Sehlooho sena se hlahisoa ke Globetrotter, morero oa Independent Media Institute. —Bahl.
Ho thata ho hlalosa mofuta oa lipuisano tsa khotso tsa Afghanistan. Ha ho tafole e le 'ngoe e nang le bahlabani ba apereng ka mahlakoreng ka bobeli. Lipuisano ha li tšoareloe motseng o le mong, kaha bonyane ho na le lihlopha tse peli tse ntseng li tsoela pele. Sebaka se seng sa lipuisano tsa khotso ke Doha, Qatar, moo Ma-taliban a kopanang le mmuso oa US. Sebaka se seng ke Moscow, Russia, moo Ma-taliban a 'nileng a tšoara liboka le baetapele ba bohanyetsi ba Afghan-ho kenyeletsoa le mopresidente oa mehleng Hamid Karzai. Ha a le sieo likopanong tseo ka bobeli ke Mopresidente ea ntseng a le setulong Ashraf Ghani le mmuso oa hae. Ma-taliban a ba bona e le ba seng molaong ebile ba se na thuso. Motho e mong le e mong - ntle le Mopresidente Ghani - o re lipuisano li entse "tsoelopele." Empa babuelli ba nang le phihlelo ba bolela hore “khatelo-pele” ena e lieha haholo bakeng sa ntoa eo hona joale e nkileng lilemo tse 18.
Qatar
Pakeng tsa Hlakola le Hlakubele selemong sena, moemeli oa Amerika Zalmay Khalilzad le mothehi-'moho le Taliban Mullah Abdul Ghani Baradar ba kopane nakong ea potoloho ea bohlano ea lipuisano tsa khotso. Ma-taliban a re ho ka se be le khotso ntle le haeba mabotho ohle a kantle ho naha a tsoa naheng. Boemong bo sebetsang, ho tlosoa ha masole a tsoang kantle ho naha a 15,000 - boholo ba US - ho tla isa naha matsohong a Taliban.
Bekeng e fetileng, mabotho a Taliban a ile a hlasela mabotho a mmuso oa Afghan ho pholletsa le naha. Selemo se seng le se seng, ho tloha 2002, Ma-taliban le balekane ba bona ba tlohetse libaka tsa bona tsa ho ipata lithabeng ho ea hlasela likhukhuni le litlhaselo tse tloaelehileng ho US, NATO le mabotho a mmuso oa Afghan. Sehlohlolo sa litlhaselo tsena e bile karolong e ka boroa-bochabela ea Afghanistan—haholo-holo liprofinse tsa Ghazni le Helmand—hammoho le profinseng e ka bophirimela ea Ghor. Lintoa tse mahlo-mafubelu libakeng tsena li ile tsa tla hammoho le litlhaselo tsa ho ipolaea Kabul.
Liphetoho tse peli tsa leano la US li fana ka maikutlo a hore mmuso oa US o tseba hore papali e teng Afghanistan. Ka Mphalane 2017, United States e ile ea emisa ho bala mahlatsipa bakeng sa mabotho a tšireletso a Afghan. Selemong sena, mmuso oa US o emisitse ho lekanya hore na sebaka se kae le hore na baahi ba Afghan ba tlas'a taolo ea mmuso ba bakae. Phuputso ea ho qetela ea US e bonts'itse hore mmuso oa Afghan o laola sebaka seo ho sona hoo e ka bang liperesente tse 63.5 tsa baahi ba lulang teng, athe ba bang kaofela ba le matsohong a Taliban kapa ba lula ba tsekoa. Matšoao ohle a bonts'a hore tekano ea fetoha, 'me Taliban e laola libaka tse ngata. Ke ka lebaka lena mmuso oa US o emisitseng lipalo tsa ona.
Ho na le monyetla oa hore hore na mabotho a US a lule kapa a tsamaee, Taliban haufinyane e tla ba le taolo ea litereke tsa bohlokoa - ho kenyeletsoa le litsela tse tsoang Afghanistan e koetsoeng. Haeba ho fihleloa tumellano Qatar ea hore mabotho a US a tlohe, qetellong Taliban e tla nka Kabul.
Moscow
Ha a se a entse pitso ea hae ea ho tlosoa ha mabotho a kantle ho naha Qatar, Baradar o ile a ea Moscow bakeng sa lipuisano tsa khotso tse tšehelitsoeng ke Russia. Mona mothehi-'moho le Taliban o ile a fumana tsebe e ikemiselitseng ho Letona la Russia la Litaba tsa Kantle ho Naha Sergei Lavrov. Ka bobeli ba tiisitse tlhoko ea ho tloha ha mabotho a US naheng eo e le tlhokahalo ea lipuisano tse ling.
Karzai, ea hlahileng e le moetapele oa karolo ea bohanyetsi ba Afghanistan, o lumellane le boemo bona. Letona la mehleng la tsa ka hare la Karzai - Mohammad Hanif Atmar - joale o itse o tla qothisana lehlokoa le Ashraf Ghani likhethong tsa bopresidente tsa Loetse. Le hoja Atmar a ile a qabana le Karzai hoo e ka bang lilemo tse robeli tse fetileng, banna bana ba babeli hona joale ho thoe ba haufi. Atmar o rata tumellano e felletseng le Taliban, eo a e bonang e le molekane ea hlokahalang ntoeng ea mmuso oa Afghanistan khahlanong le ISIS. Ghani, eo nako ea hae e felileng ka la 22 Motšeanong, o tla tobana le Atmar, eo ba bangata ba lumelang hore ke eena ea ikarabellang bakeng sa tlholo ea Ghani ka 2014.
Russia e labalabela ho bona pheletso ea ntoa ea lilemo tse 18 Afghanistan. Litšokelo tsa bofetoheli tse tsoang Afghanistan ke khale li tšoenya linaha tsa Asia Bohareng, tse ntseng li tsoela pele ho ba le maqhama a haufi le Moscow. Takatso ea Machaena ea Belt and Road Initiative e bile le mathata Afghanistan, e neng e tla ba sebaka sa bohlokoa eseng feela bakeng sa liporo le litsela empa hape le bakeng sa merafo ea liminerale. Khatello e tsoang Chaena ho Pakistan - molekane oa bohlokoa oa Chaena - e tla tota. Ma-taliban a haufi le Pakistan, a ka ratang ho bona Ma-taliban a arolelana matla Kabul e le ho sireletsa lithahasello tsa bona le ho behella India ka thoko. Ka Phuptjane 2017, China le Russia li ile tsa tlisa India le Pakistan ka har'a Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, 'me e' ngoe ea litaelo tsa mantlha tsa sehlopha ke ho rarolla ho hloka botsitso Afghanistan. China le Russia li ntse li phehella tumellano ea khotso - leha sena se bolela hore Taliban e tla hlaha e le sesole sa lipolotiki Kabul.
ntoa ea
Ntoa ea Afghanistan e bile mpe. Palo e ke keng ea boleloa ea Maafghan a shoele ntoeng ena, eo ho seng bonolo ho e qapa. Lipalo tsa Machaba a Kopaneng li bontša hore ka 2018 palo ea batho ba shoeleng e ne e le 3,804 900—’me ba 2001 ba bona e le bana. Ena ke selemo se bolaeang ka ho fetisisa ho baahi ho tloha ha United States e qala ho hlasela Afghanistan ka XNUMX.
Lefu ke phello e 'ngoe ea ntoa. Tlala ke e 'ngoe. Ofisi ea UN bakeng sa Khokahano ea Litaba tsa Botho (OCHA) Afghanistan e boletse hore halofo ea baahi e tla hloka thuso ea lijo nakong ea selemo sena. Batho bana ba limilione tse 3.3 ba tla lapa ka lebaka la ho se atlehe ha lijalo le mecha e ommeng ea ho nosetsa. Komello e ka bophirimela ho Afghanistan e ile ea romela batho ba eketsehileng ba 275,000 ho ea batla lijo, ba tsamaea ho pholletsa le naha, ba tsielehile. Tlala e tla mpefatsa khaello ea phepo e nepahetseng le ho kula. Ho na le pontšo e fokolang ea thuso leha e le efe bakeng sa batho bana.
Lipontšo tsohle li supa takatso ea tsamaiso ea Trump ea ho tlosa mabotho a US. Lekhotla la Machaba la Botlokotsebe le lekile ho bula lipatlisiso tsa litlolo tsa molao tsa ntoa motheong oa phumano ea pele ea hore mabotho a US a tlōtse molao oa machaba Afghanistan. Tsamaiso ea Trump e thibiloe lipatlisiso. Leha ho le joalo, ka la 7 Phuptjane, mochochisi e moholo oa ICC, Fatou Bensouda, o ile a kenya kopo ea ho ntšetsa pele mosebetsi oa hae. Ho bonahala eka Bensouda ha a ikemisetsa ho lumella nyeoe ho koaloa lipolotiking. Tafoleng ea Qatar ho na le tumellano ea lehlakore e tsoang United States ea ho amohela tse ling tsa litlhoko tsa Taliban haeba 'muso oa Afghanistan o tla hlaha o kopa ICC ho tlosa nyeoe.
Linaha tse ngata tsa Europe li se li qalile ho leleka batho ba Afghan ba batlang setšabelo ka mabaka a hore ha se “baphaphathehi” empa ke “bafalli ba moruo” feela. Lekhotla la Baphaphathehi la Norway raporoto ho tloha 2018 e bontša, leha ho le joalo, hore ba lelekiloeng naheng ba tlameha ho baleha hape. Ha ho le e 'ngoe ea tsena e bohlokoa ho linaha tsa Europe. Ho tsosolosoa ha khethollo ea merabe ea Europe le lehloeo la basele ho tsamaisa leano. Khatello e tsoang Europe ho felisa ntoa ena e ntse e eketseha letsatsi le letsatsi. Ho ka etsahala hore khatello ena e be teng ntlo-kholo ea NATO, e tla ba le phello ho kemiso ea nako ea ho tlosoa ha US.
Lipuisano tsa khotso tsa Qatar le Russia li ke ke tsa fella hang hang ka sephetho se tobileng. Afghanistan e senyehile ho feta tumelo, bokamoso ba eona ha bo bohlokoa ho mekha ea kantle ho feta melemo ea bona e nyane.
Vijay Prashad ke rahistori oa India, mohlophisi le moqolotsi oa litaba. Ke motho ea ngotseng le sengoli se ka sehloohong ho Globetrotter, morero oa Independent Media Institute. Ke mohlophisi e moholo oa LeftWord Books le motsamaisi oa Tricontinental: Institute for Social Research. O ngotse libuka tse fetang mashome a mabeli, ho kenyelletsa le Lichaba tse Lefifi: Nalane ea Batho ea Lefatše la Boraro (The New Press, 2007), Lichaba tse futsanehileng: Histori e ka khonehang ea Lefatše la Boroa (Verso, 2013), Lefu la Sechaba le Bokamoso ba Phetohelo ea Maarabia (University of California Press, 2016) le Red Star Over the Third World (LeftWord, 2017). O ngolla khafetsa Frontline, Hindu, Newsclick, AlterNet le BirGün.
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