Akaregeredzwa naMacron, akakanganiswa nevezvenhau, akatongwa neKurudyi, akashongedzwa neKuruboshwe, sangano rakazvironga reruzhinji rinozivikanwa seYellow Vests riri kupikisa zvakanyanya kurongeka kwezvematongerwo enyika nehupfumi muFrance.
MuParis, mangwanani eMugovera Dec. 1, apo zviuru zvevaratidziri veYellow Vest vakazvironga voga vakaedza kuungana kuti vataure zvichemo zvavo paChamps-Elysรฉes pakuratidzira kwakarongwa, kune runyararo, mapurisa emhirizhonga yeFrance CRS muParis akavarwisa zvine utsinye. tear-gas, flash-bhomba uye mvura-canons. Pakupera kwezuva, mota dzakanga dzichitsva pedyo neArc of Triumph, uye Paris yose yakanga iri munyonganyonga semapoka evaida kufora murunyararo, vachibatanidzwa nemazuva ose. casseurs ('smashers') vakapararira muguta guru rose, vachiratidza kutsamwa kwavo pahurongwa uye vachida kusiya chigaro cheMutungamiri Macron.
Iyi nyika ine mauto yakanyanyisa kupikisa kuratidzira kwakawanda kune runyararo inotyora tsika yakareba yekushivirira kuratidzira kwemhasuru nevarimi vane hasha vane mhirizhonga uye masangano evashandi ane mhirizhonga. Kushivirira Macron, mukutaura, akapomera kutadza kwehurumende dzakapfuura kupasa inodiwa pro-bhizinesi counter-reforms. Sezvingatarisirwa, Macron (uyo anofanira kunge akaraira Mugovera mangwanani kurwiswa zvisina tsarukano, zvechisimba kune varatidziri vasina pfuti vanosvika nekukurumidza kufora kwakarongwa) akapomera vakakuvadzwa: "Zvakaitika nhasi muParis hazvinei nechokuita nerunyararo rwekutsamwa kwechokwadi," akadaro. neMugovera. "Hapana chinoruramisa kurwisa mauto, kuparadza mabhizinesi, angave ega kana eruzhinji, kana kuti vanopfuura kana vatori venhau vanotyisidzirwa, kana kuti Arc de Triomphe yakasvibiswa."[1]
Zvichakadaro, mumatunhu ese eFrance, vanosvika zviuru makumi manomwe neshanu vevaratidziri veYellow Vest (fungidziro yemapurisa) vanga vachivharisa masuo emigwagwa, mharadzano, nenzvimbo dzekutengesera zuva rose - zvese nemhirizhonga shoma uye mvumo yakajairika (75% maererano nesarudzo dzichangoburwa).
Nei iyo 'Silent Majority' yeFrance Inopenga seGehena
Kungofanana nekumukira kwevazhinji kwakangoerekana kwaita nhoroondo yeFrance kudzokera kunguva dzeFeudal, kumukira kweYellow Vest kwakatanga kutsamwiswa nemitero. Muchiitiko ichi, uswa hwakatyora musana wekamera yaive sarudzo yaMacron yekuwedzera mutero pagasi nemafuta eDiesel, izvo zvinokanganisa vanoshandawo zvavo uye vepasi-yepakati vanhu vekuFrance vanovimba nemotokari dzavo kuti vawane chouviri. Vapanduki, vakapfeka mayellow breakdown-safety vest avanosungirwa kuchengeta mumotokari dzavo nehurumende, vange vari mugwara rehondo kwemavhiki matatu. Vachibvisa mapato ese ezvematongerwo enyika, maYellow Vests akaronga pasocial media uye akaita munharaunda. Nhepfenyuro yenhepfenyuro, kunyangwe ichitsoropodza zvakanyanya, yakaparadzira nhau munyika, uye Yellow Vest movement yakapararira muFrance, ichivharira mharadzano, kusefa vatyairi, uye kuungana kuratidza, kuwanda uye nechisimba, neMugovera unoteedzana.
Sei Mugovera? โHandigoni kuramwa mabasa,โ anotsanangura kudaro mumwe mukadzi. โNdiri kurera vana vatatu ndega. Basa rangu, ndizvo zvandasiya. Kuuya neMugovera ndiyo chete nzira yekuti ndiratidze hasha dzangu.โ Madzimai - mareceptionist, madzimai, vanamukoti-aid, vadzidzisi - varipo nehuwandu husingawanzoitiki mumhomho iyi, uye vakashatirwa zvakanyanya kudarika mutero weDiesel.
Kutanga, kusaenzana. Kufanana naTrump, Macron akadonhedza makambani nemamirioni nemitero mikuru, achigadzira gomba mubhajeti raakatsiva nekucheka mumabasa eruzhinji (zvipatara, zvikoro, kufambisa, mapurisa) uye nekuwedzera mutero kune vanhuwo zvavo (kusvika makumi mana muzana). yemari yavanotambira), zviverengero zvikuru zvavo zviri kutamburira zvakaoma kuwana chokurarama nacho uye kupinda muchikwereti. "Tine nzara uye taguta," akadaro Jessica Monnier, makumi maviri nemasere, anoshanda mufekitari yewachi muFrench Alps. Anowana $40, 28 pamwedzi, uye akati: โKana ndangobhadhara zvikwereti zvangu, handina zvokudya zvakakwana. Tinongova nenzara, ndizvo chete.โ[1]
Hasha idzi dzanga dzichiwedzera kubva muChirimo chekupedzisira, makumi mashanuth mhemberero yekumukira kwevashandi-mudzidzi muna 1968, asi akashungurudzika apo Macron akakunda danho nekushanda pamusoro pekuchinja kwake kwe-neo-liberal, pro-bhizinesi kupokana. Kukundwa kwevashandi uku kwakafambiswa nehutungamiriri hweCGT nemamwe mibatanidzwa, yakaita basa rimwechete rakashata mukutengesa kwa1968 kuna de Gaulle. hafu yezana ramakore gare gare vatungamiriri vemubatanidzwa weFrance, vachida kuchengetedza nzvimbo yavo patafura yezvematongerwo enyika (uye pamuhoro wehurumende), vakanzvenga kunetsana kukuru, vakasangana nehurumende seri kwezviitiko, uye vakangopinda munzira yekuramwa mabasa. , achiaparadzira kwemwedzi uye achinetesa vashandi. [Ndokumbira uwone "French Labor's Historical Defeat" yangu http://divergences.be/spip.php?article3348]
Macron anovengwawo nekuda kwekuzvikudza kwake kwechokwadi, achitonga ari ega saLouis XIV, achiisa kuda kwake nezvisungo, achifuratira vanomupikisa uye nekubata vanhuwo zvavo nenzira inonyadzisa uye inovatsamwisa. Nekudzinga maYellow Vests, achizvikudza achiramba kugadzirisa nyaya dzavo, uyezve kuvatsikirira nechisimba zvisinei nemukurumbira wavo, Macron akaburitsa mukaha mukuru uripo pakati pehutongi hwake hwehudzvanyiriri, neo-liberal nehuwandu hwehuwandu hweFrance. MaFrench vakamusarudza muna 2016, murun-off zvichitevera kudonha kwekutanga kwemapato echinyakare eKuruboshwe neKurudyi. Macron yaive yekumisa-gap kudzivirira kusarudzwa kwaMarine LePen weakanyanya-kurudyi, pachena National Front. Haana masimba chaiwo uye haana bato rezvematongerwo enyika kumashure kwake, zvisinei neruzhinji rusina kurongeka rweparamende.
Mugovera uno, varatidziri vakanzwika vachipopotera vanhu veTV paPlace de la Concorde, vakatsamwa nekuonekwa sevapambi nemaune, vachidaidza vezvenhau kuti "Vapambi," "Taida kuuya kuzoratidzira zvakadzikama," akadaro mumwe makumi mashanu eYellow. Vest akabvunzurudzwa neMรฉdiapart. Ndakauya nechitima, chitupa ndaiva nacho muhomwe. Vakatikandira hutsi hunokachidza zvekuti takamhanya setsuro. Akabva aburitsa cartridge yerubber. "Vakatotiridzira maFlash-balls" akawedzera apo vakadzi vaviri vaive pedyo vakagutsurira. "Vandals ndivanaani?"
Mumwe angave muratidziri, Franck, anobva kuSeine-et-Marne iri pedyo, akawedzera kuti: โTauya kuChamps-Elysรฉes mangwanani ano uye pataedza kusvika panopindwa napo, takabva taputirwa negasi rinobvarura, 300 metres. pamberi nzvimbo dzekutarisa." Nehasha, anopfira "Macron anopisa vanhu vake saBashar el-Assad!"
Maritรฉ, akaenda pamudyandigere kubva kumasabhabhu, akaramba achidzokorora kakawanda kuti: "Ndinoreurura pamberi peCGT kuti ndakavhotera Macron, uye ndinokumbira ruregerero." Ashanda kwemakore 42, murume wake 44; pamwe chete pamudyandigere wavo unosvika kumadhora matatu, mazana maviri pamwedzi uye hasha dzavo dzakadzama. Mumwe mukadzi anonzi Morgane anozevezera nemeno akarumanisa mutsara wakanzwika muFrance yese kubva pakatanga musangano uyu: โMarie-Antoinette aigara pamusoro penguruve nguva yeChimurenga isati yatanga zvakare. Uye vakagura musoro wake. โ[3]
Chaishamisa pakuputika kukuru kwemusi weMugovera uyu mumigwagwa yeParis kwaive kusanganisa kwakaitika kweYellow Vests nekuratidzira kwakarongwa kwakarongwa neCGT nemamwe masangano pamwe nevechikadzi. MeToo kufamba, kufamba kweLGBT. Saka chiitiko chakagadzira nhaurirano yekutanga pakati penhengo dzemafambiro akasiyana aya akaitika pasi pemakore egasi remisodzi sezvo varatidziri vakasiyana, vakadzingwa kubva munzvimbo yeChamps-Elysรฉes nemapurisa, vakadzungaira nemumigwagwa isina chinhu.
Kutanga. Vanhu veFrance vakatsamwa vakamirira Chirimo chese "kusangana" kwakavimbiswa kwemasangano akasiyana-siyana evadzidzi nevashandi vakabatana vachipokana neMacron's reactionary anti-reforms idzo vatungamiriri vasina kumboronga, vachisiya mapoka akasiyana evanorova ari ega.
Yakakurumbira Risings, Elite Kuzvidza
Makirasi echiFrench ane mukurumbira ane ndangariro dzenguva refu, uye anoita seasina kukanganiswa nekudzikisirwa kwevadzidzi kwepanguva yeChimurenga cheFrance cha1789 nevatsivi vayo sekuputika kusina maturo kwemhirizhonga yakakurumbira iyo isingadzivisiki yakatungamirira kuhudzvanyiriri hweropa. Morgane anoziva zvese zvaanoda kuziva nezve guillotine. Maererano naGรฉrard Noiriel, munyori wenhoroondo huru yeFrance โkubva pasi,โ โMavara Eyellow anovhara migwagwa mikuru uye achiramba kubatanidzwa nemapato ezvematongerwo enyika atora, nenzira yakavhiringidzika, tsika ye Sans-culottes ya1792-93, varwi vevagari vemuna Kukadzi 1848, maCommunards a1870-71 uye vanarcho-syndicalists veMakore Emabiko."[4]
Chokwadi, tsika idzi dzinodzokera kumashure kare, kunguva yeFeudal, nekumukirana kwayo nguva nenguva kwevarimi vachipisa chateaux yevaridzi uye mhirizhonga yemumaguta vachitora maguta. Chii chakachinja mukupera kwe18th Century France yaive kuvandudzwa kwemigwagwa uye sevhisi yetsamba, izvo zvakagonesa shanduko yeMakomiti eKunyorerana kuronga uye kuronga kusagutsikana padanho renyika. Nhasi, Internet pasocial network uye network nhau dzinotamba zvakafanana munguva chaiyo.
Sezvinoita kumukirana kweYellow Vest nhasi, kumukirana kwese uku kwaimbove kuri pamusoro pemitero yakawandisa isina kunaka, senge Chegumi ye10% (yakatemerwa neChechi yeKatorike yakapfuma kune varombo), veumambo Gabelle mutero pamunyu (unodikanwa paupenyu uye kuchengetedza chikafu) uye Corvรฉe (mazuva ebasa remahara ane chikwereti kumuridzi wemba anokudzwa, Chechi nehurumende.) Kunyange zvazvo zvaiva zvechisimba, izvi zvinongoerekana zvaitika, zvakazvironga zvakazoguma zvakatungamirira kuhurumende yedemokrasi, Kodzero dzeMunhu, dzidzo yepanyika yepachena, nezvimwewo (zvose zviri mungozi nhasi)
Imwe dhinominati yakafanana pakati peYellow Vests uye nhoroondo yakakurumbira mafambiro ndeyekuzvidzwa kwepasirese kwavaiitwa (vari) kubatwa nemakirasi eFrance evakuru: vehumambo, vanokudzwa, vafundisi vepamusoro, vanyori venhoroondo dzepamutemo, uye nhasi vezvenhau uye hutungamiriri hwemibatanidzwa nemapato eKuruboshwe, vakabatana nekugadzwa uye vari chikamu chakakosha cheicho chinonzi neFrench "boka rezvematongerwo enyika."
Hazvina zvakawanda zvachinja kubva Old Regime. Ipapo, vakuru vakanyomba vaidaidza chero murombo sa "Jacques Bonhomme" (Goodfellow Jack), uye kumukira kwavo kwechisimba sa "Jacqueries." Munenge muna 1360 munyori wenhoroondo weFrance anoremekedzwa Jean Froissart akashuma, kuti: โAva vanhu vakaipa vakaungana pamwe chete vasina mutungamiriri uye vasina zvombo vakanga vachiba nokupisa chinhu chiri chose uye vachiuraya pasina tsitsi uye pasina ngoni, sembwa dzine hasha. Vakagadza mambo pakati pavo, akanga akanyanya kuipa; uye mambo uyu vakamudaidza kuti Jacques Bonhomme.
Kusarura kwekirasi. Kutaura zvazviri, anodaro Noiriel, dura renhoroondo rinoratidza varimi vakasarudzwa semutauriri wavo Guillaume Carle, anozivikanwa kuva โmunhu anofunga zvakanaka uye anotaura zvakanaka.โ
Saizvozvowo, kwemavhiki matatu hurumende, vezvenhau, uye kunyange Kuruboshwe (mapato uye mibatanidzwa) vave vachiedza kuratidza Yellow Vests semitsipa mitsvuku uye / kana vandals, vachideredza kutsamwa kwavo kwakazara kune nyaya yemitero yegesi. Pane imwe nhepfenyuro yeTV, mutori wenhau akaramba achiedza kuita kuti Yellow Vest iri kubvunzurudzwa itaure kuti yaipandukira mitero, asi mukadzi wacho akaramba achidzokorora kakawanda kuti: โTaneta kusvika paburi rembongoro,โ โTakazvipedza. kudhongi," "Zvese."[5]
Kuruboshwe kwakarongeka kwakaratidza kunzwira tsitsi kudiki uku, kuzvironga, kuzvitonga (kunyangwe amorphous) kumukira kwevanhu vakapererwa uye vakashatirwa vepasi vepakati avo, nekuda kweruzivo rwenguva refu, vanoramba hutongi hwemubatanidzwa nevatungamiriri vebato. Uyezve, vanogara munzvimbo dzisina munhu akambonzwa uye kuimba Marseillaise (pakutanga rwiyo rwechimurenga, asi ndiani anoyeuka?) Uyezve, vara rokuti "Yellow" raishandiswa kumirira "mibatanidzwa yeganda." Saka masangano emubatanidzwa nemapato eKuruboshwe, semazuva ese akapindirana mukurwa pakati peumwe neumwe, pachinzvimbo chekutsigira Yellow Vests 'kurwira Macron uye nekupa hutungamiriri nemuenzaniso, vakasiya munda wakavhurika kune Kurudyi. Vanhu vaLePen (vakasanganisirwawo mumakakatanwa emukati) vakaedza kufambisa mafambiro uye vakaita zvishoma, sezvakaita Melanchon.
France in Crisis?
Hegemonic Balance Sheet:
Mutungamiriri anozvitonga asina bato kana mvumo. Mhomho yevanhu vaishevedzera kuti asiye basa. Chiverengero chavanhu chakaderera chakatsamwa pamusoro pokusaenzana kuri kuwedzera kwoupfumi munyika yakapfuma uye kusaitira hanya kwehurumende kunhamo yavo. Kirasi yevashandi vehurumende vakarongeka uye vashandi vemubatanidzwa vachiri kunzva maronda avo uye kubhadhara mabhiri avo mushure mekutadza kuvharidzira kupikisa kweMutungamiriri weChirimo chekupedzisira.
Mapato echinyakare - Kuruboshwe (Socialists, etc.) neKurudyi (Gaullists etc.) - ayo akachinjana musimba kubva pakupera kweWWII akaderera uye akanyura. Mapato eKuruboshwe (Melanchon, Trotskyists akasiyana, nezvimwewo) uye Kurudyi (iyo yaimbova National Front) vakabatikana zvakanyanya nekurwa kwemukati kuti vatore chero basa rakakosha.
Nhepfenyuro dzine simba, dzinoshanda dzinodzorwa nezvido zvemabhizimisi makuru asi dzichionekwa nekufungirwa neruzhinji rwevanhu.
Itsva-itsva "isina mutungamiriri" inongoerekana yasangana nesocial media, "ichiwana nzira yayo nekufamba," zvakanyanya kana zvishoma yakadzika munhoroondo refu yekumukira uye kurwira, kuwana vatungamiriri vayo ("vanofunga vakanaka, vanotaura vakanaka" senge. yekare Guillaume Carle), ichiburitsa mazano ayo ekugadzirisazve nzanga.
Heano maviri ekupedzisira mazano anouya kubva kuYero Vests uye akakweretwa kubva munhoroondo ye18th Century French Revolution. Chekutanga, kudanwa kwerudzi rwedemocracy constituent assembly. Chechipiri, kusikwa kwe Cahiers de dolรฉances (Mabhuku eChichemo) seaya ari muna 1788 achinyora zvichemo zvevanhu zvese nemhinduro dzakarongwa. Mazano maviri makuru. Isu tinogona chete kutarisira kuti kana tichipihwa hunyoro hwehunyoro hweboka rezvematongerwo enyika reFrance, kurerukirwa kwesocial media yekuzvironga, uye chishuwo chekuda ruremekedzo uye democracy yekutora chikamu inopinzwa mukumukira kwenhoroondo kuchangobva kuitika, chimwe chinhu chakanaka chinogona kubva mazviri.
Zvichakadaro, hezvino zvidimbu kubva ku2018 Yellow Vest Grievance list[6]:
Hapana akasara asina pokugara.
- Pedzisa mutemo wekuomesera. Dzima chimbadzo pachikwereti chisiri pamutemo. Usaterere varombo kuti vadzorere, tsvaga 85 bhiriyoni yeEuro yekubiridzira kwemari isina kuunganidzwa.
- Gadzira gwara rechokwadi rekubatanidza, nemutauro wechiFrench, nhoroondo uye zvidzidzo zvemagariro kune vanobva kune dzimwe nyika.
- Minimum muhoro โฌ1500 pamwedzi
- Ropafadzo guta nemusha nzvimbo. Rega kuvaka nzvimbo huru dzekutenga.
- Zvimwe zvinofambira mberi mutero wemari.
- Makambani makuru seMac Donald's, Google, Amazon neCarrefour anofanirwa kubhadhara mutero wakakura, uye vadiki mhizha mitero yakaderera.
[1] https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/01/world/europe/france-yellow-vests-protests-macron.html
[2] https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/28/opinion/france-protests-yellow-vests.html
[3] Zvinyorwa zvakaturikirwa kubva https://www.mediapart.fr/journal/france/011218/les-gilets-jaunes-debordent-dans-les-rues-de-paris
[4] https://noiriel.wordpress.com/2018/11/21/les-gilets-jaunes-et-les-lecons-de-lhistoire/
[5] ยซ pa en a ras le cul ยป , ยซ ras le cul ยป, ยซ ras le bol gรฉnรฉralisรฉโ BFM-TV, Nov.17, yakashumwa muna https://noiriel.wordpress.com/2018/11/21/les-gilets-jaunes-et-les-lecons-de-lhistoire/
[6] https://aplutsoc.org/2018/12/01/la-methode-des-cahiers-de-doleances-par-robert-duguet/ huru refu list
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