"Ilmo yar baa hoggaamin doona."
Isaayaas 11:6d
Runtii waxaan idinku leeyahay, Haddaydnan beddelmin oo aydnaan sida carruur oo kale noqon, weligiin geli maysaan boqortooyada jannada.
Matthew 18: 3
“Tallaabada tooska ah ee aan rabshadaha lahayn waxay doonaysaa inay abuurto xiisad noocaas ah oo ay abuurto xiisad sidaas oo kale ah oo bulshada… ay ku qasban tahay inay ka hortagto arrinta. Waxa ay doonaysaa in ay arrinta si weyn u jilciso oo aan mar dambe la iska indho tiri karin.”
Martin Luther King, "warqad ka timid xabsiga Birmingham"
"Ii sheeg sababta aad u ooyayso wiilkaygiiyow.../Ma ka aqoon badan tahay ragga xigmadda leh?/Ma arki kartaa waxa aan dhammaanteen qarin karno...?"
Peter Yarrow, "Maalintu way dhammaatay"
"Ku dhawaad 80 boqolkiiba dadka nafaqa-daran ee adduunka ayaa ku nool dhulka miyiga ah (Mashruuca Qaramada Midoobay ee Kunoolaanta, 2004) waxayna intooda badan ku tiirsan yihiin beeraha, oo ay ku jiraan xoolaha, noloshooda."
UN-FAO
Xaalada Cuntada iyo Beeraha
Xoolaha oo dheeli tiran
Kordhinta Faraska Cad ee Bill Justice
Waxaa jira muuqaal wanaagsan oo ku jira nooca BBC ee Pollyanna. Pollyanna waxaa jiiray baabuur waxaana ay sariir ku jiiftay iyadoo uu daryeelayo Dr. Warren oo da' ah. Lugaha ma dhaqdhaqaajiso oo waa bilaa dareen. Meel kale Dr. Chilton wuxuu kala hadlayaa daaweyn cusub Mr. Pembleton. Mid kastaa waxa uu khilaaf aad u weyn kala dhexeeyey Pollyanna eeddadii, lamana hadlin iyada muddo sannado ah. Welwelka ugu weyn ee Pembleton waa cabsi laga qabo in Pollyanna la siiyo rajo been ah. "Ma ahan waxa ugu xun in lagu xiro kursiga curyaanka." Chilton wuxuu ku jawaabay: "Iyadoo ay weli jirto fursad Pollyanna ay mar kale socon karto, hubaal waa inaan qaadanaa." Laakiin, markaa, taasi waxay furi doontaa nabarro duug ah oo xun. "Dhammaan waa wax yar oo dhib badan," Chilton wuu baroortay. Dhanka kale Jimmy Bean, wiilka agoonka ah ee dhawaan la korsaday, ayaa qolka soo galay. "Haddii Pollyanna ay maqasho inaad tiraahdo way bukoon doontaa qadadeeda!" wuu is dhexgaliyaa. "Jimmy. Aad qolkaaga,” Pembleton ayaa ciyay. " Midkee?" "Mid kasta oo iyaga ka mid ah." "Si kastaba ha ahaatee." Jimmy lama aamusi doono. "Yaa dan ka leh haddii ay sirgaxan tahay," ayuu ku dooday. "...Maxaa dhacaya marka ay ogaato inaadan siin fursadan." Goobtu markiiba way is beddeshaa. Dr. Chilton wuxuu fuushan yahay faraskiisa cad si uu uga hortago eeddada Polly, jacaylkiisii hore. Muusig xoog leh, dhiirigelin leh ayaa soo baxaya. Wuu jabay, oo Pollyanna waa la badbaadiyay.
Horusocod, Diimeed, Kooxaha Cunnada ee Kala Qaybsan ayaa Faqiirka Adduunka ku Fashilan
Taasi waa meesha saxda ah ee dad badan oo macne fiican leh iyo u doodayaasha cuntada ay ku jireen biilka beeraha 2008 (Dr Warren, Aunt Polly, Dr. Chilon), halkaas oo dhaqdhaqaaqa cuntada iyo gaajada, kaniisadaha ugu muhiimsan, iyo horumariyayaashu ay weli yihiin, iyo (Jimmy Bean) ama fuulaya fardo cadcad) halka aan dhammaanteen u baahanahay inaan joogno. Marka hore, beeralayda adduunka ayaa si xun loogu dhaawacay siyaasadda beeraha ee Mareykanka. Dhibaatadoodu waa mid aad u daran, oo baaxad leh. Dhab ahaantii rajo ma jirto.
Sababta ayaa ah hoos u dhaca sagxadaha qiimaha Maraykanka ee badeecooyinka waaweyn ee la kaydin karo 1953-1995, ka dibna baabi'intooda 1996. Waxay u dhigantaa soo noqoshada waxa awoowgay ugu yeedhay suuqa xorta ah "Hooverism," niyad jabka beeraha ee hoos yimaada Herbert Hoover. Hooverism-ka waxaa daaweeyay barnaamijyadii badeecadaha ee sinnaanta ee 1930-meeyadii iyo 1940-meeyadii.
Sababtoo ah Maraykanku waa dhoofiyaha badeecooyinka beeraha iyo hogaamiyaha qiimaha, hoos u dhaca qiimahayada ayaa hoos u dhigay qiimaha adduunka oo dhan. Waxaa loo yaqaan qashin-saarka dhoofinta, waana ka soo horjeedaa waxa wadamada OPEC ay sameeyeen iyaga oo ku filan, laakiin saamiga suuqa dhoofinta yar. OPEC waxay sare u qaaday qiimaha saliidda, iyada oo si aad ah u kordhisay faa'iidada dhoofinta, iyada oo Maraykanku uu hoos u dhigay qiimaha badeecadaha beeraha, oo u beddelay faa'iidada khasaaraha. Tusaale ahaan, qiimaha buskii soya ama sarreenka ama boqolka miisaanka bariiska ayaa ka sarreeya qiimaha foosto saliid ah shan ama lixdan sano ka hor. Xataa koob hadhuudh ah, sannadkii ugu sarreeyay, 1947, ayaa ku xidhay celceliska qiimaha saliidda sannadkii, $2.16. Xitaa iyada oo wax soo saarka aad u kordhay (afar jeer ka weyn galleyda, tusaale ahaan,) dakhliga dalagyada badeecadaha shakhsi ahaaneed ayaa inta badan ka hooseeya, (oo lagu hagaajiyay sicir-bararka, dabcan,) marka loo eego intii lagu jiray afartankii markii qiimaha dabaqyada lagu dejiyay heerarka mushaharka nolosha. .
Halkii ay kor u qaadi lahaayeen dabaqyada qiimaha, sida beeralayda ay dalbadeen, Congress-ku wuxuu ugu dambeyntii bilaabay inuu bixiyo lacag, si uu u daboolo qayb ka mid ah fashilka suuqyada xorta ah. Haddaba, beeralayda dalalka horumaray waxay noqdeen qaar lagu ilaaliyo kabidda. Marka loo eego qiyaasahayga, tan iyo markii qiimaha dabaqyada markii ugu horeysay hoos loo dhigay 1953, beeralayda Maraykanku waxay heleen ilaa $1 kabitaan kasta $8 ee guuldarrooyinka suuqa, (kabka ilaa $500 bilyan ee 2010 dollars, magdhowga dhimista qiimaha, [qiimaha x duurka US wax soo saarka, ilaa $4 trillion sanadkii 2010, oo loo malaynayo 10% hoos u dhac weyn oo saadka,]). Waxaa laga yaabaa inaan u yeerno 7/8 ee Hooverism qayb ahaan. Dhanka kale, beeralayda wadamada saboolka ah ayaa si buuxda u saameeyay 8/8 ee qaybtan Hooverism. (Waxaan ugu yeeraa qayb ahaan, sababtoo ah Dabaqyada Qiimaha si tartiib tartiib ah ayaa loo xakameeyay ama hoos loo dhigay dhowr iyo toban sano, markaa ma aanan imaanin saameyn buuxda oo suuqa xorta ah ilaa biilka beeraha 1996).
Waxaan aragnaa markaa in, sida Pollyanna sariirta jiifa, beeralayda saboolka ah ay jiifaan ciirsi la'aan, go'doon, sida marka "Aunt Polly" ay diido codsiga Polyanna ee ah inay la tashato "Dr. Chilton.” Wax cod ah kuma laha waddankeena, USA, hogaamiyaha qiimaha dhoofinta caalamiga ah (qayb weyn oo suuqa dhoofinta,) si ay ula dagaallamaan sababta asaasiga ah ee "Hooverism."
The Sababta qarsoon ee siyaasadda Maraykanku u noqotay in uu lacag ku waayo wax soo saarka beeraha, waa in uu si qarsoodi ah u kabo iibsada badeecadaha beeraha., oo ay ku jiraan warshadaha xoolaha kuwaas oo inta badan xoolihii qiimaha badnaa ka qaatay beeralaydii kala duwanaa. Iibsadayaasha waaweyn, kuwaas oo si aad ah u uruursan, waa shirkado caalami ah oo waaweyn oo hadda la jira kuwa kale shirkadaha agribusiness, waxay ku bixiyaan $100 milyan sanadkii si loo saameeyo Congresska (iyo maalgalinta ololaha). Faa'iidooyinka ay leeyihiin iibsadayaashu maaha jeegag dawladeed, kaalmo dawladeed. Waxay yihiin faa'iidooyinka ka imanaya hoos u dhaca qiimaha waxay ku iibsadaan, ka hooseeya faa'iidooyinka ganacsiga cadaalad ah, iyo tobankii sano ee la soo dhaafay, ka hooseeya faa'iidooyinka qiimaha. Cargill iyo ADM waxay helayaan balaayiin doollar oo qiimahoodu ka hooseeyo faa'iidada sanadka la maqlo. Shirkadahan ayaa markaas helay faa'iido rikoor ah, maadaama beeralayda ay lumiyeen lacag.
Beeralayda ayaa muddo dheer dhaleeceeyay siyaasadahan waxayna ku baaqeen in la soo celiyo ganacsigii caddaaladda ahaa, dabaqyada qiimaha mushaharka nolosha halkii ay kaabi lahaayeen. Marka sidaas la samaynayo, in ka badan lixdan sano, beeralaydan "cadaalad beeraha", (sida badan loo yaqaan Dhaqdhaqaaqa Beerta Qoyska,) ugu baaqay dadka reer magaalka ah, (tusaale ahaan, macaamiisha cuntada, cashuur bixiyayaasha,) inay ku soo biiraan. In ka badan afartan sano, dhaqdhaqaaqaas waligiis ma iman isagoo leh xoog ku filan oo ka caawiya beeralayda inay ku guuleystaan caddaaladda. Dhanka kale, iyada oo inta badan beeralayda Mareykanka ay ganacsigoodu gabaabsi noqdeen, hormoodka u doodayaasha caddaaladda beeruhuna ay da'een, hawlgab noqdeen, oo dhinteen. Warbaahinta guud iyo Dhaqdhaqaaq Cunto oo cusub ayaa bilaabay inay eedeeyaan dhibanayaasha Mareykanka, beeraleyda, ee ma ahan ka faa'iideystayaasha qarsoon, shirkadaha waaweyn ee beeraha. Beeraleyda ayaa lagu eedeeyaa in ay heleen magdhowga, marka laga reebo in aan loo arkin in ay magdhow yihiin. Dhanka kale, hogaamiyayaasha horumarka sida Bill Moyers iyo David Beckmann oo ka tirsan ururka gaajada ee Bread for the World ayaa xitaa sheeganayay beeralayda ("cudbiga beeraleyda," "Guulleyda", "Bariiska beeraleyda,") Guuldaraystayaashii in ka badan 4 sano, waxay ahaayeen lobby labaad ee ugu weyn Washington. Beeralayda waxaa u arkay Beckmann, si sharaf leh, sida kuwa gacmahooda ku jira weelka buskudka. $XNUMX trillion dollar ee dhimista ayaa weli qarsoon taasoo keentay in badi beeralayda Mareykanka aan la arkin ganacsigooda.
Waxaas oo dhan waxay ku jahawareereen xeerarka Ururka Ganacsiga Adduunka, kuwaas oo aan bixin wax rajo ah, laakiin farta ku fiiqaya kaalmada beeraha. Wadamada waa loo ogol yahay inay ka mudaaharaadaan kabyada, laakiin kama soo horjeeda siyaasadaha suuqa ee "xornimada" ee la xakameeyey, sababta dhabta ah ee qashinka dhoofinta. Hoos u dhigista iyo baabi'inta hababka sagxadda qiimaha, sababta dhabta ah ee dhoofintayada dhoofinta badeecadaha beeraha, waa "ganacsiga xorta ah," kaas oo ah yoolka WTO! Siyaasadeena socota ee dhoofinta badeecooyinka beeralayda ee khasaaraha si gaar ah ma aha wax muran ah. Kaliya kabitaanka badeecadaha, kuwaas oo aan wax saameyn ah ku yeelan qiimaha suuqa, ayaa xoogaa muran ah.
Is barbar dhig ayaa tan si cad u muujin kara. Dhimista sagxadaha qiimaha waxay la mid tahay kaynta iyo dab-damiska gubanaya beeraheenna. Kaalmadu waa sida baabuurta dab-demiska kuwaas oo u muuqda in ay damiyaan dabka, balse taasi ma badalin inta badan khasaaraha. Sidaa darteed beerihii badankoodu ganacsi way ka baxeen, laakiin qaar ka mid ah kabitaannada ayaa la bixiyay. Kaalmadu waxay bilaabatay 1961-kii, waxayna kordheen mararka qaarkood markii Sicirka Dabaqyada wax badan la dhimay (laakin lama kordhinin inta dhimista la kordhiyay.). Xeerarkan WTO waa tanaasul daciif ah oo Maraykanku ku guulaysto megacorporations-ka ganacsiga.
Dib ugu noqo sheekadeenii ka timid Pollyanna, waxaan ogaanay in hogaamiyayaasha horumarka muhiimka ah ay u soo baxeen bogsiin ahaan. Nasiib darro falanqayntoodu waa daciif ama been. Tusaale ahaan waxay ku andacoonayaan in barnaamijyada badeecadaha maanta ay asal ahaan la mid yihiin kuwii 1940-meeyadii, laakiin baahida loo qabo ay si weyn isu bedeshay (eeg dukumeentiyada gaajada ee hoose ee qodobkan).
Runtu, si kastaba ha ahaatee, waa ka soo horjeeda. Barnaamijyada waa la jeexjeexay oo dhammaaday, sida kor lagu sharaxay, iyo sida sahlan loo xaqiijin karo. Sababta loogu baahan yahay, si kastaba ha ahaatee, waa ay jirtaa. Badeecada beeraha iyo baahida, baahida cuntada tusaale ahaan, degdeg ha uga jawaabin qiimaha jaban. Dadku ma labanlaabaan cuntadooda sababtoo ah cuntadu waa kala bar qiimaha. Sidoo kale, dhanka saadka, qiimaha jaban ma keeno beeralayda inay beeraan kala badh dhulkooda. Qiimaha raasumaalka aad buu u sarreeyaa. Markaa wadar ahaan, dhammaan waxa beeralayda beeran iyo iibiyaan wax yar ayay ku kala duwan yihiin qiimaha. Kaliya dowladda ayaa soo gali karta si ay uga hortagto Hooverism. Taasi waa waxa ay barnaamijyada badeecaduhu markii hore sameeyeen, oo si fiican u qabteen. Maanta waxaan mar kale haysanaa Hooverism, marka laga reebo in dhammaan lagu daboolay "qolof” ee kaalmada.
Dhammaadka kabitaannada waxay si weyn u kashifi doontaa Hooverism-ka Mareykanka, (waa in qiimuhu mar kale shilmaan, sida ay dad badani saadaaliyaan,) laakiin ma dawaynayso. Kaalmadu waa cadaalad darro. Beeralayda Maraykanku waa inay jabiyaan barnaamijyada si ay lacag ugu lumiyaan Dhoofinta Beeraha Maraykanka. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dhammayntooda, kor uma qaadi doonto qiimaha beeralayda ee dalalka ugu horumarsan. Nasiib darro, Dr. Warrens ee dhaqdhaqaaqa horusocodka ma fahmin xaqiiqadaas. Waxaa ka mid ah kooxaha ugu xun sida rootiga aduunka iyo Oxfam, kaliya kuwa ay tahay in ay u doodaan xalalka dhabta ah ee daadinta daran.
Waxaan sameeyay falanqayn ku saabsan daraasiin dukumeenti horusocod ah (ama ururin) su'aashan (iyo dukumeentiyada daraasiin ururo iyo hogaamiyeyaal urureed, oo ay ku jiraan buugaagta, filimada iyo maqaallada dhaqdhaqaaqa cuntada). Waxaan baadhay agabkooda. Waxaa ka mid ah waxaan ka helay afar "Dr. Warrens" oo siinaya taariikh biil beereed been abuur ah oo cajiib ah, sida kor lagu sharaxay, iyo bixinta soo jeedinta badeecadaha aan waxtarka lahayn. Rooti iyo Oxfam XATAA MA sheegaan maqnaanshaha dabaqyada qiimaha dhabta ah iyo xaqiiqada "kabidda" ( faa'iidooyinka kharashka ka hooseeya) ee ganacsiyada shakhsi ahaaneed (iyo dalalka shisheeye) ee heerka balaayiin doollar, (taasi waa Billion, oo leh "B," xitaa balaayiin kun sanadkii). Sidoo kale waa trillions badan oo ka hooseeya heerka sinnaanta ganacsiga cadaalad dhaqameed. Kooxahan iyo dukumentiyadan been abuurka ah waxaa ka mid ah:
• Rooti loogu talagalay Machadka Adduunka, Cunto caafimaad leh, Beeraha iyo Qoysaska.
Oxfam, Cadaalada ka jirta Beeraha.
• American Farmland Trust, Beeraha caafimaadka qaba, Cunto caafimaad qabta, dad caafimaad qaba.
Adeegga Adduunka Kaniisadda, Beeralayda Reerka ee Cadaalada meel kasta oo ay joogaan.
Kooxahan rootiga loogu talagalay adduunku waxay u muuqdaan inay leeyihiin dhaqdhaqaaqa abaabul ee ugu weyn. Qalabkooda beenta ah waxaa loo adeegsadaa mad-habyo badan, sida lagu arkay tusaale ahaan barta internetka ee Barnaamijka Gaajada Presbyterian, (iyo boggaga internetka ee kaniisadaha kale ee muhiimka ah). Maxaa dhacaya, waxaan weydiiyaa Jimmie Bean, marka saboolka dunidu ay ogaadaan in hindise-sharciyeedkan Farmashiyaha Mareykanka aysan gabi ahaanba joojin doonin Hooverism, laakiin in ururadan fadhigoodu yahay Mareykanka ay taageeri karaan soo jeedinta?
Waxaan sidoo kale helay qaar ka mid ah "Aunt Pollys." Ma bixiyaan ogaanshaha biilka beerta beenta ah, laakiin ku sii dheggan dhinaca khaldan ee arrinta. Falanqeyntooda xitaa ma xusin arrimahan. Soo jeedintooda ku saabsan xudunta badeecada biilka beertu waa kuwo aan waxtar lahayn, bixinta rajada beenta ah ee koofiyadaha badeecadaha iyo kabida cagaaran. Waxay sidoo kale ilaaliyaan Hooverism-ka hoose ee qashin-qubka, iyo faa'iidooyinka balaayiin doollar ah ee warshadaha xayawaanka waaweyn iyo kuwa quudinta ee la tartamaya beeraleydooda waara. Kuwa waaweyn ee caalamiga ah sida Cargill iyo ADM ma helaan malaayiin, laakiin balaayiin badan sannadkii ayay helaan kabitaan dhab ah. Sida ku cad soo jeedintooda Ameerika waxay ku sii wadaysaa dhoofinta khasaare, socota, iyada oo wadamada hodanka ah ee iibsada cuntada lagu kabo hadhuudh ka jaban oo ay bixiyaan beeralayda adduunka. Diirada kooxahani badanaa waa gudaha Maraykanka sida ku cad mawqifkooda siyaasadeed oo ay ku saxeexaan liisaska. Kooxaha iyo dukumentiyada waxaa ka mid ah:
Ololaha Qaran ee Beeraha Waarta, "Biilka Beerta."
• Isbahaysiga Beeraha Joogta ah, Ma jiro wakhti dib u dhac ah.
• Mashruuca Siyaasadda Beeraha iyo Cuntada, Raadinta dheelitirnaanta Siyaasadda Beeraha iyo Cuntada ee Maraykanka.
• Nolosha Miyiga Katooliga (Magazine), "Fursad loogu talagalay Dib-u-habaynta Bill Bill," Gu'gii 2007, oo ku salaysan FFPP (CRL, oo hore u ahaan jirtay koox weyn arrimahan).
• Xarunta Arrimaha Miyiga, Bayaanada Siyaasadda Biilasha Beeraha.
• Isbahaysiga California ee Cuntada iyo Beeraha, "Parm Bill Policy Platform."
Nasiib wanaag, dhowr kooxood oo kale waa "Dr Chiltons." Waxay bixiyaan wax ka badan " jajab roodhida aduunka ", aad u badan. Soo jeedintoodu waxay joojin doontaa qashinka, ku qasbi ganacsiga beeraha iyo quruumaha iibsada badeecadaha inay bixiyaan qiimo cadaalad ah. Labada kooxood ee ugu horreeya waxay leeyihiin xiriirro ballaaran oo caalami ah, oo muujinaya taageero ballaaran oo sagxadaha qiimaha dhabta ah. Dukumeentiyadan waa in loo akhriyaa qof kasta oo ay soo shaac baxday cilladaha iyo waxyaalaha beenta ah ee kor ku xusan. Kooxaha iyo dukumentiyada waa:
• Isbahaysiga Beeraha Qoyska ee Qaranka, kaas oo tixraacaya Xarunta Falanqaynta Siyaasadda Beeraha, Dib-u-eegista Siyaasadda Beeraha ee Maraykanka. Eeg NFFC's Cuntada ka timid Xeerka Beeraha Qoyska, ee nffc.net.
- Machadka Beeraha iyo Siyaasadda Ganacsiga, Tag HALKAN ka bacdi RIIX "Aasaaska Biilka Beeraha," Sharciga Beeraha Cadaalada ee Adduunka, Sharciga Beerta Cadaalada ah ee loogu talagalay gaajada aduunka.
- Ilaalada Cuntada iyo Biyaha, Sharciga Beeraha: Siyaasadda Cunnada ee Xiliga Awooda Shirkadaha.
- Ururka Beeralayda Qaranka, Nidaamka Alaabta Wadista Suuqa (MDIS)
Xaggee, laga yaabaa inaad weydiiso, inay yihiin "Jimmy Beans," kuwaas oo u muuqda inay aad uga xun yihiin abuurista "xaraf-ka-Birmingham-Jeel" "xiisad" oo si toos ah loogu talagalay gaajada iyo hoggaamiyayaasha cuntada, iyo inay helaan "Dr. Chilton" (hogaamiyayaasha ururada cadaalada beeraha ee ugu sarreeya,) oo saaran faraskiisa cad si uu ula heshiiyo "Aunt Polly" oo uu meesha ka saaro "Dr. Warren” oo u daneynaya shacabka iyo tirada badan ee saboolka ah, ee gaajaysan “Pollyannas of the world?”
Hagaag, waan joogaa, waxaan ku leeyahay twitter laba saaxiibo ah, qaar kale oo badanna waxaan jeclaan lahaa inaad la kulanto. Adigana? Adiguna see tahay? Ma igu biiri doontaa inaan ka shaqeeyo sidii loo heli lahaa kooxaha gaajada iyo kaniisadaha si ay si dhab ah ugu doodaan ka hortagga qashinka dhoofinta ee Sharciga Beeraha Mareykanka?
Gunta hoose: haddii aad maqashay fariintayda oo aad tidhaahdo runtii ma rabtid inaad gasho saaxaddan xiisada ka dhanka ah "dadka wanaagsan ee ku jira Dhaqdhaqaaqa Cunnada, kaniisadaha ugu muhiimsan iyo kooxaha gaajada weyn:" : "Haddii Pollyanna ( dhibbanayaasha caalamiga ah, gaar ahaan dheddigga, gaar ahaan carruurta) ay maqasho inaad leedahay way bukoontay qadadeeda!"
Soo jeedinta Muhiimka ah ee loo baahan yahay
Brad Wilson, "Xaashida Xaqiiqda: Soo jeedinta Caddaaladda Beerta ee Sharciga Beeraha ee 2012"ZSpace, 5/11/12, https://znetwork.org/fact-sheet-farm-justice-proposals-for-the-2012-farm-bill-by-brad-wilson.
Brad Wilson, "Hordhac: Soo jeedinta Caddaaladda Beerta ee Sharciga Beeraha 2012"ZSpace, 5/11/12, https://znetwork.org/primer-farm-justice-proposals-for-the-2012-farm-bill-by-brad-wilson.
Marka la saxayo taariikhda beenta ah ee Biilasha Beerta Hiigsiga Cusub ee dhowr ka mid ah dukumeentiyada kor ku taxan, (ie. sheegashada ah in ay wax ka qabteen baahiyaha ku meel gaarka ah,) Henry Wallace, Gaaritaanka Beero dheeli tiran: Sida Barnaamijka Beerta Qaranka uu u daboolo dhibaatooyinka is-beddelka ah, Sebtembar 1934 / Dib loo eegay Abriil 1940, http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/008002965. Warbixinta dhaqaale ee qarniga 21aad ee weyn oo taageeraya dhammaan kuwaas arag: (pdf) "Falanqaynta a
Nidaamka Alaabta Suuqa-Driven (MDIS), Harwood D. Schaffer, Chad Hellwinckel, Daryll E. Ray, Daniel G. De La Torre Ugarte, Xarunta Falanqaynta Siyaasadda Beeraha, Waaxda Agri. & Dhaqaalaha Kheyraadka, U. ee Tenn., Machadka Beeraha Knoxville, Tennessee, http://nfu.org/images/stories/NFU-April2012-FinalReport-AsSentToNFUApr2-2012.pdf.
Dukumeentiga khadka tooska ah ee ugu fiican (iyo pdf slide tusmada) ee ka yimid iyo dhaqaalayahan beeralayda ee Bill Farm Bill iyo arrimahan saboolnimada cuntada ee caalamiga ah, eeg Dib-u-Fikirka Siyaasadda Beeraha ee Maraykanka: Kooras Beddelida Sugidda Hab-nololeedka Beeralayda Adduunka oo dhan, Daryll E. Ray, Daniel G. De La Torre Ugarte, Kelly J. Tiller, Xarunta Falanqaynta Siyaasadda Beeraha, Waaxda Agri. & Dhaqaalaha Kheyraadka, U. of Tenn., Machadka Beeraha ee Knoxville, Tennessee oo ay ku jiraan cilmi baaris dhaqaale oo taageeraya siyaasadaha muhiimka ah (Xeerka Cuntada Qoyska ee Isbaheysiga Beeraha Qoyska ee Qaranka).
Tixraac dheeri ah:
Wenonah Hauter, Foodopoly: Dagaalka Mustaqbalka Cuntada iyo Beeraha ee Ameerika, New York: The New Press, 2012.
Ilaha fiidiyooga taariikhiga ah ee kala duwan ayaa laga heli karaa YouTube, FireweedFarm, "Bill Bill & Food Bill”. Qaar ayaa si gaar ah wax uga qabta dhinaca macaamiisha iyo gaajada caalamka. Waxay muujinayaan sida beeralayda "cadaalad beeraha", (dhaqdhaqaaqa dhaqdhaqaaqa qoyska ee lixdankii sano ee la soo dhaafay,) ay aad uga xoog badnaayeen furaha, arrimaha siyaasadda Bill Farm weyn marka loo eego gaajada dhow, hoggaamiyeyaasha dhaqdhaqaaqa kaniisadda iyo cuntada iyo ururada.
Waxaan u jajabiyay nambarada bariiska faallooyinka hoose ee maqaalka halkan: C. Peter Timmer, "Japan iyo Xalka Dhibaatada Bariiska Adduunka," July 15, 2008, https://znetwork.org/znet/viewArticle/18189#9396
Halkan waxaan ku xirayaa tan dadaallada lagu doonayo in beeralayda looga saaro dhulka Mareykanka, iyo macnaha guud, adduunka oo dhan: Brad Wilson, "Farm 'Doctrine Shock?'"https://znetwork.org/zblogs/farm-shock-doctrine-by-brad-wilson/
Beeralayda Ameerikaanka ah, (xubnaha Isbahaysiga Beeraha Qoyska ee Qaranka,) waxay fahmeen lallabada Jimmy Bean: http://lists.iatp.org/listarchive/archive.cfm?id=121152. Cf. Brad Wilson, "Kooxda WTO Africa oo leh NFFC, maaha EWG"ZSpace, 4/1/11, https://znetwork.org/wto-africa-group-with-nffc-not-ewg-by-brad-wilson.
Intii aan diiradda saaray fashilka kaniisadaha muhiimka ah ee arrimahan laba sano ka hor, dhawaanahan waxaan diiradda saaray guuldarrooyinka la midka ah ee dhaqdhaqaaqa cuntada, sida halkan:
Brad Wilson, "Muuqaalka beenta ah ee Michael Pollan ee ku saabsan kabista beeraha," https://znetwork.org/zblogs/michael-pollans-false-paradigm-on-farm-subsidies-by-brad-wilson/
Brad Wilson, "Isbahaysiga Farmie-Foodie: Guuleystaha Ag-Biz," https://znetwork.org/zblogs/foodie-farmie-coalition-by-brad-wilson/
Brad Wilson, "Nacasnimada Pollan ee kooban: 'Food Inc.,' Fresh' iyo Beyond," http://www.lavidalocavore.org/showDiary.do;jsessionid=138C176DF085DD34CF1E1B423BF8FD07?diaryId=3085
Jaamacadda Tennesse ee ku saabsan sida Henry Wallace u ahaa Dr. Chilton wax ku ool ah. http://apacweb.ag.utk.edu/weekcol/325.html. Cf. Henry Wallace, Gaaritaanka Beero dheeli tiran: Sida Barnaamijka Beerta Qaranka uu u daboolo dhibaatada isbeddesha, Qaybta Warbixinnada Gaarka ah, Xafiiska Warfaafinta, USDA, 1940.
Jaamacadda Tufts ee balaayiin badan (kuwaas oo, sida aan tilmaamay, ay si buuxda u tabayaan kooxo badan). http://www.ase.tufts.edu/gdae/Pubs/rp/CompanyFeedSvgsFeb07.pdf
Ka dheer, si loo saxo taariikhda biilka beerta ee AFT/ Rooti/Oxfam beenta ah: Qalalaasaha Naqshadaynta, IATP, http://www.iatp.org/iatp/publications.cfm?accountID=258&refID=98205.
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George Naylor (qorshay.) Buugyaraha United Farmer and Rancher Congress waa dukumeenti taariikhi ah oo weyn kaas oo laga heli karo onlayn 10/31/07, In Motion Magazine http://www.inmotionmagazine.com/ra07/ufrc_all_lo.pdf. Qaybaha sidoo kale waxaa loo heli karaa sida boggaga internetka: "Dhaxalka Qalalaasaha"Iyo"Bill Bill Aasaaska. "
Sannadka kabidda badeecadaha ee u bilaabmay badeecooyin kala duwan eeg buugga Xaqiiqda Beeraha 1994, USDA, Shaxda A-3, bogga 174-175; online: http://www.ers.usda.gov/Data/farmincome/FinfidmuXls.htm, hoos ugu dhaadhac Maraykanka barnaamijka 1933-2008. Kabka bariiska ayaa bilaabmay 1977, in ka badan labaatan sano ka dib markii sagxadaha qiimaha la hoos u dhigay si ay qiimuhu uga hooseeyaan heerka siman.
Ku saabsan taariikhda biilasha beeraha ee u dambeeyay: http://apacweb.ag.utk.edu/ppap/doc/2004/RayLecture2004FromGretchen1st.pdf
Taariikhda: Markii Kaniisadaha ay taageereen Caddaaladda Beerta
"Xirmada Kheyraadka Qalalaasaha Miyiga," Golaha Qaranka ee Kaniisadaha Masiixa, USA, 1980-meeyadii, waxaa ku jiray qaraar si buuxda u taageeraya "Badbaadinta Xeerka Beerta Qoyska" (maanta waa "Xeerka Cuntada Qoyska." Waxay kaloo sameeyeen daraasad waaweyn Bayaanka kaniisadda ee ugu muhiimsan, ogaanshaha in arrinta qiimuhu ay ahayd mudnaanta ugu weyn, 1980-meeyadii.
Kaniisadda: Ka jawaabista Miyiga Ameerika: Warbixin uu ansixiyay Golaha Guud ee 203rd (1991), Presbyterian Church (USA).
Bulshada Reer Miyiga ee Dhibaatada ku jirta: Warbixin ka timid Miyiga Ameerika oo ku socota Kaniisadda Presbyterian (USA)
"Bayaanka Kaniisadda Methodist ee United ee ku saabsan deegaanka, 1988, "Samee suuqgeyn iyo nidaam taageero dawladeed kaas oo dammaanad qaadi doona kharashka wax soo saarka ee qoysaska beeralayda." "In la bixiyo kayd badeecooyin ah, oo ka go'doonsan suuqa, si loo dhiso heer ku filan si looga ilaaliyo macaamiisha inay carqaladeeyaan saadka ayna buuxiyaan musiibada beeraha gudaha iyo shuruudaha gargaarka cuntada ee caalamiga ah." "Dib u habeyn sharciyada canshuurta federaalka si meesha looga saaro tartanka cadaalad darada ah iyo in la niyad jabiyo hoyga canshuurta dhiiri raasamaalka beeraha." http://www.acton.org/public-policy/environmental-stewardship/theology-e/united-methodist-church-statement-environment. Cf. http://nccecojustice.org/downloads/anth/meth.pdf.
Kaniisadda Presbyterian: Halkan ka arag 2 faallooyin ee blog-ka: http://presbyterian.typepad.com/foodandfaith/2008/05/food-films-galo.html
ZNetwork waxa lagu maalgeliyaa oo keliya deeqsinimada akhristeyaasheeda.
Nalasoo