Haddii aad la mid tahay dad badan oo dhiban oo aan ogahay, rajada laga qabo in imbaraadooriyadda dhaqaalaha Mareykanka ay ku turunturooto, jabto, iyo laga yaabee xitaa inay burburto runtii waa la soo dhaweynayaa.
Haddaba kac, waxay u muuqataa in xilli-soo-kabashada uu soo baxay. Guddoomiyihii hore ee kaydka federaalka Paul Volcker ayaa horaantii sanadkan ka digay '75% fursad dhibaato maaliyadeed oo ku dhufan karta Mareykanka shanta sano ee soo socota, haddii aysan bedelin siyaasadihiisa.'
Sida Volcker u sheegay Financial Times bil ka hor, 'Waxaan u maleynayaa in dhibaatadu hadda tahay in aysan jirin dareen dhibaato. Hubaal, waxaad ka hadli kartaa hoos u dhaca miisaaniyada ee Ameerika haddii aad u maleyneyso inay dhibaato tahay - waxaana u maleynayaa inay tahay dhibaato weyn - laakiin ma jirto dareen qalalaase, markaa qofna ma rabo inuu maqlo.'
Taasi waxaa laga yaabaa inay hadda is beddeshay. Ku-xigeenka Volcker, Alan Greenspan, ayaa ka baqay suuqyada maaliyadeed ee suuxdin-yar usbuucii hore isagoo qirtay, 'Waxay u muuqataa mid lagu qanci karo, marka la eego xajmiga xisaabaadka hadda ee Maraykanka, rabitaanka rabitaanka cuntada ee lagu daro dheelitirka dollarka waa inuu dhacaa mar uun. '
Xoghayihii hore ee shaqaalaha Mareykanka Robert Reich ayaa saadaaliyay bishii Sebtembar: 'Aragtida guud ayaa ah in hoos u dhaca miisaaniyadu uu sii weynaan doono. Isla mar ahaantaana, aragtida guud waa in aysan jirin sabab lagu aamino in khasaare ganacsigu uu hoos u dhici doono waqti dhow. Dhab ahaantii, waxaan arkaa dollarku inuu hoos u sii socdo, waxaanan arkayaa mar uun meel wax laga qabanayo'ยฆ sababtoo ah mar waxay noqotaa maalgashi caajis ah.'
Toddobaad ka dib doorashadii, xoghayihii hore ee Maaliyadda Robert Rubin ayaa ku eedeeyay Bush inuu 'ku ciyaarayo dabka' sababtoo ah u oggolaaday dollarku inuu daciifo iyada oo ay weheliso kharashyada sii socda ee kharashaadka federaalka, isku darka kaas oo dhalin doona 'qalab halis ah oo ku yimaada suuqyadayada maaliyadeed.'
C. Fred Bergsten, oo ah agaasimaha machadka dhaqaalaha caalamiga ah ee Washington (cod ka mid ah dhaqanka saafiga ah), 'Qof kasta oo suuqa ku jira waa ogyahay in dollarku uu hoos u dhaco wax badan. Dadku waxay bilaabeen inay u ordaan meelaha laga baxo.'
Orodkaas bixitaanku wuxuu aad ugu kici karaa Shiinaha, tusaale ahaan, sarkaalkii hore ee Maaliyadda Nouriel Roubini ayaa u sheegay Reuters in qiyaastii 8% GDP-ga - ama nus tiriliyan $US - ay lumin doonto haddii ay dhacdo in lacagta Shiinaha loo ogolaado hel qiimihiisii โโdhabta ahaa, dollarkiina waxa uu burburay 20%.
Dabcan, tani maaha kaliya in lala socdo isbeddelka qiimaha dollarka ee wadamada kale, kaas oo quusi โโdoona oo quusi โโdoona oo xoojin doona sababo aan macquul ahayn muddada gaaban. Si qoto dheer, falanqaynta qaabdhismeedka ayaa loo baahan yahay.
Anarchist-ku-salaysan Yale David Graeber badh-kaftan wuxuu soo jeedinayaa 'qaybin nidaamsan oo shaqo ah taas oo Marxists ay ku dhaleeceeyaan dhaqaalaha siyaasadda, laakiin ka fogaadaan abaabulka, iyo anarchists waxay qabtaan abaabulka maalinlaha ah, laakiin waxay dib u dhigaan Marxists su'aalaha aragtida aan la taaban karin. ; ie, taas oo Marxists ay ku sharaxeen sababta shilka dhaqaale ee Argentina u dhacay iyo fowdada ay wax ka qabtaan waxa laga yeelayo.'
Sax, haddaba, maxay Marxists iyo dhaqaala-yahannada kale ee diidan inay sheegaan, ka waran dhibaatooyinka maaliyadeed ee mega-Argentine?
Si loo bilaabo baadhitaannada xaaladda, afar dugsi oo feker ah ayaa mudan in la xuso sababtoo ah waxay leeyihiin xoogaa ka duwan - oo badanaa ku tartamaya - fikrado ku saabsan waxa ku jira US iyo hanti-wadaaga caalamiga ah:
1) Overly competitive corporations, which drive down the rate of profit; 2) Overconfidence within financial markets, which today act more like a casino than savings/investment mechanism; 3) Overproduction of commodities, as a persistent reflection of inadequate consumer buying power; and 4) Overaccumulation of capital more generally, a problem which cannot be displaced forever, but which one day must face more severe devaluation.
Xaaladda kowaad, tusaalaha ugu fiican waa taariikhyahan UCLA Robert Brenner buuggiisa 2003 *The Boom and the Bubble* iyo falanqaynta ku xigta ee New Left Review, London Review of Books, Against the Current, iyo joornaalada kale.
In the second, followers of the late US financial economist Hyman Minsky โ like David Felix of Washington University and Steve Keen of University of Western Sydney โ argue that financial markets inexorably move from accommodating capitalism, to hosting speculative investments, to becoming a pure gamble, in the spirit of the old โPonziโ-style inverted pyramid schemes.
Qaybta saddexaad waxay soo jiidanaysaa dhaxalka John Maynard Keynes, kaas oo xalkiisa 'la-isticmaalka' ay caadi ahaan ku lug leeyihiin deyn dabacsan iyo kaalmo dhaqaale oo deeqsi ah oo dawladeed, si kor loogu qaado awoodda wax iibsiga macaamiisha. Dhaqaale-yahanno badan oo xag-jir ah oo Maraykan ah ayaa dib u soo cusboonaysiiyay dooddan, laga yaabee in ay siyaasad ahaan ka ammaan badan tahay in loogu yeero kacaan-kacan-qabsiga. (Reagan, Bush Sr iyo Bush Jr waxaa lagu tilmaami karaa inay yihiin 'Keynsians militari' taasoo ay ugu wacan tahay liidnaantooda miisaaniyadeed iyo Pentagon-hedonism.)
Arguing the fourth case, eloquent classical Marxists like Ellen Meikskins Wood in her book *Empire of Capital* (2003) and David Harvey in *The New Imperialism* (2004) have updated important earlier accounts of overaccumulation by Simon Clarke (*Keynesianism, Monetarism and the Crisis of the State*, 1988), Harvey in *The Condition of Postmodernity* (1989), Harry Shutt (*The Trouble with Capitalism*, 1999) and Robert Biel (*The New Imperialism*, 2000).
Kuwaan waxaa ka soo horjeeda mawqif Markist ah oo ixtiraamaya xoogga, kheyraadka iyo kartida is-bogsiinta ee hantiwadaaga - gaar ahaanna ka tarjumaysa daciifnimada cadowga ugu weyn ee nidaamka: fasalka shaqada. Kuwa ku doodaya in nidaamka * uusan * wajaheynin qalalaase nidaamsan oo nidaamsan waxaa ka mid ah Leo Panitch, Sam Gindin iyo Chris Rude ee cusub * Diiwaangelinta Hantiwadaaga 2005: Boqortooyada Dib u Celinta *, Doug Henwood ee * Kadib Dhaqaalaha Cusub * (2003) iyo Giovanni Arrighi (dhaleeceeyay Brenner) ee * Dib u Eegista Bidix Cusub * sanadkii hore.
Qaar ka mid ah xisaabaadkan dambe waxay xooga saarayaan dugsiga shanaad ee aragtida Marxist: halganka fasalka sida go'aamiye. Waana run, dabaqadda shaqada ee adduunka iyo ku dhawaad โโdhammaan halgannada qaran ee lidka-hortagga ah waxay la kulmeen guul-darrooyin joogto ah, guul-darrooyin daciif ah soddonkii sano ee la soo dhaafay, taas oo hubaal ka caawinaysa sharraxaadda ka soo kabashada muuqata ee caasimadda ee 1970-yadii.
Hase yeeshee iska hor imaadyada gudaha ayaa sii socda. Caalamiyaynta waxa ay keentay dib u dhac dhaqaale, ee ma aha firfircooni. Sida laga soo xigtay xitaa Baanka Adduunka, kororka wax-soo-saarka sannadlaha ah ee adduunka qofkiiba wuxuu hoos uga dhacay 3.6% intii lagu jiray 1960-meeyadii, ilaa 2.1% intii lagu jiray 1970-meeyadii, ilaa 1.3% intii lagu jiray 1980-meeyadii ilaa 1.1% intii lagu jiray 1990-meeyadii iyo 1% horraantii 2000-meeyadii. .
Waxaa intaa dheer, cabbiraadaha GDP-ga ayaa caan ku ah qaddarinta daryeelka bulshada, gaar ahaan tan iyo markii xaalufka deegaanku noqday mid aad u daran laga soo bilaabo 1970-yadii. Waa inaan sidoo kale wax ka saarno dabeecadda aadka u sinnayn ee isu-ururinta adduunka oo dhan, iyadoo goobaha qaar - sida Bariga Yurub iyo Afrika - ay si degdeg ah hoos ugu dhacayaan qofkiiba GDP inta badan waagii caalamiga ahaa.
Ama ka fiirso calaamada qadiimiga ah ee dhibaatada hantiwadaaga: heerka faa'iidada shirkadaha. Jaleecada hore, heerka faa'iidada shirkadaha Maraykanka ee canshuurta ka dib - oo si degdeg ah hoos ugu dhacay bartamihii 1960-meeyadii - ayaa u muuqday inuu soo kabsado bilowgii 1984, ku dhawaad โโinuu gaaro heerarkii hore ee dagaalka ka dib (inkastoo ay tahay in la sheego in heerarka canshuurtu ay aad uga hooseeyaan muddo dhow).
Dhanka kale, lacag bixinta dulsaarka shirkadu waxay ku hartay heerarkii ugu sarreeyey intii lagu jiray 1980-meeyadii-90-meeyadii. Ka jarista kharashyada dulsaarka, waxaanu helnaa dareen fiican oo dakhliga saafiga ah ee ay heli karto shirkadu maalgashiga mustaqbalka iyo ururinta, kaas oo runtii aad uga hooseeya horaantii 1980-meeyadii, marka loo eego xilliyadii hore, sida laga soo xigtay Marxists Faransiiska Gรฉrard Dumรฉnil iyo Dominique Lรฉvy http://www.cepremap.ens.fr).
Dumรฉnil iyo Lรฉvy sidoo kale waxay dhiseen siyaabaha ay shirkadaha Maraykanku uga jawaabeen hoos u dhaca isu-ururinta qaybaha wax soo saarka. Dakhliga wax-soo-saarka ayaa mas'uul ka ahaa qiyaas ahaan kala bar wadarta guud (canshuurta ka hor) faa'iidada shirkadaha muddada rubuc-qarnigii ka dib dagaalkii 'Golden Age', laakiin wuxuu hoos uga dhacay 20% horraantii 2000-meeyadii.
Taas bedelkeeda, faa'iidada qaybta maaliyadeed waxay ka kacday 10-20% intii lagu jiray 1950-meeyadii-60-meeyadii, ilaa 30% ka sarreeya 2000. Maalgeliyayaashu waxay labanlaabeen saldhigga hantidooda marka loo eego asxaabta aan dhaqaalaha ahayn intii lagu jiray 1980-meeyadii-90-meeyadii.
Waa maxay tan macnaheedu?
Sida laga soo xigtay Harvey, isburinta hanti-wadaaga ayaa 'barakacay' halkii la xalin lahaa: waxaa loo wareejiyay waqti iyo meel, gaar ahaan iyada oo loo marayo suuqyada maaliyadeed ee firfircoon. Waqtiga waxaa lagu xisaabiyaa xumbo deymo oo ballaaran, kaasoo kuu ogolaanaya inaad hadda bixiso, iyadoo lagu salaynayo deynta, oo aad rajaynayso inaad hesho dakhli mustaqbalka si aad u daboosho deyntaada.
Isticmaalka hantiwadaaga ee 'meel' - barakaca xiisadda juqraafi - runtii waa waxa caalamiyeynta ku saabsanaa: u oggolaanshaha shirkadaha soo food saartay faa'iidada hoos u dhaca si ay gargaar uga raadsadaan goobaha ay alaabta ceeriin iyo shaqadu ka jaban tahay, halkaas oo sharciyadu ku yar yihiin, iyo halka laga yaabo in suuqyo cusub oo badeecado ah laga yaabo. soo bixi. Sidaa awgeed faa'iidada shirkadu laga helay hawlgallada caalamiga ahi waxay kor uga kacday 4 ilaa 8% intii lagu jiray 1950-meeyadii-60aadkii ilaa in ka badan 20% sannadkii 2000.
Waxaa hubaal ah, in qaar ka mid ah dhibaatooyinka soo foodsaaray hanti-wadaaga aan si fudud loo joojin oo aan loo rogin. Qaar ka mid ah waxyeellada xun - qiimo dhaca hantida - ayaa ka dhacay goobo kala duwan 30kii sano ee la soo dhaafay.
Kuwaas waxaa ka mid ahaa dhibaatada deynta adduunka saddexaad (horraantii 1980-meeyadii ee deyn-bixiyeyaasha ganacsiga, laakiin wali waxay ku socdaan inta badan dawladaha iyo bulshada adduunka); jahawareerka dhaqaalaha tamarta (bartamihii 1980-yadii); shilalka saamiyada caalamiga ah (1987) iyo hantida (1991-93) suuqyada; qalalaasaha ka jira ku dhawaad โโdhammaan wadamada waaweyn ee suuqa soo koraya (1995-2002); iyo xataa musalafaadyo waaweyn oo shaqsiyadeed kuwaas oo lahaa dooxyo caalami ah oo awood leh.
Dabayaaqadii 1990-meeyadii Tusaalooyinka khamaarka-maaliyadeed ee khamaarka ayaa aad ugu xumaaday noocyada, suuqyada saamiyada ee qalaad, ganacsiga lacagta, iyo sharadyada xun ee mustaqbalka badeecadaha iyo heerka dulsaarka mustaqbalka waxaa ka mid ah Maareynta Raasamaal ee Muddada-dheer ($3.5 bilyan) (1998), Sumitomo/London Metal Exchange (1.6 billion) 1996), dawladda Belgian ($2.2 bilyan) (1994), iyo Midowga Bankiga Switzerland ($1.57 milyan) (1994).
Laga soo bilaabo 2000, shirkado Maraykan ah oo ku xigay in ay kaceen miisaan ka sii weyn - tusaale ahaan, Enron, Anderson Accounting, World Com, Tyco - waxay lahaayeen wax badan oo ku saabsan musuqmaasuqa, laakiin sidoo kale waxay ahaayeen calaamadaha khamaarka maaliyadeed ee suuqyada aan qaan-gaarin.
Tan ugu muhiimsan, suuqa saamiyada ee Maraykanku waxa ay ahayd goobta uu ku yaallo xumbo weyn oo 'Dhaqaale Cusub' ah ilaa 2000, laga yaabee in uu ku dhammaaday shilkii Dot Com kaas oo tirtiray $8.5 tiriliyan oo hanti waraaq ah buugaagtii ugu sarreysay ilaa godka (Maraykanka oo keliya) - laakiin Dhanka kale, waxay u muuqataa inay dib u kicinayso 2003-04 iyada oo ay ugu wacan tahay soo noqoshada maalgashadayaasha qoyska iyo qulqulka maalgelinta wadaagga ah, iyo suurtogalnimada in ay sii korodho sanadaha soo socda haddii Bush uu bilaabo hanti-dhowrka bulshada.
Ma jiraan shilal ka dhacay New York oo keliya, laakiin sidoo kale 1/3 ayaa hoos u dhacay intii lagu jiray 2002 ee Finland, Jarmalka, Giriiga, Ireland, Nederland, iyo Iswidhan, iyo hoos u dhac kale oo aad u yar inta badan suuqyada saamiyada kale.
David Harvey waxa uu bixiyaa fikrad dheeraad ah oo lagu tarjumo sida nidaamku uga jawaabo ururinta xad-dhaafka ah iyo dhaqaalaha xad dhaafka ah. Isaga oo ka duulaya xanta Rosa Luxemburg qarni ka hor xidhiidhka ka dhexeeya hantiwadaaga iyo qaybaha nolosha ee aan hantiwadaagga ahayn, waxa uu qeexayaa habab cusub oo ah 'urursiga hantidooda', taas oo macnaheedu yahay, asal ahaan, bililiqada hantida guud iyo isticmaalka awood dhaqaale oo dheeraad ah faa'iido helaan.
Nidaamyada hanti-la'aanta ee maanta waxay si cad u weeraraan saaxadda 'taranka', halkaasoo ka faa'iidaysigu ka dhaco gaar ahaan iyada oo loo marayo xiriirka awoodda jinsiga ee aan sinnayn. Tani waxay ka tarjumaysaa 'dib u habeynta' nolosha, sida saynisyahannada siyaasadda ee Jaamacadda York Isabella Bakker iyo Stephen Gill ay ku doodeen buuggoodii 2003 *Awoodda, Wax-soosaarka iyo Taranka Bulshada*.
Si wada jir ah, fikradahani waxay u oggolaanayaan Marxists inay sharaxaan sababta 'dhibaatada raasamaalku' aysan si toos ah u dhalin noocyada lacag bixinta-nidaamka burburka iyo mashaakilaadka shaqo la'aanta ee udub-dhexaadka u ah raasamaal ee la arkay intii lagu jiray xiriirkii hore ee is-ururinta, Niyad-jabka Weyn.
Marka loo eego falanqayn taxaddar leh oo uu sameeyay Greg Albo oo ka tirsan jaamacadda York sannadkii hore *Diiwangelinta Hantiwadaaga 2004: Caqabadda Cusub ee Imperial*, 'Dhaqaalaha hoos u dhaca iyo neoliberalism-ka ayaa horseeday dhaqaale dhaqaale oo weyn laga bilaabo 1970-yadii iyo wixii ka dambeeyay.' Maanta, 'qiimitaanka xumbo hantida waxay ku kordhinaysaa xiisad kale oo u dhaxaysa Maraykanka iyo aagagga kale taasoo adkeynaysa hab kasta oo lagu hagaajinayo suuqa adduunka.'
Taasi waa waxa kaliya ee aan u muuqdo in aan boos u haysto qaybtan: qaar ka mid ah xigashooyinka teaserka ah, aragtida Marxist, iyo caddayn horudhac ah. Tiirka soo socda, waxaan ku daah furi doonaa tirakoobka tilmaamaya wareeg cusub oo nuglaansho dhaqaale oo qoto dheer, oo aan xusin ' xiisadda u dhaxaysa Maraykanka iyo aagagga kale'. Waxa jira, sidoo kale, duruus siyaasadeed oo qoto-dheer oo la baranayo, haddii aan wakhtigan nalagu qaadin fuulista rullalusha, sidii aan ahaan jirnay dabayaaqadii 1990-meeyadii.
(Patrick โ [emailka waa la ilaaliyay] โ teaches political economy at the University of KwaZulu-Natal and directs the Centre for Civil Society โ http://www.ukzn.ac.za/ccs)