR ophuma kwi-intanethi, kwi-intanethi. Yongezelelweyo!, ku IkhawuntariSpin. Xa ndisendleleni ndifundisa, ndisadibana namatsha ntliziyo aqhayisa ngokuba โnawo wonke umba Yongezelelweyo! kwasekuqaleni.โ
Ukuza kuthi ga kulo mhla, abantu basandibulela ngempazamo ngenqanaba lokuqala lokugxeka elivela kwi-FAIR. Ngamanye amaxesha ndiye ndilungise indlela abacinga ngayo ukuba ndinesandla kumsebenzi omkhulu we-FAIR kwiminyaka engama-35 kamva. Ngamanye amaxesha andikwenzi. Kodwa ngalo lonke ixesha, ndixelela abalandeli abaninzi be-FAIR ukuba benze izinto ezintathu: Ukusasaza ilizwi, ukujoyina idabi, kwaye unikele.
UJeff Cohen ungumseki we FAIR. Wayengumlawuli osungula iZiko lePaki leMedia eziZimeleyo kwiKholeji yase-Ithaca.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
Nikela