Portland, Oregon, moo ke lulang teng, matsatsi a phomolo a 4th a July a fana ka lebaka la mokete o monate oa selemo le selemo oa blues Waterfront Park toropong. Ka bomalimabe, sebakeng sa heso, e boetse e fana ka tšireletso bakeng sa batho ho tima li-fireworks tse tšosang bana ba banyenyane le liphoofolo, le tse fetolang moea o teteaneng ka mosi le li- projectile tse fosahetseng. Selemong se fetileng, lefapha la litima-mollo mona le tlalehile mello e 35 e bakiloeng ke limisaele tsa libapalisoa, litima-mollo tse sa sebetseng hantle le lintho tse ling tsa lerata la ho phatloha. The Washington State Department of Ecology e lemosa hore “Ho hema likaroloana tse ntle tsa mosi oa lithunya ho ka baka kapa ho tlatsetsa mathateng a tebileng a bophelo a nakoana kapa a nako e telele. Li kenyeletsa: Kotsi ea lefu la pelo le stroke. Ho ruruha matšoafo. Mosebetsi o fokotsehileng oa matšoafo. Matšoao a kang a asthma. Litlhaselo tsa asthma. ”
Ntle le tšilafalo ea lerata, tšilafalo ea moea, le tšilafalo ea litšila tse fofang, ho na le ntho e 'ngoe e sa lokelang ka ho tima li-firework nakong eo United States e loanang ntoa le li-fireworks tsa' nete lefatšeng ka bophara. Ho qotsa mohlala o le mong feela, Bureau of Investigative Journalism ea London e hakanyelitse hore ho tloha ka November 2001, litlhaselo tsa lifofane tsa United States li bolaile bonyane batho ba 2,600 247 linaheng tse hlano, ho akarelletsa le bana ba ka bang 2003. 'Me, ehlile, ntoa ea Iraq, e qalileng ka li-fireworks tse bolaeang tsa US tsa "tšoro le tšabo" ea libomo ka XNUMX, e fetohile ntoa e bonahalang e sa feleng, mme ho ea ka Machaba a Kopaneng, ho theoa ha baphaphathehi ba fetang milione. selemong sena. Ka hona, ntoa ea boikaketsi ea li-fireworks e fetoha karolo ea letšolo la mashano le re kenyang—haholo-holo bana ba har’a rōna—lintoeng tsa hona joale le tsa nakong e tlang tse halofo ea lefatše.
Empa yahoo ea li-fireworks e boetse e fetola nako e thata haholo nalaneng ea US hore e be setšoantšo sa thuto e fosahetseng. Ka mohlala, sheba Ray Raphael "Ho hlahloba hape Phetohelo”Ho Morero oa thuto ea Zinn, sehlooho seo mosuoe e mong le e mong oa histori a lokelang ho se bala pele a kenella liketsahalong tse etellang pele 1776. Raphael o ile a hlahlobisisa litemana tse 22 tsa sekolo sa mathomo, sa sekolo se mahareng le sa sekolo se phahameng ’me a fumana hore li tletse liphoso—tse ling e le tsa booatla, empa tse ling li siea liithuti li sa utloisisane hantle. ka nalane ea US, le hore na phetoho ea sechaba e etsa joang le hore ha e etsahale.
Raphael o fana ka moelelo oa Phatlalatso ea Boipuso:
Ka 1997, Pauline Maier e ile ea hatisoa Lengolo la Amerika, moo a ileng a senola "liphatlalatso tsa boipuso" tse 90 tsa naha le tsa lehae tse etelletseng Phatlalatso ea Boipuso ea US. Liphello tsa tlaleho ena ea histori li tebile: Jefferson e ne e se setsebi se jeoang ke bolutu se kopanyang maikutlo a hae ho tloha ho ether; e ne e le karolo ea merusu ea lipolotiki naheng eohle.
Ka ho tšoanang, Raphael o tlaleha seo
[I] n 1774 lihoai tse tloaelehileng le litsebi tsa mesebetsi ea matsoho tse tsoang hohle Massachusetts li ile tsa phahama ka likete 'me tsa liha bolaoli bohle ba Brithani. Toropong e nyane ea Worcester (bakhetho ba 300 feela), masole a 4,622 a tsoang lichabeng tse 37 tse potolohileng a ile a mela ka mahlakoreng a mabeli a Main Street mme a qobella ba boholong ba khethiloeng ke Borithane hore ba tsamaise likatiba, ba tšoere likatiba ka letsoho, ba pheta boitlamo ba bona makhetlo a 30 e mong le e mong hore bohle ba utloe. Ho ne ho se na “baeta-pele” ba tummeng ba ketsahalo ena. Batho ba ile ba khetha baemeli ba sebelelitseng letsatsi le le leng feela, e leng nako ea ho qetela. "Sehlopha sa batho" se ile sa etsa liqeto 'me batho ba etsa qeto ea hore puso ea khale e tlameha ho oa.
Joalokaha Raphael a phethela, "Bangoli ba libuka le bangoli ba tummeng ba nalane ba hloleha ho hlahisa bongata bo boholo ba batho e le libapali tse mafolofolo, baemeli molemong oa bona." Ho e-na le hoo, libuka tsa thuto li tlotlisa Great Men—Washington, Franklin, Jefferson—’me li fetolela ba bang kaofela e le “balateli feela tjee.”
Mme ho na le tse ling tse ngata tse thatafatsang liketsahalo tse mabapi le 4th ea Phupu le Ntoa ea Phetohelo. Joalokaha Raphael a hlokomela, “Ha ho le e ’ngoe ea mangolo a sekolo sa mathomo kapa a mahareng [ke e hlahlobile] e bileng e buang ka phutuho ea ho timetsa morabe oa Sullivan, e leng e ’ngoe ea litlōlo tse khōlō ka ho fetisisa tsa sesole ntoeng, e ileng ea chesa metse ea Iroquois ’me ea senya serapa se seng le se seng sa lifate tsa litholoana le polasi e tseleng ea eona ea ho latola. lijo tsa Maindia.” Bakeng sa ho sebelisoa le baithuti, bona "George Washington: Mohale oa Amerika?" ho Ho nahana hape ka Columbus, e hatisitsoeng ke Rethinking Schools. Ka qotso e kenyellelitsoeng ho Ho nahana hape ka Columbus, Washington o ile a ngolla Gen. John Sullivan ka May 31, 1779:
Leeto leo u khethetsoeng ho le laela le lokela ho lebisoa khahlanong le merabe e tletseng bora ea Lichaba tse Tšeletseng tsa Maindia hammoho le metsoalle le batšehetsi ba tsona. Ntho ea hang-hang ke timetso ea bona e feletseng le tšenyo le ho ts'oaroa ha batho ba bangata ba lilemo tsohle le thobalano kamoo ho ka khonehang.
Ho tla ba bohlokoa ho senya lijalo tsa bona fatše, le ho thibela ho lema ha tsona ho feta. . . .
Mekha e lokela ho aroloa ho senya libaka tsohle tsa bolulo. . . e le hore naha e se ke ea hlōloa feela, empa e timetsoe. . . .
Tseo ke litaelo tsa senokoane sa ntoa.
Leha e le hore litemana ha li bue ka mekhatlo ea bohanyetsi ea matsoalloa a lilemo tsa bo-1780 ho arabela katoloso ea "bajaki" ba Amerika, eo Raphael a e bitsang "likopano tse kholo ka ho fetisisa tsa Matsoalloa a Amerika nalaneng ea rona."
Karolong ea morao tjena ea Demokrasi Hona Joale!, Gerald Horne, Mongoli oa The Counter-Revolution ea 1776: Khanyetso ea Makhoba le Tšimoloho ea United States of America., e bontša hore Maafrika a neng a entsoe makhoba likoloneng tsa Amerika a ile a loana le Mabrithani ho feta le bo-ralikolone ba Amerika. Joalokaha Horne a boletse Demokrasi Hona Joale! Juan Gonzalez le Amy Goodman, "Ha ho utloahale hore makhoba a loane hammoho le beng ba makhoba e le hore beng ba makhoba ba ka tebisa mahloriso a makhoba. . . .”
E kenyellelitsoe sebakeng sa Morero oa Thuto ea Zinn ke sehokelo sa Danny Glover, ea fanang ka e 'ngoe ea linyatso tse matla ka ho fetesisa historing ea khethollo ea morabe le boikaketsi ba US: Frederick Douglass'Moelelo oa la 4 Phupu bakeng sa Negro.” Howard Zinn o tsebisa Glover ho e 'ngoe ea tse makatsang "Batho ba Bua” liketsahalo. Douglass o ile a fana ka puo ka la 5 Phupu, 1852 Rochester, New York, Sehopotsong sa Phatlalatso ea Boipuso:
Ke eng, ho lekhoba la Amerika, 4 ea hau ea Phupu? ke araba; letsatsi le mo senolelang, ho feta matsatsi a mang kaofela a selemo, ho hloka toka ho feteletseng le bokhopo boo e leng mohlaseluoa oa bona kamehla. Ho eena, mokete oa hao ke boikaketsi; tokoloho ea hau e ithorisang, tumello e sa halaleleng; boholo ba sechaba sa hao, ho ruruha lefeela; modumo wa thabo ya hao ha o na pelo, ha o na pelo; ho nyatsa ha hao bahatelli, bokhopo bo pel’a koporo; mohoo oa hao oa tokoloho le tekano, litšeho tsa lefeela; dithapelo tsa lona le difela tsa lona, dithero tsa lona le diteboho, hammoho le meketjana ya lona ya bodumedi, ho yena, ke dipontsho feela, bomenemene, thetso, bokgopo le boikaketsi—lesira le lesesane la ho kwahela ditlolo tsa molao tse neng di tla tlontlolla setjhaba. bakgopo. Haho setjhaba lefatsheng se nang le molato wa ditlwaelo tse tshosang le tse tshollang madi ho feta batho ba United States, horeng yona ena.
Douglass o ile a fana ka puo ea hae lilemo tse 'ne ka mor'a United States e ile ea qeta ntoa ea eona khahlanong le Mexico ho utsoa mobu le ho jala bokhoba, lilemo tse hlano ka pel'a Lekhotla le ka Holimo-limo le sehlōhō Dred Scott qeto, le lilemo tse robong pele naha e ne e ka phatloha ho ba ntoa ea lehae. Mantsoe a hae a hoeletsa melokong eohle hore e tlohele "mohoo oa tokoloho le tekano" ka July 4, le ho tlosa li-fireworks le lifolakha. Ka moea oa Frederick Douglass, the Morero oa thuto ea Zinn e khothalletsa matichere ho sebelisa la 4 Phupu e le nako ea ho nahana bocha kamoo re hlomellang baithuti ho nahana ka tsoalo e rarahaneng ea United States of America.
E phatlalalitsoe ka lekhetlo la pele July 1, 2014.
Bill Bigelow o rutile lithuto tsa kahisano sekolong se phahameng Portland, Ore lilemo tse ka bang 30. Ke mohlophisi oa kharikhulamo ea Likolo tse Rethinking makasine le motsamaisi-'moho le Morero oa thuto oa Zinn, www.zinnedproject.org. Sengoliloeng sena ke karolo ea Morero oa thuto oa Zinn Haeba re ne re Tseba Nalane ea Rona letoto lena.
ZNetwork e tšehelitsoe ka lichelete feela ka seatla se bulehileng sa babali ba eona.
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