Mitemo yeWashington - Nzira yeAmerica kuHondo Yechigarire. Andrew J. Bacevich. Metropolitan Books, Henry Holt uye Kambani, New York. 2010.
Andrew Bacevich akanyora rimwe bhuku rine chiremera uye rakanyorwa zvakanaka richiongorora mauto eUS uye simba rayo kuUnited States. Kunyora kwake - pano senge nemabasa ake ekutanga [1] - zvinotsamwisa, zvinonetsa, zvakanyatsotsvagirwa, zvinodzidzisa, uye zvine musoro kupokana. Mumwe chete munhu akanyatsozadzwa neruremekedzo rwehutungamiriri hweUS hutongi hwepasirese uye kusaziva zviitiko zvakawanda zvakakosha mukati menguva pfupi yapfuura uye zvazvino zvekunze zveUS angangokwanisa kufuratira mharidzo uye kukakavara kwaBacevich pamusoro pemutemo wekune dzimwe nyika weUS uye mauto eUS.
Iri basa razvino, Washington Mitemo, ine zita rakakodzera uye rakanangana nedingindira guru rekuti 'Washington' - masangano ezvematongerwo enyika nemauto ehurumende yeUS - ane mutoro uye ndiyo chete nyika inokwanisa kuchengetedza runyararo rwepasirese kuburikidza nehutungamiriri hwepasirese uye nzira chete yekuita izvi kuburikidza. simba rehondo. Izvi zvinotungamirira ku "utatu" weBacevich: kuvapo kwemauto epasi rose, kuratidzira simba repasi rose, uye kupindira kwepasi rose. Nzira yeutatu uhwu inotora kuburikidza nehurumende dzakatevedzana kubva kuEisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson, Nixon kuenda kuBush, Clinton, uye Bush yakawanda inoratidza kuti haisi yeDemocratic kana yeRepublican yakanaka asi inzvimbo yehurumende yehurongwa iyo vatungamiriri vese vakatenga. kuna uye kusanganisira Obama. Vezvenhau vanopa vatungamiri se "... Mutongi, mutungamiri anowanzova mashoma kupfuura nzira iyo simba rinoshandiswa nayo."
Zvirokwazvo kwave nekusiyana kwemaitiro, kubvumidzwa kwemazano uye nzira, shanduko muzvimiro nemidziyo, asi iyo yakanyanyisa "American credo yehutungamiriri hwepasi rose uye hutatu hunoyera hwechiuto cheUS - pira United States kune izvo zviri kuitika mamiriro ezvinhu edambudziko rekuchengetedzwa kwenyika zvachose. " Dambudziko rechigarire iri, rakasimudzirwa kutanga nekurwisa communism uye iko zvino nekurwisa hugandanga, utatu uhwu, zano iri "rapinza United States mumamiriro ehondo isingaperi."
Sezvineiwo, nekubatikana kudaro, "uku kuvimba nesimba remauto kunopa zvikonzero zvekuti United States irege kubatanidzwa zvakanyanya" zvichiita kuti "zvisave nechikonzero chekutarisira izvo zvingafungwa nevamwe kana kufunga kuti zvavanoshuvira zvingasiyana sei neyedu." Izvi zvinotungamirirawo ku "chikonzero chekudzivisa kubatanidzwa kwakakomba" kusvika pakuti "vagari veUnited States vakarasikirwa nekukwanisa kubvunza mibvunzo yekutanga pamusoro pezvakakosha zvekuchengetedzwa kwenyika."
Mashoko aya, anobva kumukuru wemauto eUS akasiya basa uyo akazvipa mhosva yekuzvidzidzisa pamusoro pemisiyano yaakaona mushure mekudonha kweRusvingo rweBerlin, imhosva ine simba yemauto eUS, ezvematongerwo enyika, uye ehupfumi anobvumidza nyika. yehondo isingaperi uchiregeredza matambudziko kumba, "Kugadzirisa Iraq kana Afghanistan kunopedzisira kwave kutora pamberi pekugadzirisa Cleveland neDetroit." Dzidzo inova chikamu chemhinduro sekuti "Apo vanhu vekuAmerica vakaratidza kuda kuita zvakakomba nevamwe, zvakasanganiswa nehushingi hwekuzvibata zvakakomba, ipapo dzidzo yechokwadi ingangotanga."
MaPresident ose
Mushure memashoko ekutanga aya, Bacevich anotora muverengi pakushanya kuburikidza nezviitiko zvakatanhamara zvemutemo wekunze weU.
Kutanga naEisenhower, mutsara wepasi wakagadzirirwa paradigm yehutongi hwepasirese kuburikidza nezviitiko zvakavanda kubva kuCIA pasi pekudzidziswa kwaAllen Dulles, uye zviitiko zvakawandisa nekutanga kweStrategic Air Command (SAC), pasi pekudzidziswa kwaGeneral Curtis. LeMay. 'Kubudirira' kweCIA kwaisanganisira kupidigura hurumende yeMossadegh yebumbiro remitemo muIran muna 1953 [2] uye CIA yakakurudzira coup yakapidigura hurumende yakasarudzwa nedemocracy yaJacobo Arbenz Guaman muGuatemala. [3] Kubudirira kwaLeMay kwaive kusikwa kwesimba guru renyukireya remabhomba raakapa hurongwa hwehondo, achinetsekana nemitengo senge Congress, "SAC yakashanda sechirongwa chekusimudzira hupfumi."
Vese vari vaviri vaive nechinangwa chekukunda dambudziko rekuchengetedzwa kwenyika raiuya recommunism. Nepo Dulles naLemay “vakapupurira tariro [yavo] yokudzivisa kurwisana neSoviet Union, mumwe nomumwe akasimudzira miitiro yomufambiro yakawedzera ngozi yekurwisana kwakadaro.”
Kufamba kubva kuVietnam
Kubva pachigadziko ichocho Bacevich inoshanda mberi munguva. Makore eKennedy akaona Cuba neVietnam, zviitiko zviviri zvakakosha zvakasimbisa kuomerera kweUS kune 'utatu' hwezvinhu zvepasi rose. Yakaonawo kuvandudzwa kwe "sangano remagadzirirwo enyukireya" avo vaive "Kutengeserana mujargon yakanyengedzwa sehuremu" ichigadzira "dhizaini ruzhinji rwekuvhiringidza twidhi." Hapana zvakawanda zvakachinja ipapo kunze kwekuti pamwe "twaddle" inoturikidzana nekudzika nekufamba kwenguva.
Vietnam, "hondo yakarwiwa kuti itsigire kubvumirana kweWashington," yakaguma mushure mekunge zvese zvataurwa uye kuitwa seshanduko ye "uto revanhu kuita uto rehunyanzvi," umo "vanoita sarudzo vakawana [ruoko] kushandisa mauto. pamusoro pazvo vanhu veAmerica vakanga vatorerwa pfuma ipi zvayo.”
Aimbove mumiriri weUN uye munyori wehurumende, Madeleine Albright anoshanda sekutarisa kwaBacevich kuratidza kuti mitemo yeWashington "yakagadziridzwa zvizere" kuti iunzwe "mumireniyamu itsva." Anotora mazwi mana akakosha kubva kwaari, maviri anomira pachena ndeanoti, "Chii chinangwa chekuva neuto repamusoro iro raunogara uchitaura nezvaro kana isu tisingakwanise kuishandisa?" uye yakajairika US inodada kuti “… isu tiri America. Isu tiri rudzi runodikanwa. Tinomira takareba. Tinoona zvimwe ... mune ramangwana. "
Bacevich anoona mutauro uyu se "wekunyepedzera ... uye wehumambo" asi achiziva kuti "aive akatendeseka ... uye achitaura manzwiro akagovaniswa zvakanyanya kune vekunze vezvematongerwo enyika." Maonero aya, "pakati pechibvumirano cheWashington ... kutsvaga mibairo yakakwirira kunopa United States simba rekushandisa chero nzira yainoona ichidikanwa," izvo zvinoita kuti, sezvatsanangurwa pakuvamba mubhuku, "kusanduka kwetsika."
Kupinda muGulf
Hutungamiri huri pasi paJimmy Carter hunowanzoonekwa munhau semutungamiri we'runyararo', asi Carter akaita zvinopfuura mugove wake kusundira mberi masimba emauto eU.S. Akasiya mhiko yake yekubvisa mauto muKorea, uye pasi pake. watch, Pentagon “yakatanga kugadzira nzvimbo huru itsva muIndian Ocean pachitsuwa cheBritish cheDiego Garcia, chirongwa chaisanganisira kudzinga vagari vechitsuwa chacho.” Uku kucheneswa kwemadzinza kwechikumbiro cheBritish chekoloni kwakamisa hwaro hombe muIndian Ocean kubva uko iyo US inoona uye inoshanda muMiddle East yese neSouthern Asia.
Kufamba kukuru kwaive kuMiddle East - pane kuramba kuvepo kwemauto mhiri kwemakungwa sezvo Cold War yakatonhora, Carter akatanga kufambisa kweUS adventurism kuMiddle East, achizivisa kuti chero kuedza "nechero simba rekunze kuwana hutongi hwedunhu. "sekurwiswa kwezvinhu zvakakosha zveUnited States of America," "kudzoserwa neimwe nzira inodiwa kusanganisira mauto…. Zvinokosha zvekuchinja kwechiuto izvo Carter akatanga hazvigone kuwedzeredzwa."
Mhiri kwemakungwa mabhesi ekushanda, kukurumidza kutumirwa, 'chaizvo' mauto, uye kukurumidza kukurumidza mauto zvakava tsika itsva, ne "Operation Desert Storm inomiririra[ichi] kuguma kwechirongwa chekuvandudza icho chakange chatora simba revakuru vemauto kubvira Hondo yeVietnam. yakapera." Zvichitevera izvi, kuvharika kweIraq, "kusingatarisirwi" kurwiswa kwe9/11 iyo yakapa itsva Pearl Harbor kune hukama hwenyukireya / mauto ehunyanzvi, ndokuzoteverwa ne "Iraqi Rusununguko", chirevo chekuti "kushandiswa kwakabatana kwesimba reAmerica. yaizobvisa mamiriro ezvinhu anokonzeresa jihadism yechisimba uye kusimbisa kuti Washington inoda kutonga pasi rose yakarasa kubatana uye kuvimbika.
Hondo yakapera
Chikamu chekupedzisira chebhuku chinoongorora huvepo hwemauto huripo hwawedzera mitemo yeWashington kusvika panguva yakaziviswa hondo isingapere. Iyi "Hondo Yakareba", iyo "Hondo yepasi rose pamusoro pehugandanga", mazwi maviri ari kuedza kukanganikwa - pamwe neaBush asingafungidzirwe asi aine chokwadi che "Crusade" - inomiririra nguva apo "hondo yakazaruka yakave mutemo unogamuchirwa. ” Congress pasi pemaDemocrats "yaigara ichivhota mari yaidiwa kuti hondo ienderere mberi, vachiratidza nerunyararo kubvumirana kwavo neWashington." Nepo VaObama vakaratidzira pamusoro pepfungwa inotsvedza yeshanduko asi "vakangoburitsa mhedzisiro yakashanda kusimbisa chimiro," "zvishoma zvinhu zvashanduka" nemitemo yeWashington, kungosimbisa nekuwedzera.
Mapoka maviri akazvipira kune iyi bhizinesi. Kutanga, "Vanhu vekuAmerica kazhinji, vakazvigamuchira kune iyi tarisiro," kunyangwe "kukunda kwakange kwave kusingatsananguriki uye mabhenefiti anowanikwa kune vekuAmerica aive asina kujeka." Boka rechipiri zviri pachena kuti raive mauto pachawo, umo "Mukuru wemauto akange ambosarudza kudzivirira hondo yakarebesa chero zvipi zvingaite zvino akafunga nguva yekunetsana isingaperi," uye "kunyengetedza [chizvarwa chevakuru vakamiririrwa naPatraeus] kuti vaone. kurwisana kwezvombo sebhizimisi rinopera. "
Surge, COIN, uye pekugara kwaObama
Kuvhiya muAfghanistan, (yakafananidzirwa pakuvhiya kweIraq iyo "yakabudirira" chete nehukama pamwe chete nemari yeUS kutenga kubva kune vapanduki veSunni) kwakaratidza kuti "Nekuwedzera kuvepo kwemauto eUS ikoko, mutungamiri wenyika akasimbisa iyo Yenguva refu. Hondo.” Iyo "counter-inurgency campaign" - COIN - kana zvakanyanya "chinangwa chekuuraya" icho chiri kure nekureba - yakava pfungwa itsva yakaunzwa mu "hondo yaObama."
Obama haakwire zviri nyore neBacevich sekuvhiya, "kugona chaiko kuita sarudzo kwakange kwatopfuura kubva mumaoko ake." Mhedzisiro, yakadzokororwa, ndeyekubvumidzwa kwehondo refu, umo "mutungamiri wenyika akarasa mukana wake kuita ongororo yakadzama yenzira yekuchengetedzwa kwenyika yakarongwa mukati memakumi matanhatu emakore apfuura…. mirira rimwe zuva."
dzidzo
Achiziva kuti "hapana magumo mukuona, kunyangwe mamiriro akatanga kuunza mitemo yeWashington asisavepo," kuti "dambudziko rakaiswa rachinja, nepo mhinduro dzakapihwa ... dzinoramba dzakafanana," Bacevich anotsvaga a mhinduro.
Kutanga anodzokera kune credo netrinity express musumo yake. Aya Washington anotonga "Nyoresa purofiti, simba, uye rombo kune runyorwa rurefu rwevachabatsirika: vakasarudzwa uye vakagadzwa vatungamiriri, vatungamiriri vemakambani uye vanomiririra makambani, vamiriri nevakuru vemauto, vabati ... Chitendero chakabatanidzwa nemari nemikana yesimba “zvinoita kuti guta roumambo riri paPotomac ive imwe yenzvimbo dzinokwezva, dzine uori, uye dzinoshatisa zvikurusa pamusoro penyika.” Kana chimiro chikaramba chiripo, ramangwana rine "mauto ari kuhondo nguva dzose uye ...
Neimwe nzira, Bacevich anoona basa reU.S mhando democracy uye rusununguko pane kuzvimanikidza, kugadzira kumba "mubatanidzwa wakakwana" uri mwenje wekuvhenekera uye kuratidza nzira, uye "chero mutemo unotadzisa bhizinesi iro - sehondo yakazaruka inoita - yakarasika uye yakaipa, ” tisingatauri zvinouraya uye zvine ngozi kumusha nokunze.
Anotaura kuti "Hapana humbowo huripo - hapana - kuratidza kuti kuedza kweUS kuchasimudzira chikonzero cherunyararo rwepasirese." Hukuru hwemauto manyepo uye njodzi, uye mauto eUS anofanirwa kunge akamira muUS Kuedza chete kunozobudirira ndekwekuti “U.S. mauto anofanira kubva muPersian Gulf neCentral Asia pakarepo. " Nehurombo mune izvo, "Kubvumirana kweWashington kunoenderera ... nekuti kana ichienderana uye ichisimbisa zvinogamuchirwa zvakafara, kana zvakanyanya kunetsa, zvemagariro echivanhu cheAmerica," chikamu chikuru icho "chisarudzo chemunhu pamusoro pemutoro wakaungana uye kugutsikana nekukurumidza kwenguva refu zvakanaka. kuva.”
Pakupedzisira, "Kana shanduko ichiuya, inofanira kubva kuvanhu." Saka kudiwa kwedzidzo "kutora mabasa ekuva mugari anobatika uye akabatikana - kwanyanya kuoma," kana zvisina kudaro "Pamusoro pemhepo kuputsika kwechikepe kwakamirira."
Mhedziso ine simba, kubva pakanyorwa zvakanaka, basa rakanyatsorongeka. Bacevich ane tambo ine musoro yakabatana mukupokana kwake nezve mauto enzanga yeUS kuburikidza nehurongwa hwekuchengetedza nyika. Kana iri dzidzo, pakutanga inosimuka kubva pakuona zvakakwana kana kupiwa ruzivo rwakakwana rwakarurama (vezvenhau vanocherechedza) zvokuti “dissonance [yakakura] zvikuru kuti irege kufuratira. Nzira inotevera yekutarisana nenhema ... uye yekuparadzanisa kupokana kuri kukanganisa mutemo weU.
Bacevich ane chipo chakanaka.
Jim Miles mudzidzisi wekuCanada uye anogara achipa/munyori wechikamu chemifungo neongororo yemabhuku eThe Palestine Chronicle. Basa raMiles rinoratidzwawo pasi rose kuburikidza nemamwe mawebhusaiti uye nhau zvinyorwa.
[1] ona Andrew J. Bacevich:
Umambo hweAmerica, Harvard University Press (2002);
Iyo New American Militarism, Oxford University Press (2005);
Miganhu Yesimba, Metropolitan Books (2008).
[2] Ona Stephen Kinzer:
Varume vese veShah, John Wiley & Vanakomana (2003);
Kuparadza, Times Books – Henry Holt and Company (2006).
[3] ona Nick Cullather, Nhoroondo Yakavanzika, Stanford University Press (1999) kuti uwane ruzivo rwekupidigura uku.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
dhoneta