Ngentwasahlobo ka-2016, ndacela umfundi wam ukuba andenzele inceba kwaye abone ukuba loluphi usuku oluya kuba ngowe-100 ngaphambi kokuba umongameli ka-Barack Obama aphele. Ngo-Oktobha 12, wanikela ingxelo, waza wandibuza umbuzo ocacileyo: Kwakutheni ukuze ndifune ukwazi ehlabathini?
Impendulo yayilula. Kwiminyaka ngaphambi kokuba ndibhale a incwadi malunga neentsuku zokuqala ze-100 zaseGuantánamo kwaye ndandijonge phambili ekubhaleni isincoko esiqaqambisa loo nkampu yogcino lweentsuku ezili-100 zokugqibela. Bendilinde lo mzuzu phantse iminyaka esibhozo, ukusukela ngomhla wokuqala wobongameli bakhe u-Obama sayinwe umyalelo wesigqeba sokuvala loo ntolongo sele idume kakubi ekude nonxweme kwisithuba sonyaka.
Ndandiyazi kakuhle into endandiza kuyibhala. Eli cwecwe liza kubalisa ngokutyhilwa kweso siko lidume kakubi, ngokweenkcukacha, njengefilimu ebuyela umva. Ndingafumana ithuba lokuchaza indlela ababanjwa bokugqibela abaqhutywa ngayo kwiinqwelo-moya (nangona kwakungenjalo, njengokuba bafikayo, babotshelelwa phantsi, bekhutshiwe, kwaye benxibe izibuko zokuvinjwa kweemvakalelo ngokunjalo). Ndandidla ngokukhankanya ukudilizwa kwekhitshi, ukuchithwa kwenkampu, nokumiswa kwayo yonke imisebenzi.
Kwiminyaka elishumi elinesihlanu emva koko kwaqala kwavulwa ngolawulo lukaBush njengendawo ebalulekileyo kwiMfazwe yeHlabathi yoBugrogrisi, ndiza kufunda ngeengcinga zokwahlukana zabo bobabini abasebenzi bokugqibela base-US ababemi apho kunye namabanjwa okugqibela, kanye njengoko ndandikhe ndabhala imbonakalo yokuqala yababanjwa bokuqala. nabathimbi babo xa Gitmo wavula ngoJanuwari 2002. Ndiya kuba nako ukwenza umdlalo iingxoxo ezingenakuphepheka interagency malunga nokhuseleko nokhuseleko, post-Guantánamo, kwaye malunga nokulungiselela abanye babo bavalelwe ubomi entolongweni American. Nangona ibiliphupha elide, bendijonge phambili ngochulumanco ekubhaleni malunga namasango avaliweyo kolu phawu lwendlela abalawuli bakaBush bathumele okungekho sikweni kude nonxweme kunye nokuvulwa kwakhona kweenkundla zomdibaniso kumabanjwa aseGuantánamo, kubandakanywa nabanye ababandakanyekayo ekucwangcisweni kohlaselo lwe-9/11.
Ndandilangazelela ukuchaza incwina yabo babesilwe nxamnye nobukho baloo ntolongo nokuba kwakunjani, unyaka emva konyaka, ukuqhubeka oko kwakukudala kubonakala kuninzi lwabo njengedabi eloyisayo. Ndiphantse ndakubona ukukhululeka kobuso obunxibileyo bamagqwetha akhuselayo kunye neengcali zengqondo eziye zazibonela ngokwazo intuthumbo yamabanjwa aseGitmo, amanye ayesekwiminyaka yawo yeshumi elivisayo, awayethunyelwe kuloo meko yokungakhathali, uninzi lwabo luthuthunjiswa. ngokwasengqondweni kwaye ngamanye amaxesha ngokwasemzimbeni. Ndikwajonge phambili-kwaye ndibize ukuba ndingoyena mntu unethembayo apha - ukuqokelela iingxelo zokuzisola kurhulumente kunye neentlobo zomkhosi ezakhe zabelana ngoxanduva lweshishini leGitmo.
Ngokungafaniyo nam, uninzi lwabagxeki kunye nabachasi bomkhosi welo ziko lokuvalelwa kudala bancama ithemba lokuba u-Obama uya kuze alandele ekuqaleni kwakhe. umyalelo olawulayo. Ukutyhubela iminyaka, izizathu zokwenza oko bezininzi. Abanye bajika baphelelwa lithemba ngentwasahlobo ka-2009 xa, kwiinyanga ezintlanu emva kokuba efungile, umongameli wazisa ukuba ukuvalelwa kwabantu ngokungenasiphelo - ukubanjwa kwabantu ngaphandle kwezityholo okanye izicwangciso zokuzama okanye ukubakhulula. kuhlala inkalo ephambili yomgaqo-nkqubo waseWashington ukuya phambili. Isikhalo somsindo saphuma kwi ACLU, i Isiko soLungelo loMgaqo-siseko, kunye neminye imibutho ekudala igxininise kumngxunya omnyama osemthethweni, wokuziphatha, kunye nezopolitiko waseGitmo. Ukusuka apho, kwabonakala ngathi sisilayidi esingapheliyo kumbono wokuba nokuvala iGuantánamo akuzukugqiba ukuvalelwa okungapheliyo. (Intliziyo kunye nomphefumlo weGuantánamo, ngamanye amazwi, iya kudluliselwa kwiintolongo zase-US)
Abanye balahlekelwe lithemba kule minyaka idlulileyo njengenkqubo yokucela umngeni ekuvalelweni amabanjwa aseGitmo kwinkundla yomdibaniso-eyaziwa ngokuba kukufaka incwadi. habeas corpus - ngokunyuka kungqineke isiphelo. Emva kweminyaka embalwa apho amabanjwa aye akhululwa yinkundla esezantsi malunga ne-75% yexesha, ukuguqulwa kunye nokukhanyela kwaqala ukongamela, okubangela ukuba iindawo zokuhlala inkqubo ukumisa virtual ngo-2011, imeko elusizi uBrian Foster, owaziwayo iindawo zokuhlala igqwetha evela Covington kunye Burling LLP, ibekwe ngokucacileyo.
Ke, kwi 2011 UMthetho woGunyaziso woKhuseleko kuZwelonke (NDAA), iCongress yamisela ukuvalwa kokudluliselwa kwanoma yimuphi umbanjwa waseGitmo eUnited States ngayo nayiphi na injongo - ityala, ukuvalelwa ngakumbi, okanye ukukhululwa. Ukuba iinkundla zomdibaniso azinakujongana nabo kwaye iintolongo zomdibaniso azinakubabamba, iGuantánamo ingavala njani emhlabeni?
Ukanti abanye baphelelwa lithemba njengoko, kwiminyaka ka-Obama, iikomishoni zomkhosi ezisandula ukusekwa ezazenzelwe ukuzama amabanjwa eGuantánamo yaba sisidenge esidibeneyo. Ukususela ngo-2002, amabanjwa amaninzi (abasithoba) babhubhele apho kunokuba baye bazama ngempumelelo zezo komishoni zomkhosi (ezisibhozo). Kwaye kumatyala asibhozo abawafumeneyo, amabini ngokuxoxwa kwetyala kwaye amathandathu ngesivumelwano, amane sele ekhutshiwe ewonke okanye inxalenye yawo.
Ngamanye amazwi, ezo khomishini, impendulo ka-Obama yokuvalelwa ngaphandle kwetyala, ayizange isebenze. Iindibano zaphambi kokumanyelwa kwetyala, eziqhuba iminyaka, kumatyala asachotshelwe kulindeleke ukuba ziqhubeke ukuya kutsho kunyaka we-16 ukusukela oko kuhlaselwe abamangalelwa. Umtshutshisi oyintloko wabamangalelwa abahlanu be-9/11 abaziswe eGitmo ngo-2006 kwaye bamangalelwa ngo-2012, kutshanje - ngaphandle kwento encinci yokuphoxa okanye ukuzisola - cetywayo ukuba amatyala abo aqala ngoMatshi 2018. Ngezibheno, banokugqiba kwishumi lesithathu leminyaka kule nkulungwane.
Iintsuku eziyi-100 zokugqibela ezazingekho
Yongeza yonke kwaye ubene-steamroller yeenyani ezingaphaya koloyiko ezicebisa ukuba iGuantánamo ayinakuze ivale. Njengoko iintsuku zokugqibela zomongameli ka-Obama zazisondela, kwabonakala ngathi ndim ndedwa umntu osele enokholo lokuba umongameli wethu wama-44 angasigcina isithembiso sakhe sosuku olunye ngaphambi kokuba ashiye isikhundla. Ngamanye amaxesha, ndandifumanisa ukuba ithemba lam liyaphazamisa, kodwa andizange ndikwazi ukuncama kwaye, ukuze ndiziphathe kakuhle, ndandingafuni nje ngenkani ukongeza kwi-negativity ejikeleze mna. Kwakukho izizathu zokuba nethemba lam, nangona kunjalo i-Pollyanna-ish inokuba yayinjalo.
Emva kwayo yonke loo nto, kwakucacile ukuba iGitmo yayivaliwe ngokupheleleyo. Emva kwenkulungwane yokujongana nemiba enxulumene nokhuseleko lwesizwe, iinkundla zomdibaniso zazingaphezu kokujongana nayo nantoni na ebandakanyekayo kumatyala anjalo (nangona amabango eCongressional Republicans). Akuzange kubekho nasinye isizathu sokuthethelela iGuantánamo. Ekupheleni kweminyaka ka-Obama, bekukho ukutshutshiswa komanyano phantse i500 abantu abatyholwa ngobunqolobi, kuquka abenzi bohlaselo olubulalayo kunye nabantu ababeqeqeshelwe ubunkokeli be-al-Qaeda, kwaye ngokungafaniyo neGitmo, iinkundla zomdibaniso ziye zamvalela ngaphaya kwezitshixo unetyala ngokusemthethweni nangempumelelo.
Ubungqina obuhleliweyo buye baphathwa ngendlela engavezi lwazi lunobuntununtunu kodwa luvumele ulingo loluntu ukuba luqhube. IiJuries ziye zabizwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo ngaphandle komngcipheko kwimpilo yabo, ngelixa amanyathelo okhuseleko afanelekileyo aye athatyathwa ukukhusela amagumbi enkundla kunye namagosa enkundla. Kuyinyaniso ukuba, iinkundla zomdibaniso zazibalekile ubukhulu becala ekujonganeni nokuxhatshazwa okuxhaphakileyo kunye nokungcungcuthekiswa kwamabanjwa kwimfazwe yobugrogrisi, kodwa kwelinye icala apho ibanjwa laseGuantánamo, langcungcuthekiswa. Indawo ye-CIA emnyama, wayengene kwinkundla yamatyala, kwafika ijaji lawula obo bungqina bufunyenwe ngokuthuthunjiswa bunako hayi kwaziswa kwaye ulingo nangona kunjalo luqhubekile ngokukhawuleza ukuya esiphelweni salo.
Ukongeza, nangona iindawo zokuhlala Iinkqubo bezinikezela ukukhululwa okumbalwa kwamabanjwa aseGitmo, ixesha lokuxoxwa kwetyala kwenye indawo ukuze kubonwe ukuba abantu abanjalo banokukhululwa kwaye bakhululwe ngaphandle kokuxoxwa kwetyala liye lakhawuleza kakhulu. Ngo-2011, uMongameli Obama wayenayo qaliswa iibhodi zokuphonononga zamaxesha athile ezijoliswe ekuchongeni amabanjwa angasazanga (okanye, kwiimeko ezininzi, abangazange) babe sengozini yokukhululwa.
Emva koko, ekwindla ka-2015, yena otyunjweyo U-Lee Wolosky njengomthunywa okhethekileyo wokuvalwa kweGuantánamo, kwakhona ndiphakamisa amathemba am. Ndandimazi uWolosky, igqwetha elingenabuvuvu elalisebenza kumabhunga okhuseleko elizwe likaBill Clinton kunye noGeorge W. Bush, kwaye wayebonakala ngathi yindoda eyazi indlela yokurhweba ngezivumelwano ezibuthathaka zezozakuzo ezaziza kufumana umsebenzi. kwenziwe. Enyanisweni, umsebenzi wakhe uya kuba nemiphumo Ukukhululwa kumazwe ahlukeneyo avumayo amabanjwa angama-75, phantse i-40% yabemi baseGitmo u-Obama wayezuze ilifa. Ngethuba eshiya i-ofisi kwaye uDonald Trump wangena kuyo, inani labantu basentolongweni liye lancipha ukuya kwi-41: amabanjwa amahlanu ahlanjululwe ukuba akhululwe ahlala apho xa u-Wolosky ephuma emsebenzini; 10 amatyala eekomishini zomkhosi; kunye namabanjwa angama-26 Miami Herald intatheli uCarol Rosenberg ebizwa ngokufanelekileyo “amabanjwa angunaphakade” (aza kuvalelwa eluvalelweni ixesha elingenammiselo ngenxa yokuba ayegqalwa eyingozi kakhulu ukuba angakhululwa kodwa kwakungekho bungqina baneleyo bokubazisa ematyaleni).
Enye into ebonakala ngathi ithetha ngokuxhasa ingqiqo yokuba intolongo ivalwe: isiqwenga sezemali sephazili. Ixabiso ngebanjwa ngalinye lokugcina iGuantánamo livulekile lahlala linyuka ngokugqithiselwa kwamabanjwa okuyimpumelelo. Xa u-Obama eqala ukuthatha isikhundla, kunye namabanjwa angama-174 eluvalelweni, urhulumente wayenjalo imali I-4 yezigidi zeerandi ngonyaka ngobanjwa. Kusele amabanjwa angama-41, iindleko zinyuke zaya kutsho phantse $ 11 yezigidi ngebanjwa ngonyaka. Oku kwakubonakala ngathi yeyona ngxoxo ikholisayo kubo bonke, kodwa njengoko kwavelayo, iCongress ayizange iphazanyiswe yindleko engaqhelekanga. Kwakungabalulekanga kwaphela ukuba kutshintshelwe amabanjwa anjalo, nditsho supermax entolongweni eFlorence, eColorado, apho awona mabanjwa adume kakubi ngobunqolobi adla ngokubanjwa, ngebezehlise ezo ndleko zaya kutsho malunga ne-78,000 yeedola ngonyaka.
Kwaye ke kwakukho abo iindlebe ukuba u-Obama angayithinteli iCongress ngokupheleleyo kwaye avale nje intolongo ngomyalelo wesigqeba. Enyanisweni, ngoFebruwari 2016 Congress ziweyo isicwangciso sokuvala esingeniswe yiPentagon kwaye ngoJulayi ulawulo luka-Obama lwalunalo sigqibo ukungalandeli ukhetho lomyalelo wesigqeba sokuvala isiseko.
Ngaphezu kwako konke, bendisazi into enye: ukuba u-Obama ukhe wasenza eso sigqibo, ngakumbi ngoMongameli-onyuliweyo uDonald Trump enenjongo yokugcina indawo ivulekile, sinokwenziwa ngokukhawuleza okumangalisayo. Njengoko ndaye ndafumanisa ngelixa ndiphanda incwadi yam ngeentsuku zokuqala zaseGuantánamo, ibutho lomkhosi elabelwe ukuvula iGuantánamo Bay ngoJanuwari 2002 lalinikwe iiyure ezingama-96 kuphela zokuhlanganisa indawo yokuqala equka iikheji ezivulekileyo, iindlwana zokuncinwa, izindlu zangasese, iishawa. neendawo zokuhlala abalindi, kwakunye neenkonzo zokutya, izixhobo zokusebenza, neendawo zonxibelelwano, uninzi lwazo ekwakufuneka zivele kumhlaba omkhulu. Kwakungekho sizathu sokuba intolongo ingabi nakuchithwa ngendlela efanayo kwiintsuku ezimbalwa, ngakumbi kuba ukuvalwa kuqala bekuya kubandakanya ukuhambisa amabanjwa kunye noonogada, ukungahluli indawo ngokwayo.
Kwakulula ngokwaneleyo ukucinga amanyathelo okuvala: ukukhawulezisa inkqubo yokuphonononga; ukweyisela iCongress ukuba i-11 yezigidi zeerandi ibanjwa ngalinye yayilixabiso elingamkelekanga; kwaye ewe, nokuba mhlawumbi uginye okomzuzwana ingcamango yokuvalelwa okungapheliyo eUnited States. Ngelishwa, ndandingenguye umongameli.
I-Utopian Op-Ed yokuvala kweGitmo
Njengoko kwavelayo, ewe, i-pessimists ayinakuba ngaphezulu ekujoliswe kuyo. NgoMhla wokuQaliswa, iGitmo yayisavuliwe, ilindele umongameli omtsha obonakala ngathi misele ukuba yigcwalise kwakhona, ukuqinisekisa ukuba kwihlabathi liphela-kunye nehlabathi lamaSilamsi ngokukodwa-i-United States iya kuhlala idityaniswa nendawo apho i-DNA yayigxininiswe ukuxhatshazwa, ukuhlushwa, kunye nokungabi nabulungisa. Imfazwe yobugrogrisi, imfazwe yanaphakade, ngoku iya kuba namabanjwa ayo ngonaphakade.
Namhlanje, ukuvalwa kweGitmo kubonakala kungenakwenzeka njengoko kuvala imfazwe engapheliyo kuloyiko oluyizeleyo. Andisokuze, kubonakala ngathi, ndinethuba lokuthelekisa ukuhamba kwamabanjwa ayo ekufikeni kwawo, ndingaze ndikwazi ukuqhuba loo filimu imbi, i-blot kwilizwe lethu, emva. Indlela yowiso-mthetho sele imiselwe ukuba iGitmo ibe yeyethu ngonaphakade. Phakathi kuFebruwari, 11 Republican Senators wabhala a ileta ecela ukuba uMongameli uTrump anqumamise iibhodi zokuphonononga amaxesha ngamaxesha kwaye aguqule iGuantánamo ibuyele kwintolongo eyamkela amabanjwa. (Umbanjwa omtsha wokugqibela ziziswe khona ngo-2008, ngeentsuku eziyehlayo zobongameli bukaGeorge W. Bush.) Ngoku, ulawulo olutsha kuxelwe ukuba ichonge eyokuqala. umntu omtsha onokubakho kwiminyaka elithoba.
Kulula ngokwaneleyo ukubona ukuba kutheni le nto ingumbono ombi. Ukubuyela umva kwilizwe lamaSilamsi (kwaye kungekhona nje kuphela) kuya kuba nzima kwaye kuhlale ixesha elide. Nditsho nenani lamagosa akwizikhundla eziphezulu kulawulo lukaBush afikelele kwesi sigqibo, kuquka noMongameli Bush ngokwakhe owathi phawula ukuba iGuantánamo “yayisisixhobo sokusasaza iintshaba zethu nesiphazamiso kumaqabane ethu.” Owayesakuba nguMlawuli weCIA uDavid Petraeus ngokufanayo ikhonjwe ngaphandle ukuba "ubukho beGitmo ngokwenene busetyenziswe lutshaba oluchasene nathi." Owayesakuba nguSihlalo weeNkosi eziManyeneyo zaBasebenzi uAdmiral uMike Mullen phawula ukuba iGuantánamo "ibe luphawu lokugaya abo bagqwethekileyo kunye namajihadist abanokuthi balwe nathi." Ukugxininisa iMelika "isidima esibi, "Owayesakuba ngooNobhala beRiphabhlikhi belizwe uHenry Kissinger, uColin Powell, kunye noJames Baker bajoyine oontanga babo beDemokhrasi uWarren Christopher kunye noMadeleine Albright e. iyancoma ukuvalwa kwayo.
Kwiminyaka eyi-15, abachasi baseGuantánamo baye bagxininisa ukuba ubukho bayo bunokutshintsha umlingiswa - kunye nesiphelo - selizwe. Ekwaleni kwayo ukuhlonipha umthetho wasekhaya, wasemkhosini, okanye wamazwe ngamazwe, sele ivule umnyango wombono omtsha okhethekileyo womthetho. Ngelishwa, iGuantánamo ngoku iyindawo yethu, njengeziko elifana nemigangatho emitsha yokujongwa kwabemi baseMelika, okuthetha ukuba andinakuze ndibhale esi siqwenga malunga neentsuku ezili-100 zokugqibela ngaphandle kokuba ndibhenele kwintsomi.
Ukuba ndenze njalo, ndingatsiba zonke iinkcukacha malunga nothethathethwano lweprosaic ngokungathandabuzekiyo oluya kufuneka luqhubeke ukuvala. Endaweni yoko, kumbono wam, umoya wakudala wobulungisa baseMelika kunye nomthetho unokusuka nje uvele kumzimba wezopolitiko kwaye ubuyisele iGuantánamo njengendawo yosizi kunye nehlazo ebisusela kwiintsuku zayo zokuqala.
Into endiya kuyibhala iya kuba mfutshane kakhulu nakwinoveli emfutshane ye-utopian. Yicinge endaweni yoko njenge-utopian op-ed yokuba akukho phepha liya kuze lipapashe, leyo apho umnqweno wokuba semthethweni kunye nenkolelo enzulu yokuba isidima nokhuseleko zihamba kunye. Kumbono wam we-utopian, kwihlabathi ndiyoyika ukuba andisayi kuze ndibone, kwihlabathi laseMelika ukungabikho kwam ndilila ukuza kuthi ga namhlanje, iGuantánamo iya kuvalwa hayi ngenxa yokubala okunxulumene neendleko zayo okanye ukungasebenzi kakuhle kweekomishini zayo zomkhosi okanye kwihlabathi liphela. realpolitik. Iya kuvalwa kuba yeyona nto ilungileyo ukuyenza. Ngaphandle koko kuya kubakho enye isethi yamabanjwa angunaphakade-kwaye andicingi malunga nabarhanelwa bexesha elizayo abaza kuthunyelwa nguDonald Trump apho, mhlawumbi ngonaphakade. Ndicinga ngathi. Okoko nje i-Gitmo ihlala ivulekile, nokuba siyayazi okanye asiyazi, sivalelwe apho, kwaye kunjalo nendlela yokuphila yaseMelika.
UKaren J. Greenberg, a TomDispatch njalo, ungumlawuli weZiko loKhuseleko lweSizwe kwiSikolo soMthetho saseFordham nombhali we Eyona ndawo iNcinci kakhulu: Iintsuku zokuqala ezili-100 zaseGuantánamo. Incwadi yakhe yamva nje I-Rogue Justice: Ukwenziwa koMbuso woKhuseleko. Soze abhale Eyona ndawo imbi kakhulu: Iintsuku ezili-100 zokugqibela zaseGuantánamo. URose Sheela kunye noElizabeth Hilton bafake isandla kuphando kweli nqaku.
Eli nqaku lavela okokuqala kwi-TomDispatch.com, iblogi yeSizwe yeZiko, ebonelela ngokuhamba ngokuqhubekayo kweminye imithombo, iindaba, kunye noluvo oluvela kuTom Engelhardt, umhleli wexesha elide ekupapasheni, umseki weProjekthi yoBukhosi baseMelika, umbhali we Ukuphela kweNkcubeko yokuNqoba, njengenoveli, Iintsuku Zokugqibela Zopapasho. Incwadi yakhe yamva nje ngu Urhulumente we-Shadow: Uqwalaselo, iMikhosi eyimfihlo, kunye ne-State Security State kwilizwe eliMandla oLodwa (Iincwadi zeHaymarket).
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
Nikela