“Muno zvinhu zvakadzikama kana pasina uto kana pfuti. Asi kana vauya, zvinhu zvinonetsa kuno.”
Anodaro Don Tomas Poto, mukuru wekare weNasa Indian mumusha muduku wemakomo weToribio, kumusoro muCordillera Central yeColombia dhipatimendi rekumaodzanyemba kweCauca. Murume mudiki uye akapfava aine nyemwerero yekunyara isingaperi, akange auya kumusha wepakati weToribio nemudhudhudhu kubva kunharaunda yekunze kwaanogara kuti ataure neni nemutori wemifananidzo wangu. Takanga tava kutaura mumba maAlejandra Llano, mushandi wezvemagariro evanhu kubva kuCali anoshanda sechipangamazano panyaya dzemhirizhonga mudzimba kuhurumende yeguta reToribio. Mashoko aDon Tomas anozviratidza, sepakutanga zuva iroro, Toribio akanga agarwa neuto guru remauto neNational Police. Vakazvisimbisa vamene munzvimbo yemusha, ndokuzofefetera mumigwagwa, vachigogodza pamasuo uye vachibvunza vagari vemo. Kupokana kwacho kwainzwika.
Don Tomas paakangotaura mashoko iwayo, pasuo redu pakabva pagogodzwa. Mauto matatu eMapurisa eNyika aivepo, mune kuneta kwakasvibira, akatakura M-16s, mazwi ekuti "ANTI-GUERILLA" akaiswa pamakepisi avo. Mukuru wemujenya akazvizivisa semukuru weSpecial Anti-Guerilla Police ndokubvunza kuti taiitei ikoko. Alejandra akapindura kuti tinoshanda nemaIndia. “Aa, chizvarwa, chakanaka kwazvo,” mukuru mukuru akapindura. "Tinoda kushanda nechikamu chese muhondo yakakosha iyi." Mumwe wepadivi pake akada pasipoti yangu, uye ndakaipfuudza pachikumbaridzo. Sezvaaiiongorora, Alejandra akabvunza mukuru mukuru wacho kuti aizogara kwenguva yakareba sei muToribio.
“Tauya kuzogara,” yakauya mhinduro. “Muzita raMutungamiri Alavro Uribe, tauya kuzounza runyararo mumusha uno!”
Panguva iyoyo chaiyo, ruzha rukuru rwakabuda mumugwagwa usina tara. “¡Buenas tardes!” Alejandra akaerekana ashevedzera kumukuru wemapurisa, achibva andiudza kuti: “Vhara musuo!” Mapurisa akanga achisimudza pfuti akananga kwainzwika ruzha uye kukwenya; ndakazongoerekana ndaona kuti vakanga vava kupiswa nemabhunu. Ndakatambanudza ruoko rwangu kune aive nepassport yangu. Akanditarisa asina chaakataura, asi, zvakandizorodza zvikuru, akachidzorera kwandiri. Ndakavhara gonhi ndokubva tanyura tese pasi pemubhedha, tichigegedzera zvekuda kubvisa tension. Rhythm yekubuda inorira panze inokaruka; vakadaro vachiseka veduwe. Kuvhuvhuta kwainge kwobva mativi ese emba zvino. Don Tomas chete ndiye akaramba achinyemwerera akanyarara.
"Zvakaipa kuti hatina mishonga chaiyo," akandiudza pasi pemubhedha. “Unotora shizha recoca, rimwe hierba alegre, uye rimwe aguardente. Unonwa zvishoma, wogeza nezvasara, uye unogona kutiza chero muvengi upi zvake.
Hongu, zvakaipa kuti hatina, ndakabvuma.
Mushure menguva ingangoita maminetsi gumi nemashanu, ruzha rwakabva rwapera mugomo apo mapurisa nemasoja vaidzingirira mabhunu mumakomo. Pakanga panyarara kwemaminetsi akati kuti, takaona kuti kwakanga kusina ngozi kubuda. Takatanga kufamba tichidzika takananga pakati pemusha. Sezvineiwo, zvairatidza kuti hapana akanga arohwa. Vana vakanga vakarembera mumugwagwa, vachirovera bhora renhabvu mupaki diki kubva panzvimbo yepakati, sekunge hapana chakaitika. Yaiva surreal. “Vanhu vari kuno vakazvijaira,” akadaro Alejandra.
Kana mapurisa nemauto vasipo muToribio, magandanga eColombian Revolutionary Armed Forces (FARC) anochengetedza hupo hwakavhurika mutaundi, achichengeta nzvimbo dzekudyira dzemuno uye achitenderera panzvimbo - sezvanga zvakaita mauto panguva ino. Graffiti kuverenga "MB" inoonekwa pane akati wandei emadziro eToribio-yeBolivarian Movement, iyo FARC's nyowani post-Communist ideological pretension.
Asi zvino waive Gunyana 9, uye husiku hwapfuura Mutungamiri Uribe vaive vaenda paterevhizheni yenyika kunozivisa nezvekurwisa kutsva kwevapanduki-izvo mauto akange adaidza zvinonyadzisa kuti "Operacion Depredador": Operation Pillage.
Masoja akanga ava kugara mumusha uyu akanga asiri vanhu vaitya vandanga ndajaira kubata navo pamikoto yemigwagwa mikuru. Aya sezviri pachena akanga ari mauto e<em>crack akakurumbira, varwi vakaoma muhondo. Vaive hofori, vaine mabiceps makuru uye zvinopenya zvinotyisa. Vainge vakapfeka grease kumeso vakapfeka mabhande eruvara rwaRambo mumusoro. Patakakwira chikomo chekunze kuti tiongorore musha waigara vanhu, ndakatarisa-tarisa ndikashaya kana mota dzavainge vasvika nadzo- zvakabva zvangobuda pachena kuti dzakanga dzisati dzauya nemugwagwa unobva kuCauca's central balley nePanamerican Highway, asi vakafora kwemazuva akati kuti vachiyambuka makomo kubva kumabvazuva. (Mapurisa madiki eNational Police angangove auya munzira kuzosangana navo, sezvo vaitaridzika kunge nyowani.)
Ini ndinoreurura kuti ini handina kutarisa zvakanyanya kuomarara, kazhinji ndichiedza kuvapa nzvimbo yakafara sezvinobvira. Asi mutori wemifananidzo wangu, Maria Anguera, akaramba achiswedera pedyo, achivabvutira zvine hungwaru. Gare gare akandiudza kuti rimwe boka rakanga rakaparadzana navamwe vose munhandare yomusha, risingatauri kuvagari vemo. Akanga akakura kupfuura mamwe, uye mamwe acho akanga ane ganda rakanaka pasi pemafuta ekumeso. Vangave vanga vari mubatanidzwa weUS Green Berets-iyo inoramba Washington inotumirwa munzvimbo dzine mhirizhonga?
Takatenderera mira tichishaya kuti todii. Zvinhu zvaiita sezvisina kuchengetedzeka, asi kwaisazova nechokufambisa kudzika mugomo kusvika mangwanani. Pandakanga ndichifunga nezvezvataizogona kuita, kuputika kuviri kukuru kwakadambura mhepo. Hutsi huviri hwakakwira zvishoma kubva pamativi mana. Mabhunu airwisa zvakare-nguva ino nemabhomba emucherechedzo wepombi.
Zvino ruzhinji rwakanga rwave kutanga kuratidza zviratidzo zvekuvhunduka-kunyangwe vana mupaki vasati vamisa mutambo wavo wenhabvu. Vakadzi, vana uye vanhu vakuru vakabuda pachikwere ndokunomira pasi pemavhavha echivakwa chemanisipala, kana kuti alcaldia. Vakatarisa mauto aimhanya akananga kuhutsi uye achitora nzvimbo dzekurwa mumigwagwa yakapoteredza. Vakatarisa alcaldia, asi zvaive pachena kuti pakanga pasina nzvimbo yakatikwanira isu tese muchivako chidiki-uye chero zvakadaro, kwaive nemasoja ipapo, izvo zvaireva kuti pakanga pasina nzvimbo. Vamwe vedu takambovanda muchechi, iyo yakanga yakapendwa nemifananidzo yairatidza vatungamiriri veIndia vakafira kutenda pamwe chete naKristu neMhandara, uye minyengetero mumutauro weNasa.
Sezvineiwo, mvura yakatanga kunaya, uye varwi nevavhozhokeri vakamboti kurega kwekanguva. Don Tomas akatora mudhudhudhu akadzokera kumba kwake. Alejandra, Maria neni takadzokera kumba kwomumwe mushandi womumusha wataigara naye, ndokurara. Takagadzira sipaghetti nekunwa waini uye takatamba tichitamba maCD e<em>salsa, sezvo kurwisana kwaiitika kwaingonzwika mumucheto memusha wacho. Pakupedzisira, vandaishanda navo vakarara-kuisa matirasi pasi kuti bara rarasika ripinde mumba. Asi ndakaramba ndakamuka, ndichiteerera murima imomo. Kurira kwepfuti mumakomo kwakapfuurira kusvikira usiku.
NHOROONDO PASI PAMOTO
Pakutanga kwezuva, mauto paakazvimisikidza munzvimbo yemusha, Luis Evelio Ipia, mumwe wemakamuri anotungamira Project Nasa, chirongwa chekusimudzira nharaunda, akatigarisa pamberi pebhodhi muhofisi yeboka. padyo nealcaldia) uye akatikwevera nhoroondo yekurwira kuzvitonga kweNasa- kubva pakutanga. Paanotaura, geography uye mamiriro emakakatanwa aripo zvino zvinova pachena.
“Vanhu veNasa vagara vachiramba,” anodaro Luis. "Uye isu tichiri kuramba nhasi."
Pa 200,000, Nasa (inodanwa kuti Paez nevaSpanish, zita richiri kushandiswa kakawanda) ndeimwe yemapoka makuru ezvizvarwa zveColombia. Nhamba huru iri muCauca, asi mazhinji anowanikwawo mumadhipatimendi ari pedyo eValle de Cauca, Huila, Caqueta neTolima.
Guta reToribio rinosanganisira nzvimbo nhatu dzeNasa, kana "resguardos": Toribio (nyika yakatenderedza nzvimbo yemusha), San Francisco neTacueyo. Iwo anodzivirira anoumbwa nevhu rinochengetwa nevanhu, rine masimba echivanhu ari pasi pekuvandudzwa kwebumbiro remitemo muna 1991. Imwe neimwe resguardo inosanganisira akati wandei "veredas," kana misha isina kubatanidzwa, imwe neimwe iine vatungamiriri vechinyakare vayo vanonzi cabildos. Asi tose tinoziva nezvechishamiso chekukurukura kuzvitonga kunochengetedzwa nebumbiro remutemo sezvo musha uri pasi pemauto.
Ipia anotanga nyaya yake ne1542 Mitemo Mitsva yeIndies, yakasimbiswa nekorona yeSpain mukupindura mishumo yehutsinye hwakaitirwa vagari vekuNew Spain, uye yakave hwaro hwekugadzwa kwekutanga resguardos muNueva Grenada ChiSpanish chakadaidza yava kunzi Colombia). "Mitemo yeIndies yakanga yakanaka kwazvo, asi hapana chayaitaura," anodaro Ipia. "Sezvinoita bumbiro nhasi."
Muna 1637, muSpanish wekutanga akasvika panyika yeNasa- achitungamirwa nemukundi Pedro de Anazco, uyo akabva adaidzira kuti maIndia amupe mutero semumiriri wekorona. Paakaita kuti mumwe murume weNasa aurawe nekuramba kuzviisa pasi, amai vemurume uyu vakave murwi wechikadzi akatungamira bato rekupokana neveSpanish. Anozivikanwa saLa Gaitana, akabudirira kubata Anazco, uye akaita kuti aurawe-kutanga kuburitsa maziso ake, nyaya inoenda.
Iyo Ipia inodana yekutanga "kupokana nezvematongerwo enyika" yakabuda muna 1670, pasi paJuan Tama, uyo akakumbira korona yekugadzwa kwevashanu vekutanga veNasa resguardos - inozivikanwa seTerritorio de los Cinco Pueblos. Muna 1701, Toribio, Tacueyo neSan Francisco resguardos dzakavambwa seTerritorio de los Tres Pueblos zvichitevera mushandirapamwe wemutungamiri weNasa Manuel Quilo y Ciclos. Zviremera zvechivanhu zvinozivikanwa se cabildos zvakazotanga kuzivikanwa zviri pamutemo-asi kwete nguva dzose mukuita chaiko, sezvo kubatwa kwevhu kwemaoligarchs eko kwaipinda muresguardos.
Zviremera zvemuno pazvakabuda kubva kuSpain korona muna 1810, izvi zvaimiririra kudzokera kumashure kweNasa, sezvo hutungamiriri hwekuzvitonga hwakafamba kuparadza maresguardos zvachose-nguva ino muzita rekufambira mberi. “Vakataura zvinhu zvakafanana,” anodaro Ipia. "Vanhu veko havagone kuzvitonga, vanotaura mutauro waDhiyabhorosi, nyika dzavo hadzisi kushandiswa."
Sezvo ma<em>hacienda matsva akatangwa panyika dzeNasa, hurongwa hunonzi “terraje” hwakatanga, umo maIndia akapiwa nzvimbo dzokuzvishandira ivo vachichinjana nekubhadhara rendi muchimiro chebasa panzvimbo dzakakura zvikuru dzemushandirwi. Vanova "terrajeros" - vashandi vane chikwereti pane yaimbova nyika yavo.
Mushure mekupedzisira kuhwina simba repakati muna 1820, Simon Bolivar akaraira haciendas kuti abve kubva kune resguardos, uye akaregedza maIndia kubva muchiuto. Muna 1890, Mutemo wechi89 wakadzikwa muBogota, uchidzokorora hunhu hwevadziviriri. Asi, zvakare, iyi mitemo yepamutemo kubva kune zviremera zviri kure haina kukanganisa pasi munyika yeNasa, uko terraje system yakaramba iripo. Muhondo dzemhirizhonga dzeRiberal-Conservative dzezana ramakore rechi 19, macaudillos emuno (kunyanya maConservatives) aigara aine hutongi muCauca kupfuura hurumende yenyika.
Sangano remazuva ano reNasa rekuzvitonga rine midzi yaro mumushandirapamwe wakatangwa muna 1910 naManuel Quintin Lame, terrajero anobva kuPaniquita resguardo akarwa semusoja muhondo ye1899-1903 Chiuru cheMazuva. Quintin Lame akadaidzira chirongwa chekudzoreredza ivhu resguardos uye kupa simba macabildos, pasi pechirevo chekuti "no pago de terraje" -usabhadhare terraje.
Kumukira kweNasa muna 1917 kwakatungamirwa naRame, "La Quintinada," kwainyanya kusava nezvombo, kunosanganisira kugara kwevanhu vakawanda. Yakavewo yakabudirira muchikamu, kudzosa nyika zhinji dzechinyakare pasi pehutongi hweNasa muCauca, Tolima nemadhipatimendi akavakidzana.
Kudzokera shure kwakauya muna 1948, apo Colombia yakapinda zvakare muhondo yevagari vemo-nguva yakaipisisa inozivikanwa seLa Violencia. “Hondo yevagari vemo ya1948 yakanga iri hondo yokutorera zvizvarwa zvemo,” anodaro Ipia. "Kuno kuCauca." Nehondo yakamutsiridzwa muCauca neTolima, boka remauto rainzi Los Pajaros rinotsigirwa neConservatives - mutangiri wemauto emazuva ano - akatanga kurwisa nharaunda dzeko, achidzosera ivhu mumaoko evaridzi vemba. Mukupindura, vazhinji veNasa vakabatana nevarwi veLiberal vakaramba maPajaros uye hudzvanyiriri hwemauto hwakatora masimba muna 1953.
1956 yakaona kunetsana kuzere ropa pakati peNasa guerillas nemauto muTacueyo. Muna 1958 kwakauya mukurumbira wemuno "Quema de Santo Domingo," umo Santo Domingo vereda muTacueyo-apo varidzi veminda neshamwari dzavo dzechiuto vaiitira mhirizhonga munzvimbo dzakapambwa dzeNasa-yakaiswa pamoto nemabhunu ekuIndia. Asi Quintin Lame, wekuTolima, akapokana nehondo yehugandanga, achiyambira kuti maRiberals aisamiririra zvido zveNasa.
Nekudzoka kwehutori hutongi hwejekerere muma1960s, maIndia akasiya kurwisana kwehugandanga ndokutanga kukumbira kuti nyika dzakapambwa dzidzoserwe kuburikidza nehurongwa hutsva hwekuvandudza agrarain - kunyangwe mabhunu echiKomonisiti, anozopedzisira ave FARC, akaramba ari mumaoko.
Muna 1968, Quintin Rame akafa muTolima. Asi chirongwa chake chakamutswa nesangano idzva rakavambwa muna 1971 pagungano raKukadzi muToribio-Regional Indigenous Council yeCauca (CRIC), inomiririra mapoka ese edhipatimendi.
“Vatungamiriri vechechi havana kutombobvumira Quintin Lame kuti avigwe munzvimbo yemakuva echiKristu,” anodaro Ipia. "Asi nzvimbo yechechi yakatanga kuchinja mu'70s, nekubuda kweLiberation Theology." Muna 1975, Padre Alvaro Ulcue, weNasa, akava muprista weToribio. Akatanga kudaidza misangano muVeridas kuti vakurukure nezvekugadzirisa ivhu uye kupa simba macabildos. Pakutanga iyi misangano yaiitwa pakati pousiku kana kuti mumakomo kudzivisa kudzvinyirirwa. Asi munaSeptember 1980, gungano rekutanga rakavhurika rakaitwa muSan Francisco, uye Project Nasa yakatangwa zviri pamutemo—ichitungamirirwa naPadre Alvaro nemacabilds eko, kusanganisira Don Tomas Poto.
Basa rekutanga reProjekti Nasa raive rekugadzira chisungo chebudiriro yedunhu. Ipia inoti: “Kutangwa kwekapitalism ine utsinye, umo migumo inoruramisa nzira—izvi hatidi. Hatidi budiriro inoparadza, semuUS. Tinoda budiriro inobva pahwaro uye inomiririra tsika dzedu pachedu. Isu hatibate nyika senge cpaitalist. Tinozvibata mumweya kuti tiri chikamu chazvo.”
Anondiratidza quote kubva mugwaro reProjekti NASA pachirongwa chebudiriro chinopfupikisa huzivi hwechivanhu ichi:
Nacimos de la tierra, ella nos da de comer y cuando morimos vamos alla, entonces para los indigenas es la madre Tierra y para los ricos es capital
Nyika dzakapambwa dzakatorwa kugadzira "fincas comunitarias" -mapurazi emunharaunda. “Panzvimbo pekuti vapfumi vaendese mukaka wacho kuCali, takaugovera kunzanga,” anorondedzera kudaro Ipia.
Chinetso chinotevera chaive chekupokana nehurongwa hwakadzikama hwehubaba hwakaita kuti demokrasi ive nhando munyika dzeCauca. "Vatengi vakati `vhota nenzira iyi,' uye takaita," anodaro Ipia. "Yakanga isiri sarudzo yevagari vemo." Project Nasa yakatangawo zvirongwa zveNasa-Spanish dzidzo yemitauro miviri, uye kuzvibatsira kwehutano hwehutano hwakavakirwa pamishonga yechinyakare. "Pakave neruzivo rutsva - kuti hazvinyare kuve chizvarwa."
Zvakare, hongu, pakava nekudzokera shure. MunaNovember 1984, Padre Ulcue akaurayiwa muSantander. Hapana akambobatwa nemhosva yekuponda. Gore rakatevera, mushure mekupondwa kwakawanda kwevatungamiriri veNasa, Quintin Lame Armed Movement, kana MAQL, yakabuda. Kunyange zvazvo raionekwa seboka re "guerilla" nehurumende yeColombia, chaizvoizvo rakanga riri boka rekuzvidzivirira rine zvombo.
MAQL yakabvuma kubvisa zvombo muna 1989 pakaitwa musangano weNational Constitutional Assembly nevamiriri veCRIC, uye vakasiya maoko avo zviri pamutemo muchibvumirano neMutungamiri Cesar Gaviria muna Chivabvu 1991 apo bumbiro idzva remutemo rakatanga kushanda.
Asi muna Zvita wegore rimwe chetero, makumi maviri eNasa akaurayiwa paNilo hacienda mudunhu reCaloto, apo varume vaive nepfuti vakaridza pfuti pane imwe nzvimbo isina pfuti. Nyika dziri kutaurwa dzaive minda yekolonial-era resguardo idzo dzanga dzatobvutwa kare, uye idzo maIndia aikumbira hutungamiriri hwekugadzirisa agrarian kuti vatore zita. Vakapona vakati Mapurisa eNyika aive pakati pevapfuti vakahaiwa vakaita mhondi iyi. Zvakare, hapana akatongwa. Magweta maviri akahaiwa neCRIC aiferefeta chiitiko ichi ivo vakapondwa zvisinganzwisisike. “Pakanga pasina kurangwa zvachose,” anodaro Ipia.
Kufambira mberi kunyanguvezvo kwakapfuurira pamberi pezvamatongerwe enyika. Muna 1986, mukupindura kugadziridzwa kwenyika kudzikamisa masimba emagavhuna kumanikidza vamiriri vekanzuru, Movimiento Civico yenzvimbo yakabuda, ichitungamira vamiriri vaive vasiri mapato epamutemo. Muna 1995, meya wekutanga anotsigirwa nezvizvarwa, Gilberto Muñoz (chaizvoizvo mestizo, asi mutsigiri wechikonzero cheNasa), akasarudzwa muToribio. Meya wekutanga weNasa, Ezekiel Vitonas, akasarudzwa muna 1998, uye anogara ari Meya Gabriel Pavi ndiye Nasa zvakare.
Muna 2000, Floro Alberto Tunubala, muIndia wekuGuambiano anobva kuSilvia resguardo achitsigirwa neCRIC, akasarudzwa gavhuna weCauca netikiti yeboka idzva risina kubatana nemapato echinyakare, Bloque Social Alternativa. Bloque yakatanga kuungana kuti igadzire imwe yerudzi rwechinzvimbo cheKuronga Colombia, uye inomiririra masangano akati wandei emuIndia nema campesino, kusanganisira boka raTunubala, Indigenous Authorities yeColombia (AICO). Sarudzo yake, chiitiko chisati chamboitika chaive chisingafungidzike makore gumi apfuura, chaive chikamu chemaitiro edunhu, semapazi akavakidzana eTolima, Huila, Nariô, Caqueta nePutumayo ese magavhuna akasarudzwa kubva kumapato akazvimirira ezvematongerwo enyika, mune zvakazozivikanwa se. iyo "Mubatanidzwa weSouth."
Pamusoro pezvo, maresguardos akatanga kugadzira hurumende dzawo dzakafanana pasi pekuvandudzwa kwebumbiro remutemo ra1991. Imwe neimwe yeguta reToribio's 62 veredas ine cabildo, uye matatu ekuchengetedza maneja imwe neimwe ine gavhuna. (Don Tomas Poto ndiye aimbova gavhuna weSan Francisco resguardo.) The cabildos inoumba Premanent Assembly kune imwe neimwe resguardo, ine makomisheni ehutano, dzidzo, hupfumi uye tsika. Ipia inoti basa rePermanent Assemblies nderekuita kuti hupenyu huenderere mberi pazvidziviriro uye kumisa kubuda kwevanhu mumaguta. "Kana vanhu vachienda kuCali, havadzoke," anodaro.
Project Nasa yakange iinewo yayo micro-transmitter, Radio Nasa, kubva 1996, iyo inotepfenyura mumanisipala yese.
Project NASA yave chikamu che network yehutongi hwechivanhu hunosvika padanho renyika. Iyo Project inhengo yesangano reAssociation of Indigenous Cabildos yekuNorth yeCauca (ACIN), inomiririra 16 cabildos, uye inozivikanwawo seCxab Wala Kiwe ("Territory of the Great People" mumutauro weNasa). ACIN, zvakare, chikamu cheCRIC, inova chikamu cheNational Indigenous Organisation yeColombia, kana ONIC, yakavambwa muna 1980 kumiririra ese madzinza makumi masere nemana eColombia.
“Pavanotaura nezveColombia, vanotaura nezvekutengesa zvinodhaka, vanotaura nezvehondo nechisimba,” anodaro Ipia. "Havataure nezvehurongwa hutsva hwezvematongerwo enyika hwatiri kuvaka."
AKABATWA PAKATI OSE MASIDE
“Hatidi kubatanidzwa muhondo,” anodaro Luis Ipia. Asi hapana divi murwisano rinoratidzika kuva rinoremekedza ichi chishuvo.
National Police station muTorbio iri matongo kubva pakarwiswa guerilla musi waChikunguru 11, 2002, umo mabhomba anopfuura zana akakandwa. Ipia sys kuti dzimba makumi mashanu dzakakuvadzwa mukurwiswa, 100 dzakaparadzwa zvachose, uye mwana mumwechete weNasa akaurayiwa-pamwe chete nemabhunu mazhinji. "Isu tinopikisa kuivaka patsva, nekuti zvinongokoka kumwe kurwiswa," anodaro, "uye kuunza kufa kwakawanda munharaunda yedu."
Nyika dzeNasa dzakatoona kufa kwakawanda mumakore achangopfuura. Mu'70s uye '80s, vangangoita zana veNasa vakaurayiwa kuchamhembe kweCauca mumhirizhonga yemukati pakati pevatsigiri veCRIC neCommunist Party. Vamwe mazana matatu vakaurayiwa mukuuraya kwakanangana kubva CRIC yakavambwa muna 100 nemapoka matatu makuru ane zvombo - mauto, mapurisa nemabhunu. "Uye vatungamiriri chete," anodaro Ipia. “Ropa rakawanda rakateurwa panyika ino.
Mukupindura mhirizhonga iri kukura muna 2001, iyo Nasa yakamisa Guardia Indigena, nharaunda yakangwarira uye yekuzvidzivirira kufamba. Vereda yega yega ine vachengeti gumi, vasina zvombo kunze kwechinyakare baston (vashandi), uye vanotaurirana kuburikidza newalkie-talkie. Vakadzi uye kunyangwe vana vanotora chikamu muGuardia, uye nharaunda yese yevereda inogona kuunganidzwa kuti igadzirise dambudziko. Clara Inez Vitonas, mumwe mukadzi weNasa uyo akashanda neGuardia anoti: “Kana varwi vacho vakatora jaya, tose tinoenda kunorwisana navo tovarayira kuti vadzoke.”
Sezvineiwo, mabhunu ane rekodhi iri nani pane yemauto kana mauto ari munzvimbo dzeNasa. Clara anoti muna 2001 mukoma wake Jose Diego Vitonas akaurayiwa nemabhunu achipomerwa mhosva yekubatanidzwa kwemauto. Anoti vatsigiri veBato reLiberal vanoparadzira makuhwa kuitira kuti atariswe. “Kumauto, tiri magandanga, uye kumagandanga tiri varwi,” anodaro achisiya basa.
Clara anoti zvakare gore rino muSan Francisco resguardo, mukomana ane makore gumi nemanomwe akaurayiwa nemabhunu pamberi paamai vake nekuda kwekuraswa. Alejandra Llano anotsanangura kuti zviito zvakadaro zvinobvira sei: “Aichimbova magandanga ane mashoko, ayo anotya kuti angawira mumaoko asiri iwo. Handisi kuzvipembedza, asi ivo vane pfungwa dzavo. "
Tichitaura tiri mumahofisi eProject Nasa, mapurisa eNational Police, achitsigirwa nemauto, anga apinda mualcaldia iri pedyo, achida kutaura nasabhuku. “Aka hakasi kekutanga izvi zvichiitika,” anodaro Ipia. "Mapurisa eNyika anopinda nechisimba mualcaldia-zvino mabhunu anotipomera kutaura nemapurisa. Uye vanotiuraya nekuda kwaizvozvo. "
Pakati pevatungamiriri veNasa vane mukurumbira vakaurayiwa nemabhunu ndiCristobal Secue-muvambi weProjekti Nasa, muvambi uye aimbove mutungamiri weCRIC, uye aimbove mutungamiri weACIN. Chiso chake zvino chinoshongedza mural muchechi yeToribio, pamwe naPadre Ulcue naQuintin Lame. Akaurayiwa neFARC muna 2001, Ipia anodaro. Pandinobvunza chikonzero nei, ndinoudzwa kuti: “Akavaudza kuti tinozvitonga uye tinozvisarudzira toga.”
Sezvo hondo ichienderera mberi, veNasa vanoramba vachipikisa chirongwa cheUribe's neo-liberal economic programme - kushambadza zviwanikwa, kumhanyira kupinda muFTAA. Ipia inonyanya kunetsekana nemagadzirirwo emakambani emvura zhinji yedunhu. Nzizi mbiri huru dzeColombia, Magdalena neCuaca, dzinowana mabviro adzo muCauca's central massif, uko Colombia cordilleras nhatu dzinoungana, uye kupindira kwemakambani pakutonga kwemvura idzi kwatotanga. Muna 1999, iyo Regional Corporation yeCauca (CRC), iyo yedhipatimendi, yakashambadzira Salvajina hydro-dhamu paRio Cauca kune imwe Bogota-based firm, the Pacific Energy Corporation (EPSA). Ipia inotyira kuti pasi peFTAA, mvura ichabviswa kubva kunyika dzechivanhu ichienda kune zvekurima mubani riri pazasi.
"Isu tinopokana nenyika, asi isu hatitsigire pfungwa kana nzira dzemagandanga," Ipia anodaro. "Vanoda kushandura nyika nemabara, uye handiyo mamiriro edu."
KUZVITUNGAMIRIRA KUSINHU: ZVINOGONA SEI?
Mangwanani, tinomuka mangwanani kuti tibate bhazi rechiva rakapendwa nependi inopenya richidzika mugomo. Imwe nhengo yeGuardia Indigena inoperekedza Maria neni kupfuura panoongororwa varwi paCaloto. Tinoenderera mberi kuCali tiri toga.
Kwapera mazuva mashomanana, ndinodzokera kuCauca—panguva ino kumuzinda wedhipatimendi racho, Popayan, kuti ndinotaura neCRIC pahofisi yavo huru. Popayan iguta rekare rekoloni uko maitiro ekuita maitiro akadzika midzi kusvika nguva pfupi yadarika. Zambuko renguva yekoloni pamusoro peruoko rudiki rweRio Cauca rinotungamira pakati peguta rinozivikanwa munharaunda seBridge of Humility-nekuti maIndia nema campesinos aigara achirambidzwa kuyambuka.
Mapoka masere ezvizvarwa zvemo ave kuumba CRIC: the Nasas of Cauca's northeast mountains; maGuambiano kumaodzanyemba kwakapoteredza Popayan; Kokonuco pedyo negomo refu-refu rePurace; iyo Yanacona yepakati huru; Eperara-Siapirara inoenderana neEmbera pamhenderekedzo yePacific; maIngas mhiri kwemakomo ari muchikamu chidiki cheCauca cheAmazon basin; uye mapoka maduku maviri ayo rimwe nerimwe rinogara mumisha mishomanene bedzi yomumakomo, Totoro nePubenences.
Nharaunda yeNaya iri pedyo negungwa rePacific ndiyo yakanyanya kunetsana mubazi iri. Vagari vanoti vanopfuura mazana maviri vakaurayiwa kana "kunyangarika" ikoko gore rapfuura - maIndia, maAfro-Colombians nemamestizos-kunyanya nemauto (kunyangwe zviremera zvichisimbisa kuuraya makumi mashanu chete). Asi kufambira mberi kune kuzvitonga kunobatsira kunoenderera mberi kunyangwe paine mhirizhonga. Maguta eNasa-Guambiano eSilvia neJambalo avezve nemameya echivanhu, saToribio. Uko mitauro yechivanhu inoramba iripo (iyo yeKokonuco, Pubenences neYanacona yapotsa yarasika), zvirongwa zvekudzidzisa mitauro miviri zviri kutanga.
Jorge Caballero, mestizo anoshanda muCRIC's information department, anga achitevera hutsinye hwekodzero dzevanhu hwakaitirwa zvizvarwa zveCauca kwemakore gumi. Anotenda kuti mamiriro ekusarangwa anoratidza ruoko rwehurumende seri kwekuuraya kwakawanda kunoitwa nemapoka emauto kana varwi vakahaiwa vevaridzi vemba. Anodaidza kuurayiwa kwaPadre Ulcue “imwe yenyaya dzekusarangwa pakati penyaya dzinopfuura mazana matatu munharaunda yeCauca. Humbowo hwese hunoratidza kuti akaurayiwa nevehurumende vehungwaru. "
Anosimbisawo kuti hapana wevatambi vane zvombo muCauca vane maoko akachena. "Mabhunu zvakare ane hutsinye kune veko," anodaro Caballero.
Asi anodudza mienzaniso yakati wandei yekuti kuzvitonga chaiko kunogoneka, kunyangwe kana kutyisidzirwa nemapoka ane utsinye ane zvombo. Muna Chikunguru, paNasa resguardo yePioya mudunhu reCaldono, apo mushandi wezvemagariro eSwitzerland aibatsira maIndia akapambwa nemabhunu, akasunungurwa mazuva gare gare neGuardia Indigena. "Zvakaitwa pasina maoko," Caballero anoshamisika. "Vakanga vakapakata tsvimbo."
Muna Chikumi, apo Meya weSilvia's Guambiano Segundo Tombe akapambwa nemabhunu, akasunungurwawo.
Musi waNyamavhuvhu 20, paGuambiano resguardo yeLa Maria mudunhu rePiendamo - uko vagari veko vakazivisa "Nzvimbo yeKugarapo, Nhaurirano neKukurukurirana" muna 1998-musangano wevechidiki veCauca-wide waiitwa apo FARC yakakanda musangano. mugwagwa uri padyo nePanamerican Highway. “Nharaunda yose yakaungana ndokuvamanikidza kubvisa bhurocha yacho,” Caballero anorondedzera kudaro.
"Nzvimbo dzeCauca dzakashandisa zvombo kare, asi mukuzvidzivirira," anodaro Caballero. "Iye zvino vari kuyedza kushandisa kuzvitonga zvisina pfuti."
Ini ndinonongedza kuti yese mienzaniso yaakataura yaipesana nemabhunu-kwete mauto kana maparamilitaries. Caballero anobvuma kuti kutarisana nemauto edziviriro pamwe nevabatsiri vavo vemauto kunomiririra dambudziko rakakura. "Kurwisa nyika kwakaoma zvakanyanya pasi pehurumende seyatinayo ikozvino," anodaro.
Musi iwoyo, ndakagamuchira e-mail kubva kushamwari dzangu dzaiva kuToribio. Kurwisana pakati pemauto nemabhunu kwakanga kuchienderera mberi ikoko zuva nezuva. Pakanga pasina chiratidzo chekuti mauto neNational Police vaida kubuda.
Kuona nhau dzeTV husiku ihwohwo muPopayan, mifananidzo yaTorbio yakaonekwa pachiratidziri. Mumwe wemapurisa eNational Police akanga andibvunzurudza ipapo akataura nekamera pamberi pematongo ekamba yemapurisa yakaparadzwa, achivimbisa kuti yaizovakwazve. Hapana veNasa vakabvunzurudzwa.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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