Matunhu eKivu, ari kumabvazuva kweDemocratic Republic of the Congo, aive nzvimbo yehondo dzisingaverengeki pakati pemapoka akasiyana-siyana ane zvombo achitsigirwa nevavakidzani vakasiyana veCongo. Kubiridzirwa kwezvicherwa kwakatevera kwakatungamirira kuhondo yekuzvipa mari yekugara. Zvizhinji zvinyorwa zvakanyorwa zvakanaka uye mishumo zvakanyorwa pamusoro pekubiridzirwa kwezvicherwa muCongo panguva yeHondo yechipiri yeCongo (2-1998), uye ini handisi kuzozvitaura kunze kwekungotaura kuti kubva 2003-1998, coltan ndiyo yaidiwa zvakanyanya mu Kongo. Pakatanga Hondo yechipiri yeCongo muna 2001, coltan yaikosha $2 (US) pakirogiramu. Pakazopera gore ra1998, yaikosha kupfuura $20 (US) pakirogiramu imwe chete.2000

Mitengo yakakwira nekuda kwekukwira kuri kuita kudiwa kubva kumaindasitiri ezvemagetsi, kudzivirira, uye neaerospace. Kubva muna 1998-2001, US ndiyo yakanga iri pamusoro penyika inotenga coltan kunze kwenyika. China, yakakurudzirwa nebasa rayo mukugadzira zvinhu zveindasitiri yemagetsi, yakava mutengi mukuru wecoltan muna 2002.2 Coltan yakagadziriswa kuita zvicherwa zvayo zviviri (columbite uye tantalite) uye yakashandiswa zvakanyanya panguva yekutanga kweSony Playstation uye muindasitiri yenharembozha. . Munguva pfupi yapfuura, zvicherwa izvi zvinoshandiswa mukutakurika mp3 vatambi seIPods nemakomputa. 

Hukoshi hwaColtan hwakadzikira nekukurumidza mukupera kwa2001. Zvinoshamisa ndezvokuti US ndiyo yakakonzera kuderera kwemitengo apo Pentagon's Defence Logistics Agency (DLA) yakaburitsa pfuma yavo yainge yawanda pamusika wekutenga muna Zvita 2000. pakuwanikwa kwakaita kuti mutengo wemusika udzikire.3 

Sezvo kucherwa kwecoltan kusisaite pundutso, cassiterite yave iyo inonyanya kudiwa muKivus uye kuCongo ine chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chenzvimbo dzinochengeterwa pasi rose.4 Cassiterite inowanzowanikwa munzvimbo dzine migodhi yakafanana necoltan uye kukosha kwayo kuri muchokwadi. kuti inoburitsa tini mushure mekunyungudutswa. Mitemo mitsva yezvakatipoteredza yakadzikwa muJapan neEuropean Union (EU) muna 2004 yakamanikidza vatengesi vese vane mutobvu kuti vatsiviwa nemarata nekukurumidza, zvichisimudza kudiwa kwayo zvakanyanya nekuti solder inoshandiswa zvakanyanya muindasitiri yemagetsi. Cassiterite zvakare ine maapplication muindasitiri yemotokari uye inogona zvakare kushandiswa sesimbi yekubatisa kudzivirira ngura. Kukura kweChina muchikamu chehupfumi hwemaindasitiri kwakakonzerawo kudiwa kukuru kwemusika wecassiterite.

 Migodhi mikuru yeCassiterite muCongo iri padyo neKasese neKalima mudunhu reManiema, padhuze nedhorobha reWalikale muNorth Kivu Province, uye Kamituga mudunhu reSouth Kivu. Iyo cassiterite ore iri pedyo neWalikale inonyanya kukosha nokuti inosungirirwa nemakemikari kune yakakwirira-giredhi fomu yesimbi inogona kupatsanurwa uye kutengeswa zvakasiyana nevatengesi kune imwe purofiti. Mugodhi unonyanya kukosha muWalikale Territory uri muBisie, iri kuchamhembe kweguta reWakale. Bisie ine madhaimondi, uranium, cobalt, cassiterite, uye bauxite deposits. Kune nzira yemakiromita makumi mana neshanu kubva kuguta reWakale ichipinda Sango reKakalo uko mugodhi unowanikwa uye zvinowanzotora mazuva akati wandei kuti usvike ikoko netsoka. Mushure mekuchera zvicherwa muBisie, vatengesi vanosangana nevanochera zvicherwa mumusha weMubi kuti vaone kukosha kwemumwe nemumwe. 

Chicherwa chinotengwa nevatengi vega kana makambani ane rezinesi. Comptoir ibhizimusi rinotenga zvicherwa zvakacherwa zvakacherwa mumigodhi zvisati zvagadziriswa. Ivowo vanozozvitengesa kumakambani ekugadzira zvicherwa. Imwe neimwe comptoir inowanzo shanda mune imwe kana maviri chaiwo zvicherwa uye vazhinji vevaridzi mumaguta vatorwa, kazhinji veLebanon kana Pakistani dzinza. Vanotengesa zvisiri pamutemo vasina marezinesi ekunze kwenyika vanowanzotenga zvicherwa vobva vaverevedza vachiyambuka muganhu weRwanda netsoka murima.
Kubva kwaMubi, vatengi vehupfumi nevaridzi vemakambani vane zvicherwa vanotakurwa nendege diki dzekuhaya kuenda kuGoma kana Kigali kunokwenenzverwa uye/kana kuendesa kune dzimwe nyika dzinocheneswa.5 Mubi ine nhandare chete yendege inoshanda munzvimbo iyi kunze kweNzovu. Yakashandiswa seyaimbomira ndege panguva yeHondo yechipiri yeCongo kuendesa masoja pakadzika muWalikale Territory. Nzvimbo yeMubi yaimbova mugwagwa unobatanidza Mubi, dhorobha reWalikale, neKisangani, asi yakaderera zvikuru mumakore aitonga Joseph Mobutu, motokari hadzichakwanisi kufamba pairi. Mugwagwa une tara, asi wakazadzwa nemakomba akawanda uye ndege diki dzechaja kana dzinotakura zvinhu dzinogona kumhara ipapo zvakanaka. Mumakore achangopfuura, kwave kune tsaona dzakawanda dzendege mumugwagwa. Kugadzira patsva mugwagwa uyu chinhu chakakosha kuhutungamiriri hwaPresident Joseph Kabila kuitira kuti migodhi iwanikwe zviri nani.

Kune madiki madhipoziti akatenderedza Luwowo muMasisi Territory, asi zvivakwa zvacho hazvina kunaka, zvinogona kungoshandwa nevanochera mugodhi panguva ino. Mataba Hill, zvakare iri muMasisi Territory, ine coltan deposits uye shoma shoma ye cassiterite. Pari zvino, chikomo ichi chizhinji ndechaVaEdouard Mwangachuchu, avo vakavamba kambani inotengesa zvicherwa kunze kwenyika inonzi MHI. Muna 1996, VaMwangachuchu vaive mupoteri muAmerica mushure mekunge vatiza mauto eAlliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo-Zaire (AFDL-CZ) neRwandan Patriotic Army (RPA). Paakadzokera kuCongo, akatanga MHI muna 1998 nemumwe wake webhizimisi; chiremba weAmerica anobva kuBaltimore anonzi Robert Sussman. Vakatenga kodzero dzekushandisa ivhu paMataba Hill kubva kuRally for Congolese Democracy's (RCD)6 Mining Department, vachinzvenga Bazi reMigodhi reCongo. Vakabva vatanga kuhaya vachengeti vakapakata zvombo kuti vachengetedze mari yavo.7

Mugodhi wakavhurika weMumba/Bibatama pedyo neNgungu unoshuviwawo zvikuru. Kune mamwe ma cassiterite akawedzera muPunia, Kalima, uye Lugushwa. Kure kuchamhembe muLubero Territory, Munguredjipa neMuhinga vane ore dzemhando yepamusoro. Dunhu reSouth Kivu rine migodhi midiki yeCassiterite parizvino iri kudzorwa neForces Combattantes Abacunguzi (FOCA),8 maRasta,9 naMai-Mai10 vakaramba kupinda muuto renyika reCongo (FARDC).
Rwanda inoda kutora masimba pamusoro pemigodhi yeWakalikale kuburikidza nemabhizinesi akabatana muCongo. Muna 2004, varume vepakati vaitenga cassiterite yakabiwa uye yakacherwa zvisiri pamutemo kubva kuWalikale Territory voiendesa kuRwanda kuburikidza neGoma. Guta remuganhu weRwanda reGisenyi, riri mhiri kwemuganhu kubva kuGoma, rine chirimwa chekunyungudutsa che<em>cassiterite uye tantalum chinoshandiswa neSouth African Metal Processing Association (MPA). Muna 2004, MPA yakatengesa yakawanda yekasiterite yavo yakanatswa kuMetmar Trading. Metmar aiva nekondirakiti inobhadhara neISCOR (Iron and Steel Association of South Africa), kambani yakazotengwa neMittal Steel. MPA yakaitawo chibvumirano neSociété Aurifère et Industrielle du Kivu et du Maniema (SAKIMA) SARL ye 37 zvibvumirano zvemigodhi.11

MPA yakavambwa naBruce Stride naBrian Christophers. MPA inodyidzana naVaTibere Rujigiro, mutsigiri mukuru wezvemari mubato reRwandan Patriotic Front (RPF). VaRujigiro vanodyidzana naVaNick Watson vekuSouth Africa vanova executive manager weMPA. MPA ndiyo kambani inova vabereki veMining Processing Congo (MPC), inotungamira kutenga cassiterite uye mutengesi kunze kwenyika muGoma.12 Bhuku renhare reDemocratic Republic of the Congo ra2005 rinoronga maneja weMining Processing Congo SPRL saNorbert Friedrich.

KuGoma, MPA ine rimwe divi rinonzi Metal Processing Congo. Metal Processing Congo ndeimwe yemakuru makuru ekutenga macoltan uye cassiterite muKivus. Inowanzo kupfupikiswa seMPC, izvo zvinogona kukonzera nyonganiso pakati peMetal Processing Congo neMining Processing Congo. Bhuku renhare ra2005 rakabva kuDemocratic Republic of the Congo rinoratidza maneja weMetal Processing Congo saIvo Blauwers.

Pari zvino, MPC nekambani inonzi Bangandula Mining Group vari mumatare edzimhosva panyaya yekodzero yekuchera Bisie. MPC ine mvumo yekuongorora kubva kuLand Registry muKinshasa, asi Bangandula ane chibvumirano chekurenda pachibvumirano neSAKIMA SARL. MPC inoti Bisie haasi chikamu chechibvumirano chiri kutorwa neBangandula. Mukuru webhuku remigodhi, Chantal Bashizi, akabvumirana neMPC asi Mwami (mukuru) weko haana kudivi rimwe nerimwe, zvichireva kuti mitemo yechivanhu yekodzero dzemashandisirwo evhu haisati yadzikwa. Mamiriro ezvinhu akawedzera kusvika pakuuraya mushandi weMPC pamusasa wekambani musi wa29 Gumiguru 2006.13.

Panguva iyo MPC yaitarisana nerufu rwemushandi, Bangandula akaedza kutapira chibvumirano ichi nekuvimbisa kubvumira vashandi vemigodhi pamutengo, asi kutarisa kumashure kweBangandula kunoratidza nhoroondo inotambudza. Muna 2005, Bandagula Association inotungamirwa naVaBabuni Motokotoko, VaFikiri Mayani, naNtabo Ntaberi Sheka vakawana mvumo yezvicherwa kubva kugurukota rezvemigodhi kuNorth Kivu, VaEmmanuel Ndimubanzi Ngoroba. Muna Chikumi 2005, vakagadzira Bangandula Company SPRL uye nekukurumidza vakatumira vamiriri vavo kuWalikale Territory kunotora kondirakiti yemugodhi kubva kumhuri yeBassa yevagari. Kondirakiti yakavabvumira kutumira zvicherwa zvakatorwa kubva kuBisie kune vanotenga muGoma, kusanganisira MPC neSodexmines, avo vaifungidzirwa kuva makwikwi.14

Mushure mekusainwa kondirakiti iyi, Bangandula Mining Group yakaumbwa semubatanidzwa pakati peBangandula Company SPRL, Modeste Makabuza's 15 Saphyr Society, Mapatano, pamwe nevemabhizimusi gumi vakazvimirira vanosanganisira Alexis Makabuza, mukoma waModeste. Iye ndiye wekutanga shareholder uye controller wedhiri. SAKIMA (inotungamirwa naAmisi Mudjanahery), nerutsigiro rweGurukota reMari uye (panguva iyoyo) RCD-G Gurukota reEconomy, yakasaina chibvumirano naBangandula chemvumo muWalikale Territory, zvakare vachipfuura Ministry of Mines yeCongo. VaMakabuza vakabva vamisa zvivhariso kubva mudhorobha reWakale kusvika kuHombo ndokumanikidza vashandi vemumigodhi kubhadhara mitero yekuchera zvicherwa. Zvakatonziwo VaMakabuza ndivo vakakonzeresa kufa kwemushandi weMPC nekuti boka reMigodhi rinoshanda pamwe chete neveFARDC vasiri Integrated 10th Brigade kuti vadzore mukana wekupinda mumugodhi uyu, zvichipa muenzaniso vaive vatsigiri vekuRwanda uye vatsigiri veKablia vakazvipira kuita izvi. shandai pamwe chete kana mari yepurofiti yakwira zvakakwana. Varwi kubva ku85th Brigade ndivo vakakonzera kufa kwemushandi weMPC musi wa85 Gumiguru 29.

85th Battalion inoumbwa nevaimbova varwi veMai Mai vakarwa naGeneral Nkundabatware, mukuru weRwanda aitsigirwa nechikwata chemauto eTutsi kuNorth Kivu. Iyo 85th Brigade inoenderera mberi nekudzora kupinda munzvimbo yemugodhi. Masoja aya abira vamwe vashandi vemumigodhi munzvimbo iyi, vakatyisidzira vamwe vatengesi vepamugodhi munzvimbo iyi, vakamisa maroadblocks, kubhadharisa mitero zvisiri pamutemo, vakadzi vanobata chibharo, uye kutambudza varume vakabatwa chibharo kana vakaramba. Vanomanikidzawo vagari veko kuti vavacherere. Izvi zvakadaro zvisinei nekuti Walikale Territorial Administrator Dieudonné Tshishiku uye Provincial Director weNorth Kivu weMigodhi Emmanuel Ndimubaze vazivisa kuti nzvimbo iyi haina kuchengetedzeka uye haikodzeri kucherwa.17 Mugodhi wasakara uri panjodzi huru yekudhirika. 

Uyezve, masoja anotyisidzira vatengesi vanofamba kubva kuBukavu. 85th Battalion masoja akatorwisana pakati pemumwe nemumwe achida kutonga zvachose pamusoro penzvimbo yezvicherwa nehurongwa hwayo hwemitero isiri pamutemo.18 Mukuru weChiuto che85, Colonel Samy Matumo, anoramba mhosva dzese zvisinei nekubvuma kwaColonel Delphin Kahimbi, (panguva iyoyo) Mutevedzeri weMukuru wemauto. 8th Military Region (North Kivu Province).19 Mutungamiri Joseph Kabila neMukuru weVashandi veFARDC, General Kisempia Sungila Lombe, havana chavakaita kuti vabatanidze varume ava muFARDC, uye havana kuedza zvakasimba kumisa kutyorwa kwekodzero dzevanhu kwatekeshera. Chirango chakarekodhwa chete kusungwa kwemusoja we85th Brigade nemhosva yekuuraya munhuwo zvake muguta reWakale.20

Sezvo kukosha kwakaita mugodhi weBisie, mugodhi weLueshe uri muRutshuru Territory (North Kivu Province) unogona kutonyanya kukosha. Mugodhi uyu une dhipoziti yakakosha yepyrochlore. Kemikari yeiyi ore yakasiyana; akawanda mareferensi ezvinyorwa zvemakemikari anoipa zita rayo: "Lueshite."21 Imwe chete nzvimbo inogona kutorwa pyrochlore kubva kuAraxá, Brazil. Musha uyu uri pachibvumirano chemigodhi chiri cheSociété Minière du Kivu (SOMIKIVU). Pane dzimba dzakati wandei dzakavakwa panzvimbo yaigara vashandi venzvimbo iyi.22

Pyrochlore musanganiswa weradioactive unoumbwa nekomboni yeniobium inosungirirwa kumhando yetantalum inonzi microlite. Iyo niobium (inozivikanwawo se columbium) parizvino inodiwa kupfuura chikamu chehanzvadzi yayo. Inonyanya kushandiswa kugadzira simbi inodzivirira kupisa uye magirazi alloys anoshandiswa mumhando dzakasiyana dzekuvaka. Masimbi alloys anoshandiswa zvakanyanya kugadzira mapaipi emafuta uye magirazi alloys anoshandiswa mukugadzirisa lenses emagirazi emaziso. Niobium inoshandiswawo mumagetsi enyukireya, mafuremu emhepo, zvishongo, makemikari ekugadzira michina, magineti resonance mifananidzo (MRI) michina uye magineti makuru. Kana niobium yasanganiswa nesimbi, iyo super-alloy ferroniobium inoumbwa, iyo inoshandiswa mujet injini, roketi musangano, zvikamu zvechoto, mota uye mitumbi yemarori, njanji, zvikepe zvezvikepe, uye turbines zvichienderana nehuwandu hwekuumbwa kweniobium.

Iyo tantalum inoshandiswa kugadzira ma capacitor emagetsi anoshandiswa musero (nhare) nhare, malaptop makomputa, vhidhiyo yemitambo masisitimu, pacemaker, midziyo yekuvhiya, mapeji, mota dzemagetsi, lenzi dzekamera, madhijitari makamera, kamera lenses, global positioning system (GPS), zvemagetsi. capacitors, lithium ion mabhatiri, prosthetics, kuvhiya implants, uye fiber optics. Inogona zvakare kusanganiswa nedzimwe simbi kugadzira zvinodzivirira kupisa makomisheni anoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumajini ejeti, mareactor enyukireya, uye akasiyana mativi emakombi.

Kukosha kwemugodhi weLueshe hachisi chinhu chitsva chakawanikwa. Mumwe aimbova mushandi weNGO wandakabvunzurudza akagumburwa pamugodhi weLueshe kumashure muna 1986 achidzungaira muRutshuru Territory achitsvaga muprista weko. Akandiudza kuti aisaziva kuti mugodhi uripo. Nekuda kuziva zvakawanda nezvenzvimbo iyi isinganzwisisike yemugodhi, akabvumira nyanzvi yezvemigodhi yekuBelgian kuti amuone nzvimbo iyi. Nyanzvi yakatsanangura kuti pyrochlore yakanga ichicherwa niobium yayo, iyo yaishandiswa kugadzira mataira asingapise kupisa paNational Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) space shuttles. Akataura nemanyawi kuti nhandare yendege iri pedyo pamunda wekofi yakashanda senzvimbo yekumhara yemukuru wemauto weNorth American Treaty Organisation (NATO) aipota achishanyira mugodhi uyu. Mushandi wekuBelgian akatsanangurawo zvisina tsarukano kuti mvura yeko yakange yaiswa chepfu nearsenic nekusaziva panguva yekuchera migodhi.
Mukupera kwema1980, mushandi weNGO wandakabvunzurudza aive nechekuita muzvirongwa zvekuvandudza zvivakwa zvakaipisisa muGoma, izvo zvakange zvave kuparara zvachose nekuda kwehutongi hwaPresident Mobutu hwekleptocratic. Guta racho raigara risina magetsi. Sezvingatarisirwa, akafara kuziva kuti tambo yemagetsi yakanga ichivakwa kubva kuBukavu kusvika kuGoma. Zvakatonyanya kufadza nekuti zvanga zvisiri nyore kuona Mutungamiriri Mobutu vachishandisa mari pakugadzira zvivakwa. Sezviri pachena, iyi tambo yemagetsi yakanga ine revo huru kwaari. Hazvina kutora nguva kuziva kuti chaive chii. Isiri nguva refu kuvakwa kwatanga, vagari vomuGoma vakanga vawirwa nenhamo vakaudzwa kuti basa racho rakanga ranonoka kusvika nokusingaperi. Zvakazoitika kuti hurumende yeZairian yakaudza makondirakiti kuti atsause tambo yemagetsi kubva kuGoma uye kuibatanidza kunzvimbo yemugodhi weLueshe panzvimbo.

Lueshe iri pane yaimbova SOMIKIVU chibvumirano chemigodhi chaiva cheboka revashandi veGermany vaisanganisira aimbova maneja weSOMIKIVU, Karl Heinz Albers.23 Somugumisiro wechibvumirano chekuvimba, vashandi veGermany vakaramba vachitonga mabasa eSOMIKIVU. Muna 1982, SOMIKIVU yakagadzirwa semubatanidzwa pakati peNuremburg-based Gesellschaft für Elektrometallurgie (GfE) neHurumende yeZairian. GfE yaive chikamu cheMetalurg Incorporated, kambani ine dzimbahwe muNew York. VaAlbers vakatanga kuwana kodzero dzevazhinji dzekuchera nzvimbo yeLueshe kuburikidza nekubatana pakati peMetalurg Incorporated neSOMIKIVU, iyo yakapa 70% yezvikamu muSOMIKIVU kuGfE apo 20% yaiva yeHurumende yeZaire. Coffimines, uye Sobaki (yakavakirwa muBrussels). VaAlbers pachavo vakawana hutongi hwakawanda pamusoro pemugodhi weLueshe muna 24 apo imwe yefemu dzeGermany dzavaishandira, GfE Metalle und Materialien GmbH, yakavapa migove yavo muchirongwa ichi. VaAlbers vaishanda navo (uye nhengo yeBoard of Directors) muGfE vaive (panguva iyoyo) Gurukota rezvemari reRCD, Emmanuel Kamanzi.1993

Apo Laurent Kabila akadzinga Joseph Mobutu ndokutora simba, akaparadza SOMIKIVU, zvakanyanya kusafarirwa nevatsigiri vemarudzi ose. Zvisinei, VaAlbers vakakwanisa kuenderera mberi nekuchera panzvimbo iyi kuburikidza nekubata zvakananga neRCD's parallel government administration iyo yakatangwa muna 1998 nerubatsiro rweHurumende yeRwanda. VaAlbers vakabudirira kupfuura Bazi reMigodhi reCongo nekubhadhara RCD yekodzero dzekushandisa ivhu kuchera Lueshe pasina kukanganiswa neboka ravo rine zvombo, reCongolese National Army (ANC). RCD yaifarira kuita bhizinesi naVaAlbers nekuti ndivo vaive mutengesi mukuru wecoltan muGoma panguva iyoyo uye vaikwanisa kusvika pamusika weRwanda kunze kwenyika, izvo zvaireva mari yekushandisa muhondo yevapanduki. RCD yakatamisa coltan yavo yaicherwa zvisiri pamutemo kubva kuCongo kuburikidza nemabhizinesi ake network kuti inatse uye nekutengesa kunze kwenyika uku vachiburitsa purofiti. Urongwa uhwu hwakashanda zvakanaka kumapato ese ari maviri, RCD yakatomupa chikwereti masoja eANC kuti achengetedze chibvumirano cheLueshe.26

Mushure megore ra1997, mumwe wevadyidzani naVaAlbers vaive Dr. Mis Tshaba Mulombu III, aimbove chipangamazano waPresident L. Kabila uye aimbova Chief of the Rwandan Secret Service muGoma.27 Zvichakadaro, kubva pakaparadzwa SOMIKIVU, Hurumende yeCongo haichaiti. akaziva chibvumirano cheGfE. Pane kudaro, Hurumende yeCongo yakatengesa kodzero dzekuchera Lueshe kune kambani yakanga ichangogadzwa yainzi Edith Krall Métal Congo SCCARL (yaiva naMichael Krall wekuAustria) muna 1999. VaKrall vaiva nemboni yemhangura/cobalt muJinja, Uganda uye vaida kuwedzera mabasa ake. Mugodhi weLueshe wakavhurwa zviri pamutemo kutanga kwa2000. 

VaKrall vakatumira chikwata kuti chiongorore nzvimbo yeLueshe kutanga kwa2000. Pavakasvika vakatambirwa nemauto eRPA neANC aichengeta mugodhi uyu. Vashandi vakadzokera kuGoma, uko vakasungwa neRCD immigration officer. VaAlbers, avo vaigara muKigali panguva iyoyo, vakaudzwa nezvekusungwa uku. Anonzi akaraira mapurisa kuti auraye nhengo dzese dzenhumwa idzi. RCD Mukuru weSevhisi Sevhisi akaramba odha ndokuvasunungura vese. Vashandi ava vakazobvunzurudzwa nemasoja eANC akati aizobvumira Edith Krall kuchera ivhu, asi chete kana kambani yakavatengera zvombo.28 Vashandi veKrall vakadzokera kuGoma mushure mekunge chibvumirano cheLusaka chibvumirano, asi vakanzvenga Rutshuru Territory kusvika 2003. .VaKrall vanga vachirwira Lueshe zviri pamutemo kubva ipapo.29

Kuburikidza nedandemutande remabhizinesi avo, VaAlbers vainakidzwa nekugona kutengeserana nekutengesa coltan kunze kwenyika. VaAlbers vaivewo muridzi weGBC, mutengesi mukuru wecoltan weGoma munguva ye coltan boom ya2000. GBC ndiyo yainyanya kutengesa tantalum isati yagadziriswa kuHC Starck, kambani hombe yekugadzira zvicherwa yaive yeThe Bayer Group AG kuburikidza nemuna 2002.30 VaAlbers vakaitisawo zvakare. bhizinesi neCOPIMAR (Cooperative for the Promotion of Artisanal Mining Industries), femu inotengesa zvicherwa kunze kwenyika inotungamirirwa naRPA Major Dan Nzaremba, nemamwe mafemu ekuRwanda akaita saGodefrey Bayoli Stones, General Business Company Rwanda, neGreat Lakes Trader Kigali.31

VaAlbers United Nations (UN) – Kambani ine mazita akashata inonzi Masingiro ndiyo yaive mubereki weGBC. Masingoro yaive kambani yekutengesa zvicherwa yakazobatanidzwa muKarl Heinz Albers Holding International (KHA). Masingoro akatumira pyrochlore kubva kuLueshe kunoongororwa kuchena nekambani yekuBritain inonzi Alfred Knight Holdings (AKH). AKH yaive nebazi muKigali uye vaive neimwewo kambani muCongo's Katanga Province iyo yakavharwa muna 2005. AKH yakapedza ma laboratory assays ekutakura pyrochlore kwaVaAlbers kubva 2002-2004 uye vakatengesa zvakare cassiterite necoltan. Iyo chete pyrochlore munzvimbo iyi inowanikwa mumugodhi weLueshe, saka hazvigoneke kuti AKH angadai asina kuziva kuti maminerari avakaedza aibva.32 Kubva ipapo, pyrochlore yakatumirwa kuEurope, kunyanya kuburikidza nechiteshi chengarava cheRotterdam. , Holland.

Imwe tsigiro yeKHA iNiobium Mining Company (NMC) Limited iri muLondon. NMC Metallurgy SARL yakavhurwa muKigali sechikamu cheNMC. NMC Metallurgy yakawana chirimwa chekunyungudutsa cheKaruruma kubva kuHurumende yeRwanda sechikamu chehurongwa hweRwanda hwekubiridzira vanhu vekune dzimwe nyika uye kuunza mari yakawanda ye "kuedza" kwehondo yeRwanda muCongo. Kusikwa kwechirimwa cheKaruruma kwakapihwa mari nebhanga reRwandese Commercial Bank, iro raitungamirirwa naJohn Madder, muridzi weKHA. Bhanga iri raimbove reRégie des Mines du Rwanda (REDEMI) yekuRwanda.33 REDEMI yakavambwa muna 1988 kubva kuSociété des Mines du Rwanda (SOMIRWA). Sezvineiwo, REDIMI yakamhanyisa chirimwa chekugadzira coltan muGatumba muna 2004, gore rimwe chetero kuuraya kwakaitika pamusasa weUnited Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR) muGatumba. REDEMI yakagadzirawo chirimwa chekugadzira cassiterite muRutongo, Rwanda.34

Kambani yekuBritain inonzi A&M Minerals Limited, inotsigira The A&M Group, yakapindawo pachiitiko ichi. Mumwe wekuGermany anonzi Michael Herzfeld (Maneja wemahofisi eA&M muNew York neBrussels) akatumira mari kuna VaAlbers vachichinjana nekukwanisa kugadzirisa pyrochlore yaakachera kubva kuLueshe. VaHerzfeld vakapawo maneja weSOMIKIVU, Modeste Makabuza, mishonga yaishandiswa kunatsa pyrochlore kubva kuLueshe, iyo ingangoshandiswa naVaMakabuza pamwe chete nechitoro chekutengesa cassiterite chavainacho.35 

Mumwe waVaAlbers vadyidzani vebhizimisi, Johanna König, 36 akabatsira kufambisa kutengwa kwezvicherwa zvakatorwa kubva kuLueshe kuburikidza netiweki yakaoma yemabhizimisi eGermany. Vakanyepera chitupa chechokwadi kuvanza chokwadi chekuti zvicherwa zvakabva kuCongo zvisiri pamutemo. Basa iri sezviri pachena rakakomborerwa neBazi rezvekunze reGermany kusvikira muna 2002. Guta guru rakabva mukutengeswa uku rakapa RCD neHurumende yeRwanda mari yavaigona kushandisa pakushandisa mari muchiuto kuti hondo yehurumende irebeswe. Mukutanga kwa37, pazvaiva pachena kuti bhizimusi raVaAlbers rakanga richiparara, vakashanyira mugodhi uyu aina Modeste naAlexis Makabuza. Akazivisa vagari vekuCongo vaishanda ikoko kuti mugodhi uyu wakanga wava pfuma yeGerman Republic uye akavarayira kuti varambe vachishanda vasingabhadharwi vachitungamirirwa neRPA.2004

Imwe bhizinesi yaVaAlbers yaive Dr. Johannes Wontka, mutungamiriri wehunyanzvi weSOMIKIVU isati yanyungudika. Anonzi akaudza mupurisa wekuRwanda kuti auraye chero shamwari dzekwaKrall dzaiedza kuwana mukana kumugodhi. Mupurisa wacho akaramba kuita zvaakanga audzwa ndokuudza mapurisa. Muchuchisi mukuru weNorth Kivu akakumbira Dr. Wontka kuti auye kuGoma uye ape humbowo hwekodzero yeGfE yekuchera Lueshe. Dr. Wontka vakasungwa pabhodha vachiedza kutizira kuRwanda. Akasungwa uye zvicherwa zveGfE muGoma zvakatorwa. Doretta Loschelder, Mumiriri weGermany kuCongo, akabva azivisa Germany kuti yaizobvisa mari yayo yese muCongo kunze kwekunge Dr. Wontka vaburitswa. Minister of Justice akabvuma ndokumusunungura. Akabva atizira kuRwanda.39  

Muna 2004, pashure pezvakawanda zvaidiwa kuInterpol kuti inzverwe nezvebhizimisi ravo, VaAlbers vakamhan'arira kubhuroka uye vakaiswa mujeri kuGoma. VaAlbers vakasiya basa kubva kuSOMIKIVU ndokuisa chizvarwa cheFrance chinonzi Julien Boillot. VaBoillot vaive maneja weNMC. VaBoillot vakazopa hutongi hweSOMIKIVU kuna Modeste Makabuza muna Kubvumbi 2004. 40 Zvichakadaro, VaAlbers vakapa masimba ekutonga mamwe mafemu avo akanga asara ndokubva vatiza Kigali vachienda kuGermany muna 2004.41.

Inenge mwedzi miviri mushure mokunge Mai Koenig vashanyira Lueshe, Rwanda vakaita danho ravo kuti vawane kutonga kwepanyama panzvimbo dzemigodhi muWalikale Territory neLueshe. Muurongwa hwakanga hwanyatsofungwa hwekurasika, boka revaimbove masoja eANC (vaitungamirirwa naGeneral Laurent Nkundabatware)42 vakapamba Bukavu, guta guru reSouth Kivu, vachibatsirwa neRwandan Defence Force (RDF).43. Bukavu yakamanikidza Mission yeUnited Nations muDemocratic Republic of Congo (MONUC) uye FARDC kuunza nhamba huru yekusimbisa kudzora mamiriro acho ezvinhu. Mamwe emasoja aya akatamiswa kubva kuNorth Kivu. Pakangodzikiswa huwandu hwemauto muNorth Kivu, mumwe murwi weRDF akapinda muCongo ndokudzinga Mai-Mai neFOCA kunze kweWalikale Territory uye kunharaunda yeLueshe. Vakazoenderera mberi nekutengesa zvicherwa kubva kunzvimbo dzemigodhi idzi kudzokera kuRwanda nendege dzekutakura zvinhu uye nepanyika.44
KuBukavu kusati kwatorwa, General Nkundabatware vaishandisa Lueshe senzvimbo yekumashure yemasoja avo. General Nkundabatware vakaramba vachishandisa dzimba dzevaimbova vashandi senzvimbo yekumashure uye mugodhi wacho semuhoro wevashandi vavo kubva muna Ndira 2004, apo vanhu vavo vakaonekwa vakarinda mugodhi uyu.45 Vashandi vepaEdith Krall Consulting (Krall MÃ). ©tal kambani yevabereki veCongo), SOMIKIVU, neMONUC vose vakashuma kuti General Nkundabatware pachake akagara panzvimbo inocherwa migodhi kakawanda muzhizha ra2004 zvichitevera dambudziko reBukavu.46 

Chimwe chezvinhu zvinotambudza zvezvakazarurwa izvi ndezvekuti kushanya kwaMai König kwakabatana nekugara kwake muLueshe. General Nkundabatware vakazotadza kutonga mugodhi weWalikale Territory, asi vakazokwanisa kuramba vachitonga VaLueshe. UN yakagamuchira mashoko akawanda emasoja ake akagara mumugodhi weLueshe muzhizha ra2006.47 Panguva iyi, General Nkundabatware aigara achidzidzisa vanhu vake kuKiloliwe, Masisi Territory. Muna Nyamavhuvhu 2006, General Nkundabatware vakazivisa nezvekuumba bato ravo rezvematongerwo enyika, reNational Congress for the Defence of the People (CNDP). Hofisi yaro iri muguta reKitchanga muMasisi Territory. Kitchanga ine pyrochlore uye niobium processing factory iyo inogona kushandiswa kugadzirisa zvicherwa zvakabviswa mumugodhi weLueshe.48 

Raw pyrochlore inopinda mumusika weEurope inongo fungirwa kuti inobva kuCongo nekuti Lueshe ndiyo chete nzvimbo huru yemugodhi wepyrochlore munzvimbo iyi. Sezvo Lueshe ari munharaunda inodzorwa nevapanduki, uye mugodhi weLueshe wakavharwa zviri pamutemo, chero angangoita mutengi wepyrochlore angave ane nyaya dzakakomba dzemutemo uye dzetsika dzekupindura kana vakazvitenga chaizvo. Naizvozvo, kana Rwanda iri kuitengesa kunze, kunetseka kwakanyanya kunofanirwa kusimudzwa nekuti Rwanda haina mukati meiyo pyrochlore. Uyezve, pyrochlore inogona kuongororwa kemikari uye kuenzaniswa nemaminerari ekuumbwa maitiro eLueshe ore, nekudaro ichizivisa kwayakabva. Zvakadaro, kana vatsigiri vaGeneral Nkundabatware vakatora pyrochlore, vobva vaita kuti ibereke niobium, Rwanda yozoendesa niobium kunze kwenyika, kufungirana kunodzikira nekuti kune migodhi yakawanda munzvimbo iyi yakanatswa niobium. Semuenzaniso wekupokana, taura sekufungidzira kuti nyika ine nhamba diki yenzvimbo dzayo dzemigodhi yecoltan, niobium, uye cassiterite. Nyika iyi inogona kuti zvicherwa zvavari kuendesa kunze kwenyika zvakabva kune imwe yenzvimbo idzi uye zvakanocheneswa panzvimbo inonyunguditsa mukati menyika imwe chete iyi. Chese chinodiwa kubva ipapo chitupa chekunyepa chekwakabva uye mutengesi asingabvunze mibvunzo. Chaizvoizvo, iyi ikopi yekabhoni yedhaimani yekubiridzira racket Charles Taylor akamhanya kuLiberia. Mhedzisiro yacho ndeyekuti zvakanyanya kuoma kuziva kunze kwenyika tantalum niobium sekubva kumugodhi weLueshe. Pamusoro pezvo, pari zvino, hapana komisheni yakazvimirira uye isina rusarura inosimbisa chero yezvicherwa zvataurwa se "isina kusawirirana."

Mumwedzi yose yechirimo ya2006, General Nkundabatware vakasimbisa mauto avo kuburikidza nekumanikidza vana kubva kuCongo neRwanda, uye nekubatanidza masoja eRDF akanga adzingwa nevarume vake. Masoja aya akapinda muCongo ndokuungana muVirunga National Park. Muna Mbudzi, mumwe mupurisa weCongo akauraya hama yekuRwanda yaGeneral Nkundabatware ainzi Eric Musafiri Mayugi, uyo akanga achangobva kudzingwa muRDF. kudzokera kuRwanda mushure mekunge varume vake varasikirwa nemubatanidzwa weFARDC neMONUC mauto.

Hondo yakazopera pakati paNdira, mushure mekunge General Nkundabatware vakumbira rubatsiro rweRwanda kuti vataurirane nezvechibvumirano cherunyararo. Vakagadzirisa chibvumirano che "kusanganisa" mauto aGeneral Nkundabatware nevaimbova mauto eMai-Mai nevaimbove masoja eLocal Defence Force (LDF) voendeswa kuNorth Kivu. Hapana kupera nguva refu mauto aivimbika kuna General Nkundabatware akabva aita basa rawo ega. Vakarwisa zvigaro zveFOCA muNorth Kivu vakaponda vanhu vakawanda vechiHutu neHunde vavaipomera mhosva yekudyidzana nemuvengi wavo muNyamilima, Buramba, neKatwiguru.50

Chimwe chezvakakonzera kurwiswa uku kwaive kutamiswa kwevarwi veFOCA neMai-Mai kunzvimbo yemuganhu weUganda pedyo neNyakakoma, Vitshumbi, neVirunga National Park kumadokero. Mugodhi weLueshe, uri mumugwagwa unobva kuVitshumbi uchienda kudhorobha reRutshuru, hausi kure nenzvimbo dzakahwanda idzi. Kuva pedyo kwemapoka evapanduki aya kumugodhi weLueshe uye nzira dzekupa zvinhu zviri kumaodzanyemba kweGoma nekumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kusvika kumuganhu weRwanda neVolcanoes National Park zvakakonzera dambudziko guru kuna General Nkundabatware nevatsigiri vavo vekuRwanda, avo vaida zvikuru mari kubva mukutengesa simbi iyi. . FOCA naMai Mai-Mai kutorwa kweVirunga kwaityisawo nekuti masoja eRDF akadzingwa nevanhu vekuRwanda vakanga vatumwa kunorwira General Nkundabatware vakanga vachiri kuyambukira kuCongo vachinoungana muVirunga National Park. Masoja aya akanga achipambawo vana vekuRwanda nevekuCongo vachivadzidzisa musango. 51

Mukupera kwaKurume, munhevedzano yezviitiko zvinozivikanwa kusvika pakupera kwa2004, vakuru vakuru veRwanda vakashuma kuti zvinhu zveFOCA zvakapfura pfuti kuyambuka muganhu nekuuraya vanhu vekuRwanda. Hapana ongororo yakazvimirira yakamboitwa yekusimbisa kana kuramba zvirevo izvi. Mutungamiri weRwanda, VaPaul Kagame, vakakurumidza kusangana nemutungamiri weCongo, VaJ. Kabila, pamwe negurukota rezvekudyidzana nedzimwe nyika, VaMbusa Nyamwisi, ndokuvaudza kuti vatore matanho nekukasika kugadzirisa zvinhu. Zvinhu zvakatonyanya kuipa apo mauto eFARDC aitsigira General Nkundabatware akapfura chikopokopo cheMONUC chekuongorora.

Muna Kubvumbi, mauto eFARDC aitsigira General Nkundabatware akatanga kurwisa FOCA neMai-Mai kuchamhembe kweLueshe. Zvinhu zveFOCA zvarwiswa mudhorobha reRutshuru, kwacheka mugwagwa kwenguva kumaodzanyemba kweLueshe. Vakazodzorwa FOCA ndokudzokera kwaNyabiondo kunoronga imwe chigumbu. Mushure mekunge kurwisana kwapera, General Nkundabatware vakatyisidzira vanhu vavo kuti vabvise vanhu vavo muboka remixed brigades vachiti kusanganisa kwacho hakuna kubudirira. Gavhuna weNorth Kivu, VaJulien Paluku, vakamisa zvipingamupinyi zvitsva muGoma kuitira kuti zvicherwa zvisapinde muRwanda.52 Mukuru wemauto eRDF, VaJames Kabarebe, vakadaidzwa kuti vazoyananisa General Nkundabatware nehurumende yeCongo.53

General Nkundabatware nevatsigiri vake vekuRwanda vachaedza nepose pavanogona napo kuti Lueshe arambe ari pasi pesimba ravo uye vanogona kuzotora matanho ekuti vazotonga zvakare Walikale Territory mune ramangwana. Zvivako zveRwanda zvakaparadzwa munguva yeHondo yeRwanda uye kuurayiwa kwevanhu kwakaitika kubva muna 1990-1994. Rwanda haina indasitiri yezvicherwa uye kudonha kwemitengo yekofi mukutanga kwazvo ma1990 kwakasiya Rwanda iine tarisiro shoma yehupfumi hunobudirira. Rwanda haigone kutsigira mari yayo yese iri yoga. Rwanda yakaedza kuunza mari kuburikidza nekudyara kwega, asi zano iri harina kuvapa mari yakakwana yekubvumidza kuzvitonga kwehupfumi. Ichi ndicho chikonzero zvicherwa zveCongo zvakakosha kuRwanda uye nei kutengeserana kwe "ropa" kuchienderera mberi nhasi muCentral Africa. 

David Barouski muongorori weAfrican Affairs uye mudzidzi wePolitical Science paYunivhesiti yeWisconsin-Oshkosh. Anogara achipa ZNet/ZMagazine. Basa rake rakabuda muWaheen Online, Somaliland Times, Golis News, Congo Vision, uye Congo Panorama. Ndiye zvakare munyori webhuku rinonzi, “Laurent Nkundabatware, maRwandan Allies, pamwe neaimbove ANC Mutiny: Chronic Barriers to Lasting Peace in the Democratic Republic of the Congo,” iro vakaenda kuDemocratic Republic of the Congo neRwanda. kutsvakurudza. Anogona kusvikwa pa BarouD@hush.com or http://www.africannewsanalysis.blogspot.com.

1 "Vital Ore Inotsigira Hondo yeCongo," Karl Vick. The Washington Post. 19 Kurume 2000.
2 "Hondo, Mhondi, Kubatwa chibharo… Zvese Zvenharembozha Yako," Stan Cox. Alternet. Gunyana 15, 2006. http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/issues/congo/2006/0915cellphone.htm.
3 "The Coltan Phenomenon: Sei Chicherwa Chisingawanzo Chinje Hupenyu Hwevagari VeHondo Yakaparadzwa muNorth Kivu Province kuMabvazuva kweDemocratic Republic of the Congo." Dominic Johnson, Mikolo Sofia, Aloys Tegera. Pole Institute. 2001. p. 8.
4 "Hondo, Mhondi, Kubatwa chibharo… Zvese Zvenharembozha Yako," Stan Cox. Alternet. Gunyana 16, 2006. http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/issues/congo/2006/0915cellphone.htm.
5 "Kuchera Zvakadzika: Iyo DR Congo's Mining Policy iri Kutadza Nyika." Dominic Johnson, Aloys Tegerea. Pole Institute. N?15. Zvita 2005. p. 45-46.
6 Cherechedza: Apo Rwanda, Burundi, vapanduki veSudan neUganda vakarwisa Congo kuti vabvise Mutungamiri L. Kabila, boka revapanduki rainzi Congolese Rally for Democracy (RCD) neboka rayo rine zvombo, Congolese National Army (ANC) yakaumbwa nerubatsiro kubva Rwandan (panguva iyoyo) Mutevedzeri weMutungamiri Paul Kagame. Akakoka boka revanhu rakanyatsosarudzwa kuKigali muna Chikunguru we1998 uye vakaumba bato reRCD rekutanga.
Vakatorwa vanosanganisira Azarias Ruberwa, Bizima Karaha, Eugene Serufuli, Deogratias Bugera (A Munyarwanda architect from Masisi Territory who was the originally AFDL-CZ's Secretary General and co-founder.), Dr. Emile Ilunga (A Katangan from Kasai Province. mukuru wemauto ehungwaru (G2) wedhipatimendi reMutungamiri Mobutu uye aimbova mukuru webato rezvematongerwo enyika reKatangan Tigers muAngola), Ernest Wambia dia Wambia (Mudzidzisi weNhoroondo muTanzania; Sachigaro weCongolese Democracy Movement, uye aimbove Muzvinafundo Anoshanyira paHarvard University. Akapedza chikoro chake chekukoreji kuUS Ane dzinza rekwaBokongo.), Arthur Z'ahidi Ngoma (gweta rekodzero dzevanhu raipikisa vese President L. Kabila naPresident Mobutu. Aive Mutungamiriri webato reForces du Futur uye aimbove mutungamiri webato reForces du Futur. Mushandi weUnited Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) muZaire.Anobva mudunhu reManiema.), Mbusa Nyamwisi (Muzvinabhizimisi weNande akatizira kuUganda mushure mekunge mukoma wake, aizivikanwa zvikuru aipikisa President Mobutu, apondwa mu pakati pemakore ekuma1990.), Emmanuel Kamanzi (AFDL-CZ akabatana neUN uye Non-Governmental Organisations (NGO) uye chipangamazano wezvematongerwo enyika kuna Mutungamiri L. Kabila.) naAdolphe Onusumba Yemba (akave Gurukota rezvekudzivirirwa muCongo Transitional Government. )
Pakutanga, boka racho rakanga rakaumbwa nevatungamiriri vechiHutu nevaTutsi vanobva kumapurovhinzi eKivu muCongo, vatungamiriri vemo vakakurumbira, uye vaichimbova vatsigiri vaMutungamiriri Mobutu avo vaishora zvakasimba Mutungamiri L. Kabila. Rwanda yaida kuti RCD iite a

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