Mwedzi miviri yekuratidzira mumigwagwa muBangkok nezviuru zvevapikisi ve "hembe dzvuku" vanopikisa hurumende yaAbhisit Vejajiva vachida sarudzo nyowani uye mhirizhonga yakatevera yakatsanangurwa semhirizhonga yakaipisisa yakambotarisana neThailand munhoroondo yayo yemazuva ano. Yakasiya vanhu vanosvika 88 vafa, mazana akuvara uye pedyo neUS$2 bhiriyoni yezvinhu zvakaparadzwa, nhamba yacho yakaipisisa mumativi ose kupfuura mhirizhonga yekare yezvematongerwe enyika yaOctober 1976 naMay 1992.
Zvakawanda zvekurasikirwa nehupenyu uye kukuvadzwa zvakauya pakati paChivabvu apo mauto akarova zvine utsinye varatidziri vachishandisa mhondi dzakadzidziswa nezvombo zvehondo kutora varatidziri vemumigwagwa vaive vakapakata zvipfuramabwe, matayi anopisa uye mahogi eMolotov. Nehasha, varatidziri vakadzokera shure vakapisa zvivakwa zvinopfuura gumi nemaviri muBangkok kusanganisira Central World, yechipiri pakukura mall muSouth East Asia.
Kuti izvi zvese zvakaitika sei, mune yaiita seimwe yenyika dzakagadzikana dzeAsia, ingano refu uye yakaoma. Kwatova neshanduro dzakawanda, imwe neimwe yakakonzerwa nekufungira zvakaipa kweavo vanozvitaura.
Semunhu wekunze, apedza makore anopfuura gumi achizivisa kubva kuThailand, shanduro yangu yakatwasuka- Mambo akadzika midzi asi achembera arikurwira simba nemunhu ane chishuwo uye ane mutsa uye mhedzisiro inokatyamadza kuzvarwa patsva kwekufamba kwenyika kwakarembera kuruboshwe. Mubvunzo chaiwo wekubvunza iye zvino ndewekuti mwana mutsva achave ane hutano here kana kuti aberekwa?
Masasa Matatu
Iyo nyaya yeThai inonyanya kusanganisira misasa mitatu yezvematongerwo enyika neyemagariro - vechinyakare evakuru, vari kusimukira vevakuru vepamusoro uye varombo vekumaruwa / vemudhorobha.
Musasa wekutanga unomiririrwa neagara achitonga asi akura Mambo Bhumibol Adulyadej uye ane mauto, hurumende, mabhangi oligarchs uye Bangkok-centric mapato ezvematongerwo enyika seDemocrat Party yeMutungamiriri wehurumende Abhisit Vejajiva. Vadyidzani vepedyo veUnited States munguva yeHondo Yemashoko, vanga vachitonga kwezana ramakore rapfuura uye havadi kuti chero ani zvake apikisane nehurongwa hwezvematongerwo enyika, hwehupfumi netsika hwavakaita mumakore apfuura.
Kutarisana navo, kwemakore gumi apfuura kana kupfuura, mubatanidzwa wemabhizinesi, mapoka ematunhu uye ekumaruwa anotungamirwa neane huwori asiwo akangwara uye anoshamisa telecom tycoon Thaksin Shinawatra. Akapinda musimba musarudzo dzemuna 2001 shuviro yake - asati adzingwa munaGunyana 2006 nechisimba nemauto - yaive yekuvaka capitalist yemazuva ano Thailand ine nyika yakasimba seSingapore kana Malaysia. Iye, hongu, aifanira kugara achitamba chinzvimbo chaLee Kuan Yew kana Mahatir Mohammad.
Nekuda kwekutenda mumasangano edemocracy kana maitirwo anoenda, vese vechinyakare nevatsva vepamusoro vangasarudza kutonga pasina kuzvidavirira kana kupikisa kubva kune vanokwikwidza. Hapana kana mumwe wavo - mumwe anomiririra feudal uye zvimwe zvinofarirwa nemakambani- ane rudo rwedemocracy kana zvazvinobatanidza.
Mhuri dzehumambo, dzakatonga Thailand kwemakumi emakore mazhinji ikozvino, dzagara dzichitsigira kana kushandisa mauto coups kuti vawane nzira yavo - hapana asingasviki makumi maviri ekukunda mumakore makumi manomwe nemanomwe apfuura. Nepo apo neapo pave paine mutsauko pakati pehumambo nemauto kazhinji vaviri vacho vakaungana pamwe chete, vachichengeta vese vanokwikwidza kubva pasi pekutamba nemusanganiswa wehunyengeri hwekuzvarwa uye masimba asina kupfeka.
Kunyangwe mudambudziko ririkuenderera mberi semuenzaniso veThai vetsika vepamusoro vakaratidza kushora kwavo tsika dzedemocracy. Muna 2005 apo Thaksin akasarudzwa patsva mukukunda kwakasimba vakatanga kuwana vatsigiri vavo ve "hembe yeyero" kuti varonge kuratidzira kwakashata mumigwagwa vachipokana nehurumende yake uyezve vakatsigira pachena mauto kumupikisa gore raitevera. Vatsigiri vehumambo munhau dzeThai nemasangano everuzhinji vakatopembedza kupandukira Mutungamiriri ane mukurumbira akasarudzwa se "democracy", vachiratidzira pamusoro pekuti mauto eThai pachawo aive asiri ehutongi hwakachena kana hutongi hwegutsaruzhinji.
Asina kugutsikana nezvose izvi, apo mapato aThaksin akakunda sarudzo huru ye2007 zvakare varume vaMambo vakamanikidza vatongi nemamwe masangano kuti vadzivise vakasarudzwa kubva pachigaro, pasi pechikonzero chimwe kana chimwe. "Yellow shirt" mhomho dzevatsigiri vehumambo dzakaparadza zvivako zvakakosha muBangkok uye mukupera kwa2008 vakatovhara nhandare yendege yepasi rose yeBangkok havana kumbopomerwa mhosva.
MuThaksin-phobia yavo, mamonarchist akapedzisira aparadza demokrasi ichangoburwa yeThailand, kunge munhu arikupisa imba yake kuti abvise mbavha yaipinda. Kunyangwe mushure memhirizhonga ichangoburwa muBangkok, vepamusoro vechinyakare vanoita kunge vasina kudzidza chidzidzo uye vanoenderera mberi nekutyorwa kwemitemo yese yedemocracy- nzira inoreva njodzi kuThailand.
Thaksin, parutivi rwake, kunyangwe akasarudzwa 'nedemocracy' neruzhinji rwakakura musarudzo nhatu dzakatevedzana dzenyika kubva 2001, akashandisa masimba nenzira inoshungurudza yehutongi panguva yekutonga kwake. Akaedza kumushora nevezvenhau, akaita "hondo yezvinodhaka" yekunyepedzera yakauraya vanhu vanopfuura mazana maviri nemazana mashanu mukuuraya zvisiri pamutemo uye nemirau yakakombama kuti ienderane nebhizinesi rake nemhuri. Mune mamwe mazwi, kunyangwe iye akatadzirwa zvechokwadi nevakwikwidzi vake vakasimba Thaksin haasi mutongi wedemokarasi.
Humwe hunhu hwechinyakare nevatsva veThai elite vanogovana zvakafanana inyaya yekuti, zvisinei nekupikisa kwavo kwese 'kuitira varombo', vese vane hupfumi hwakawanda husina kukodzera kuchengetedza. Semuenzaniso Mambo weThailand akaverengerwa nemagazini yeForbes muna 2008 semambo akapfuma kwazvo pasi rose uye akakosha kudarika US$37 bhiriyoni. Thaksin Shinawatra, kune rumwe rutivi, akave muzvinabhizinesi akapfuma muThailand mukati memakore asingasviki gumi mukati mekupera kwemakumi masere nemasere kuburikidza nekuona terevhizheni, nharembozha uye setiraiti kutepfenyura monopolies uye kwaari kuti adzokere pachigaro ndicho kiyi yekuchengetedza hupfumi hwakawanikwa nenzira isiriyo.
Kasa yechitatu inobatanidzwa mune zvezvematongerwo enyika zveThai - varombo vekumaruwa nevemudhorobha- kazhinji vanobva kuNorth neNortheast Thailand inoregeredzwa uye ndivo chete vane chekuita mukutanga masangano nemaitiro edemokrasi. Chikumbiro chisingachinji pakati pehembe dzvuku dzakaratidzira muBangkok nguva pfupi yadarika semuenzaniso chaive chekuita sarudzo nyowani, kuremekedza tsika dzegutsaruzhinji uye kudzoreredzwa kweBumbiro reNyika ra1997, iro rakapa masimba akasiyana-siyana kuvagari kuti vatonge vatongi vavo.
Matanho matatu
Iwo makambi matatu anotsanangurwa pamusoro apa vatori vechikamu mumatatu maitiro akafanana, ari kushanda munharaunda yeThai, imwe neimwe ichiwedzera kunetsana munzira yayo.
Maitiro ekutanga anosanganisira kukakavadzana kwakanyanya pakati pemabhizinesi akasiyana siyana, nemapato mazhinji ezvematongerwo enyika eThai ari nhandare yenzvimbo imwe chete kana imwe. Kwemakore gumi kubva pakati pemakore ekuma1980, Thailand yaive imwe yehupfumi hwaikura zvakanyanya pasi rose uye panguva iyoyo makwikwi aya aive emari yemvumo yehurumende zvibvumirano nezvibvumirano- senge Thaksin monopolies akakwanisa kubata kushandisa kubatana kwezvematongerwo enyika.
Muna 1997 zvisinei, apo nhamo yezvemari yeAsia yakaona upfumi hwevakawanda hwaparadzwa chose chose, nhangemutange yacho yakanga iri yokuronga mabhii anotsigirwa nehurumende nokuda kwebhizimisi rakakundikana. Kunyangwe mudambudziko riripo reThai, kuseri kwezviitiko, kune mabhizinesi ane simba anoshanda pabasa, achiwedzera fungidziro pamusoro pezvikonzero zvechokwadi zvevezvematongerwo enyika vanotsigira "democracy" kana "chengetedzo yenyika".
Yechipiri maitiro ekushanda muThailand - kukura kweshuviro sekuzivawo kwekirasi yeThais akajairwa - zvakare nekuda kwekukura kwehupfumi mukati memakumi matatu emakore apfuura. Kubva pakati pemakore makumi masere nyika yaona kupeta kutatu kweavhareji yemari inowanikwa pamunhu. Munguva ino kwakave zvakare neshanduko dzinoshamisa murudzi rwebasa riri kuitwa nevazhinji Thais. Zvichienzaniswa nechizvarwa chakapfuura apo kurima kwaive kurarama kwezvikamu zviviri muzvitatu zvedzimba dziri pasi pezvikamu zviviri kubva muzvishanu zviri kuita basa iri. Kuwedzera kwevashandi mumakore apfuura kwave kuri kunyura musevhisi iri kukura uye zvikamu zveindasitiri zvichikonzera mari iri nani asi zvakare tarisiro yakakwira pakati pevakawanda Thais yechikamu chiri nani chehupfumi hwenyika.
Vakanyanya kurasikirwa nedambudziko rehupfumi rekuAsia muna 1997 vaive vanhu vanobva kuchamhembe-kumabvazuva kweThailand, inzvimbo ine urombo mune zvekurima ine zviratidzo zvakaderera zvemagariro uye nemagariro kwaikonzera kudhura kweThailand kushanya uye maindasitiri ayo. Nhamba huru kwazvo yevashandi vekumaruwa vanoshanda muBangkok - vanofungidzirwa kuti mamirioni matatu vavo- vakarasikirwa nemararamiro, mari yaakachengeta uye mihoro chaiyo.
Zvakare, vaivewo vanhu vamwechete vakabatsirikana zvakanyanya kubva kuThaksin's populist social welfare hurongwa sehurongwa hwekuchengetedza hutano hwepasirese, chikwereti chakachipa kuvarimi uye kudyara mumabhizinesi ekumaruwa, zvese zvaakatangisa panguva yake yekutanga musimba. Ongororo yakaitwa neThailand Development Research Institute inoti Thaksin's '30 baht' yeinishuwarenzi yehutano inosimudza vanhu vanosvika miriyoni pamusoro pehurombo. Uye maererano neUNDP's Human Development Report paThailand ye2009, urombo hwenyika hwakadonha kubva pamakumi maviri nerimwe kusvika pa21 muzana pakati pa8.5 na2000- nguva imwe cheteyo apo Thaksin aive Prime Minister.
Nekudaro, mukupokana kwazvino kweThai, kutsamwa kwehembe dzvuku dzakapfeka vanhu vekumaruwa hakusi chete nekuti vari kunetsekana nekuregedzerwa kwehupfumi hwavakadururirwa naThaksin. Izvo zvakaenzana uye zvakatonyanya zvakadaro nekuti vanonzwa yechinyakare Thai elite vakabata sarudzo dzavo dzezvematongerwo enyika nekuzvidza uye ivo pachavo semapenzi.
Kwagara kuine chigumbu pakati pevaThailand vekuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva pamusoro pevaThai elite muBangkok vachivatarisira pasi netsika uye zvino vatora kubviswa kwaThaksin kubva pachigaro muna 2006 kuburikidza nechisimba chemauto sekurwisa kwavo pachavo.
Chii chinotevera kuThailand?
Nepo panguva ino zvinhu zvakadzikama muBangkok nedzimwe nzvimbo dzeThailand uye hutungamiriri hwehembe dzvuku hwakazvipira kune zviremera, hapana nzira iyo kupokana kwapera. Pane pfungwa yakasimba kwese kwese kuti mumazuva nemwedzi iri kuuya hondo tsvuku neyero ichaenderera mberi uye inogona kutotungamirira kuhondo yevagari vemo yakazara.
Pane zvinhu zvakawanda zvisina kugadziriswa munyika zvekuti runyararo nemagariro zvidzokere nyore. Chekutanga inyaya yekuita sarudzo itsva uyezve pasi pemamiriro api.
Bato reDemocrat reMutungamiriri wehurumende Abhisit Vejajiva harikwanisi kuhwina sarudzo dzenyika rega rega uye saka richaedza kubatirira pamasimba kwenguva yakareba sezvinobvira. Zvichipa kuenderera mberi kukurumbira kwaThaksin uye hukuru hwenhamba yevateveri vake Puea Thai Party iye anotsigira ane chokwadi chekukunda kunyangwe vazhinji vevatungamiriri vavo vachirambidzwa kubva mune zvematongerwo enyika kana kusungwa.
Chechipiri pane nyaya inopokana yekuti bumbiro remutemo ra1997 ridzorerwe here kana kuti kwete, iro rine hutongi hwejekerere munzvimbo zhinji dzeAsia uye rakagadzirwa kuburikidza nekubvunzana kukuru munyika. Bato reDemocrat nevatsigiri varo pakati peve Thai elite vanoda kuti Bumbiro idzva rakatemerwa nehondo yemuna 2006 rienderere mberi sezvo vachinzwa kuti izvi zvine pundutso kwavari.
Ipapo pane mubvunzo wehumambo uye basa rayo muThailand. Iyezvino Mambo Bhumibol Adulyadej anga aripo kweanopfuura makumi matanhatu emakore asi parizvino ari kurwara zvakanyanya. Kufa kwake kungangomutsa hondo yakaoma yekutsivana uye kunyange madzimambo anotya zvino kuti mushure memambo aripo panogona kushaikwa anomutsiva nenzira inogoneka. Zvichakadaro kune zvakare kwete-sa-yakavanzika undercurrent ye republicanism inobuda mukati meiyo tsvuku shati kufamba. Kunyangwe ivo vasina chavakataura vachipokana namambo zvakananga, mahembe matsvuku akarwisa pachena vamwe vepedyo vabatsiri vaMambo saPrivy Councilor general Prem Tinsulananda yekuve kumashure kwe2006 coup against Thaksin.
Kushaikwa kwekumiririrwa kwezvematongerwo enyika kwezvikamu zvakashongedzwa zvenzanga yeThai sevarimi, vashandi, varombo vemumaguta zvakare ichiri dambudziko hombe. Chero ani zvake ari kuongorora huwandu hwemapato ezvematongerwo enyika muThailand parizvino anogona kuona zviri nyore kuti rimwe nerimwe rawo riri pamberi kune rimwe bhizinesi rekutambira kana rimwe uye kazhinji kurudyi pakati.
Thaksin Shinawatra ane-nekuda kwezvikonzero zvezwi rake raakazvipa kune zvakapetwa zvevarombo vekuThailand vekumaruwa nemadhorobha uye akamutsa ruzivo rwekirasi izvo zvino zvavatora kupfuura bhizinesi rake uye zvishuvo zvezvematongerwo enyika.
Pachine basa rakawanda rinofanira kuitwa uye kana hembe dzvuku kufamba rikasajeka pasi pemureza mumwe munguva pfupi, paine yakajeka seti yenguva refu yezvematongerwo enyika uye yehupfumi zvinoda mhedzisiro inogona kuve yakaipa. Vateveri vehembe dzvuku vasingagutsikane vanogona kupedzera simba ravo muzviito zvakasiyana-siyana zvekuparadza uye kunyange hugandanga zvichideredza Thailand netarisiro yavo kuita mhirizhonga ine ropa.
Nekune rimwe divi kana iyi 'dzvuku' maitiro akabatanidza zvinogona nyore kuve hwaro hwebato rakazvimirira rekuruboshwe iro rinopesana nemonarchist uye anti-capitalist panguva imwe chete. Munyika ine nhoroondo refu yekudzvinyirirwa kwechinhu chero chipi zvacho chakasara - kusanganisira magadheni akasiyana-siyana emagariro evanhu uye akajairwa masangano evashandi- bato idzva rekuruboshwe kana mubatanidzwa pasi pehutungamiriri hune hunyanzvi rinogona kushandura nzanga yeThai zvachose.
Satya Sagar mutori wenhau, munyori, mugadziri wevhidhiyo anogara muNew Delhi. Anogona kubatika pa [email inodzivirirwa]
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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