Lo ka-Epreli uphawula iminyaka engamashumi amabini emva kokusweleka kwenkokeli ye-Nirvana uKurt Cobain, omnye wawona manani abalaseleyo enkcubeko ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane yama-20. Ekuqapheliseni eso sikhumbuzo, inkitha yezinto ezibuyela emva ziya kuqonda zombini amandla akrwada engoma kaCobain kunye nentlekele yokusetyenziswa kwakhe kweheroin kunye nokuzibulala. Bexelisa ukudinwa, iingoma zesini zika "John noYoko" kunye "noSid noNancy," abaninzi baya kunxulumanisa ukuwa kukaCobain kunye nenkosikazi yakhe, uCourtney Love. Ezi ngxelo zetabloid ziya kusibekela ukubaluleka kweNirvana kwezopolitiko nenkcubeko. Baya kufihla ukuba iNirvana yayiliqela labavukeli.
Kunyaka ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe ngowe-1994, uKurt Cobain wavakalisa ithemba lokuba isizukulwana sakhe sasiya kuyigatya โinkohlakalo yenkomo yeReaganiteโ eyayinyanzelwa kuso ebudeni bobuntwana baso. Ewe, ukusuka ekuthandeni okukhulayo komculo ochasene neenkcubeko (zombini "ezizezinye" i-rock kunye ne-hip-hop) ukuya ekunyukeni kwentshukumo yezobulungisa yehlabathi, i-1990s ibonakala inika ulungelelwaniso olukhokelwa lulutsha kubuhlanga, ubuhlanga, kunye ne-homophobia eyatshayela uRonald. UReagan kunye noGeorge HW Bush bangena kwiofisi kwiminyaka elishumi ngaphambili. Noko ke, kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini kamva, iimfazwe zenkcubeko yaseMerika zisekho kakhulu, yaye ukuchasa ngokuqhayisa koko kubizwa ngokuba โkukuchaneka kwezobupolitikaโ kusetyenziswa ukuthethelela ukunganyamezeli nengcinezelo ngeendlela ezininzi.
Ngo-2012, kunyaka nje emva kokuba iCDC yafumanisa ukuba ibhinqa elinye kwaba-1 baseMerika liye ladlwengulwa, abameli abaninzi baseRiphabhlikhi basebenzisa amaphulo abo ukuze babelane ngeembono zabo ngalo mbandelaโukususela kwibango likaRichard Mourdock lokuba ukudlwengulwa kubonisa ukuthanda kukaThixo kwiinzame zeCongressman. Todd Akin noRon Paul ukuze bacacise ukuba zeziphi iimeko zobundlobongela obuphathelele kwezesondo abakholelwa ukuba zibandakanya udlwengulo โolusemthethweniโ kunye โolunyanisekileyoโ. Kwangalo nyaka mnye, abadlali bebhola ekhatywayo besikolo samabanga aphakamileyo eSteubenville, eOhio badlwengula intombazana eneminyaka eli-5 ubudala engekho zingqondweni epatini kwaye basebenzise amajelo osasazo oluntu ukwabelana ngemifanekiso yohlaselo. Omnye wabahlobo babenzi bobubi wagqabaza kwi-intanethi esithi โingoma yasebusukuโ ye<em>Nirvana ethi โRape Me.โ
Kulo Agasti uphelileyo, uFox kunye nabahlobo babambe uGretchen Carlson kunye nengcali elondolozayo uMichelle Malkin uchaze amalungelo abantu abatshintshe isini njengokuthanda โukuchaneka kwezopolitikoโ kunye โnobunjineli bezentlalo buyahlekisa.โ Kwiveki kamva, ibhinqa elineminyaka engama-21 ubudala u-Islan Nettles wabethwa wabhubha kwisitrato sesiXeko saseNew York.
Kanye njengokuba abachasi basetyhini abadumileyo abafana noPhyllis Schalfly kunye noJerry Falwell banika ukusemthethweni kwizikhundla zezopolitiko zokwabelana ngesondo kunye ne-homophobic kwi-1970 kunye ne-'80s, amazwi aseMelika alondolozayo namhlanje abonelela ngokhuselo olubanzi lokuxhaphaza, ulwaphulo-mthetho lwentiyo, kunye nezinye iindlela zokuziphatha ezicinezelayo. Le ntiyo kunye nabaxoleli bayo yayiyiloo nto kanye uKurt Cobain wayemelene nayo.
Njengeqela, iNirvana yayingafihli kangako kwezopolitiko kunabanduleli bepunk abanjengoKennedy ofileyo okanye iClash, kwaye bagqibe kwelokuba bagxile kakhulu kubutshantliziyo kunabahlobo babo eBikini Kill. Nangona kunjalo, ngo-Agasti ka-1992, i-Nirvana yenza ikhonsathi yenzuzo ukulwa ne-Oregon ye-anti-gay ballot initiative Measure 9. Ngentwasahlobo elandelayo, i-bassist Krist Novoselic iququzelele inzuzo yamaxhoba odlwengulo lwaseBosnia, ikonsathi ekwabonisa i-L7 kunye ne-Breeders.
Uhlaselo ngokwesondo lwalungumxholo oqhelekileyo kwiingoma zeNirvana, kwaye isihloko sasibonakala sisondele entliziyweni kaCobain. Ngoxa wayephakamisa icwecwe leqela leqela elithi Nevermind ngowe-1991, uCobain wabiza udlwengulo โlolona lwaphulo-mthetho lubi eMhlabeni,โ waza wakhala ngelithi lwalusenzeka โrhoqo kwimizuzu embalwa.โ Amanani okwenene kukuba ibhinqa liyadlwengulwa rhoqo ngemizuzu emibini - eUnited States kuphela. Inani lehlabathi liphezulu kakhulu (kwaye ke lixhaphakile).
UCobain ukwagxeke uhanahaniso lwendalo lwezisombululo olusekelwe ekuzikhuseleni kwabasetyhini, endaweni yoko wathi, โEyona nto ifanele ukwenziwa kukufundisa amadoda ukuba angadlwenguli. Yiya kumthombo kwaye uqale khona. " UNirvana kamva wenza ikhonsathi yokunyusa ingxowa-mali yophando ngodlwengulo nokubulawa kukaMia Zapata, imvumi yeqela laseSeattle iGits. Emva kokusweleka kukaCobain, ingoma yeNirvana yavela kwicwecwe lenzuzo yeHome Alive, iziko lokuzikhusela labasetyhini elasekwa ukuhlonipha iZapata.
Embindini wabo, iipolitiki zeNirvana ubukhulu becala zazizezobuntu, yaye kuCobain, zazisekelwe ebuntwaneni bokucalulwa nokungcungcuthekiswa kwidolophu encinane yaseAberdeen, eWashington. Ukubetha rhoqo kwaye kubhalwe โifagot,โ impindezelo kaCobain enefreyimu encinci yeza ngetoti yepeyinti yokutshiza, ekucingelwa ukuba wayeyisebenzisa ukuphawula โIMITHETHO YOBUDODAโ kunye โUTHIXO UYIGAYโ kwiilori ezithwala abantu balapha. Njengoko uCobain uxelele iphephancwadi eligxilwe kwi-LGBT i-Advocate kwi-1992, ubuhlobo bakhe obusondeleyo kunye nabasetyhini kunye nokungqubuzana rhoqo kunye "ne-jocks ebomvu" kuye kwamkhokelela, ngamanye amaxesha, ukuba abuze ubulili bakhe.
Kodwa ngelixa iilori zase-Aberdeen zibonelela ngeseyile encinci, impumelelo yeNirvana yanika uCobain iqonga elibanzi lokubonisa ukucaphuka kwakhe. Kumanqaku e-liner kwirekhodi yokuthengisa i-platinum yoKulalana, u-Cobain okhathazekileyo ubalisa ibali labadlwenguli ababini abacula ingoma yeqela elithi "Polly" ngelixa besenza ulwaphulo-mthetho lwabo. Emva koko uyabacenga abalandeli beNirvana ukuba โngayiphi na indlela bayawathiya amafanasini, abantu bemibala eyahlukileyo, okanye amabhinqa, ncedaโฆusiyeke! sukuza kwimiboniso yethu kwaye ungathengi iirekhodi zethu. UCobain waphinda wayibethelela le ngongoma kwiqweqwe le-SPIN lowe-1992, exelela iphephancwadi oku, โNdingathanda ukuphelisa amafanasini, abantu besini, nobuhlanga kubaphulaphuli bethu. Ndiyazi ukuba balapha, kwaye iyandikhathaza kakhulu loo nto.โ
Ukuthanda kukaNirvana ukunxiba iimpahla zabasetyhini (kwiikonsathi, kwiifoto zokufota, kunye nevidiyo ethi โIn Bloomโ), kwakunye nokuncamisana kwabo ngeSaturday Night Live, kwaqhubela phambili ukwahlukanisa iqela kwisini sikasolusapho kunye nezithethe zesini โ nakwibala labo. rock zanamhlanje. Ukubucaphukela kukaNirvana ngoburhalarhume, ubuhlanga, nokungakhathali kwabafazi nako kwakhokelela kwingxwabangxwaba kawonke-wonke kunye nabadlali beenwele abadume ngokunganyamezeliyo uGuns N' Roses, ababesoloko bebagrogrisa ngokubabetha.
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INirvana yayiliqela lomculo wepunk. Ukuma kwabo okuntlantlu-ntathu ngokuchasene nocalucalulo (ubuhlanga, ucalucalulo ngokwesini, nokuthanda abantu abathandana nabantu abathandana nabanye abantu) kwakusekwe kakuhle ngeminyaka yoo-1980 ipunk underground ngopapasho olufana noMaximumRocknRoll, amaqela afana neFugazi kunye neMDC, kunye neendawo ezinje nge924 Gilman Street eBerkeley, California. Kodwa nangona bawudlulisa ngokufanelekileyo lo myalezo kubaphulaphuli abadumileyo, uninzi lwabagxeki abakhulu beNirvana babephuma kwintshukumo yepunk engazange ibaxolele ngokusebenza neshishini lomculo.
Kwiminyaka embalwa embalwa ebalaseleyo, iNirvana yatyhutyha indlela enzima, enentlaninge yepunk kwelinye icala, yaye kwelinye, uthotho olungapheliyo lwabakhuthazi bekonsathi, iintatheli zomculo, nabangaphakathi kwimizi-mveliso, ababenethemba lokusebenzisa eli qela njengomdlali weqonga. kuthetha ukuya kumvuzo wabo olandelayo. Ngelixa engazange azisole ngokupheleleyo ngesigqibo sokutyikitya ngeleyibhile enkulu, uCobain uye wasokola ngokucacileyo ukuba yedwa okwenzileyo. Wayezigxeka izityholo "zokuthengisa" kwaye wacela ukuba ngaphaya kodumo kunye nenhlanhla, ukusayina kunye neDGC Records kwaqinisekisa ukuba i-albhamu ye-Nirvana iya kufumaneka kubantu abatsha abangazange bafumane i-inroad ye-punk. Njengoko uCobain wachazayo, "Kwezinye iidolophu ezincinci, iKmart yindawo kuphela apho abantwana banokuthenga khona iirekhodi."
U-Cobain, uNovoselic, kunye nomdlali we-drummer uDave Grohl babeziinkwenkwezi zerock ezithandabuzayo, kwaye kwisiko leepunk zakuqala i-Sex Pistols, babehlala bebeka iminwe yabo kwiliso elihlangeneyo lokuzonwabisa. Amatyeli amaninzi, iqela liye lavuma ukudlala iingoma zalo ezidumileyo kusasazo lukamabonakude wesizwe, kodwa batshintshela kwezona ngoma zabo zirhabaxa ngomzuzu wokugqibela. U-Cobain naye wafika ngokudumileyo kwifoto ye-Rolling Stone enxibe isikipa esenziwe ekhaya esifundeka ngokudlalayo, "Iimagazini zeNkampani zisancanca." Okwammangalisayo kukuba, iqela lomculo lisasenza iqweqwe lelo phephancwadi.
I-Nirvana, kunye noCobain ngokukodwa, bazama ukusebenzisa udumo lwebhendi ukuba bagxininise ingqalelo kubaculi abancinci abaziwayo njengeVaselines, uDaniel Johnston, i-Meat Puppets, i-Flipper, kunye ne-Jawbreaker ngokugubungela iingoma zabo, ukukhankanya kudliwano-ndlebe, benxibe i-T yabo. -iihempe, kwaye ubamema ukuba bazibandakanye nebhendi kukhenketho. Ngo-1992, iqela lakhupha iqela elinye elahlulayo elinabadlali abadumileyo baseChicago, uYesu Lizard, kwaye ngaphambi kokuba uCobain asweleke, iqela belithethathethwano lokujoyina ukhenketho lwelizwe lweLollapalooza kwaye balolonge umgca walo ngendlela abathanda ngayo. Nangona yayingafunwa yi-punk underground, iNirvana ngeendlela ezininzi yasebenza njengekomiti yokwamkela iindwendwe, ingenisa isizukulwana sabagxothiweyo kuluntu lwabavukeli olwaluyikhusi laso kwiminyaka eyadlulayo.
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Kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini ukususela ekuzibulaleni kukaKurt Cobain, uDave Grohl uye waba ngumdlali we-rock ngokwakhe, njenge-frontman ye-Foo Fighters kunye nelungu elithile le-Queens ye-Stone Age. U-Krist Novoselic uye wadlala kwinani leensembles zomculo, wabhala incwadi malunga nezopolitiko zonyulo, kwaye wayala ifilimu malunga neqela le-L7. Noko ke, iNirvana iyonke, ihleli ingumkhenkce ekuhambeni kwexesha.
I-Nirvana yayiyinxalenye yentshukumo ebanzi yenkcubeko kwi-conservatism ye-1980s - umzuzu owawuquka intshukumo ye-punk-feminist Riot Grrrl kunye namaculo achasene nenkohlakalo yamapolisa eyenziwa yi-NWA, i-Ice T, kunye ne-Public Enemy - kodwa ilifa leqela liye laba. ubukhulu becala kuthintelwe imida emxinwa yobomi bobuqu bukaCobain. Kwanangaphambi kokufa kukaCobain, "uKurt noCourtney" wayesele enye inkcazo yenkcazo yesini malunga namaqela athandwayo angamadoda angenakunceda abonakaliswe ngabafazi ababi. Kwaye ngelixa i-Courtney Love idlala i-villain esebenzayo, u-Cobain wathatha isikhubekiso esikhulu ukuzama ukumbonisa njengexhoba. Ngokuzingca wagxininisa ukuba ubudlelwane babo bubudlelwane be-50-50.
Uninzi lwengqwalasela kwigalelo likaKurt Cobain kwinkcubeko yaseMelika igxile ekukholelweni ukuba wabelana ngobudala bakhe bokugqibela, 27, kunye namanye amagcisa adumileyo. Ilensi ebaluleke ngakumbi yokukhumbula uCobain kunye neqela lakhe libali elidluliselwe ngumalume wakhe kwinkonzo yesikhumbuzo yoluntu. Njengoko kwakusenzeka rhoqo, umxhaphazi wasekuhlaleni wayebetha uCobain oselula, embetha phantsi ngokuphindaphindiweyo. Kodwa endaweni yokubetha umxhaphazi okanye woyike, uCobain endaweni yoko, emva kokuba ebethe phantsi, wolula umnwe wakhe ophakathi ngokudelela.
UKurt Cobain wayengumntu wokonwabisa, engenguye umlweli womzabalazo, yaye wenza umzamo wokuwenza ucace loo mahluko. Ipolitiki yakhe nangona yayithe ngqo. NjengoCatcher kwi-protagonist ye-Rye u-Holden Caulfield, ukukhungatheka kuka-Cobain kunye nomsindo kwakuphenjelelwa luvelwano lomntu. Ubeya kuchaswa ngamagqabaza kaRush Limbaugh โahlazisa i-slut-shamingโ malunga noSandra Fluke. Wayeya kugxeka iinzame ze-transphobic zokuhlekisa i-Private Chelsea Manning. Ngewayephanzisiwe kukubulawa kwabaselula base-Islan Nettles kunye noTrayvon Martin, kwaye intliziyo yakhe ngeyaphukile ngenxa yokuzibulala okungcungcuthekiswa kukaLizzy Seeberg noTyler Clementi.
Kuyilo lwangaphambili lwencwadi ethi โUnuka Njengomoya Wolutsha,โ uKurt Cobain wabuza, โNgubani Oya Kuba NguKumkani NoKumkanikazi Wolutsha Olulahliweyo?โ Okomzuzwana, yena ngokwakhe waba yimpendulo. UCobain akazange azijonge njengomkhulu kunobomi, kwaye walihlekisa ngokuphandle icebiso lokuba unokuba sisithethi sesizukulwana sakhe. Nangona kunjalo iNirvana yamisela umlinganiselo wesimilo soluntu ekuthe bambalwa kakhulu iinkwenkwezi zepop eziye zaphila kuwo.
I-Nirvana yayiyintshatsheli yokungahambi kakuhle, kwaye uKurt Cobain wayengukumkani wabagxothi.
UDawson Barrett wagqiba i-PhD yakhe kwiMbali kwiYunivesithi yaseWisconsin-Milwaukee ngo-2013. I-dissertation yakhe iphonononga iimpembelelo zemigaqo-nkqubo ye-neoliberal kwi-activism yaseMelika ukususela ngo-1960. Inqaku lakhe elithi "iDemokhrasi ye-DIY: iPolitiki yeNto eNgqoyo ye-US Punk Collectives" ivela kwiNtwasahlobo ka-2013 yejenali. American Studies.
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