Muna Kubvumbi we2013, chiteshi cheterevhizheni cheSpanish cheIntereconomรญa chakakoka muenzi asingafungidzirike kumutambo wavo wekutanga wegakava: mudiki, purofesa wepakoreji ane bvudzi raJesu ane mutsara wekuruboshwe anonzi Pablo Iglesias, sezvakangoita muvambi weSpanish Socialist Workers '. Party. Chinangwa chavo chaive chekumukona nekumusimudza semuenzaniso wekare uye akakundwa kuruboshwe. Zvakadaro Iglesias akapindura kune rhetoric yavo mune imwe nguva imwe chete ine ruremekedzo asi yakasimba kupokana iyo yakakwezva kune vese zvizvarwa zvidiki izvo zvakave zvematongerwo enyika kuburikidza ne vakatsamwa kufamba uye zvizvarwa zvekare zvakaita saizvozvo panguva yekuchinja kweSpain kubva muhudzvanyiriri kuenda kuhumambo hwebumbiro.
Mumwedzi yakatevera, Iglesias nechikwata chevadzidzi nevanorwira kodzero vari kumashure kwake vakakwanisa kushandisa hwindo iri remukana kuburitsa meseji yemasangano emagariro uye, kunyanya kukosha, vanhu vakasiiwa nemakore ehusterity uye neoliberalism, kupinda munharaunda. media. Nguva pfupi mushure mekunge vawana mukana kune vezvenhau, vakaumba bato rezvematongerwo enyika Podemos ("Tinogona"), vachitanga sarudzo dziri kuratidza kuve kupokana kwechokwadi nokuda kwekutonga kwehurumende yeSpain. Kuti vakakwanisa sei kuita izvi munguva pfupi yakadaro ichadzidzwa mune zvematongerwo enyika nesainzi yemagariro kwemakore anotevera.
Nekuda kwekuti inzira yandave ndichitevera zvakanyanya kwemakore akati wandei, ndagara ndichibvunzwa nevanozvimiririra vezvenhau, nyanzvi dzedzidzo uye vanorwira kuti zvese izvi zvakave sei uye kuti zvinorevei kune zvematongerwo enyika. Muchikamu chino, ndinoedza kutarisana nemimwe yemibvunzo mikuru yandinowana kubva kuvanhu vari kushingaira mukurwira demokrasi chaiyo.
Ndivanaani Podemos? Vatungamiriri varo ndivanaani? Iyi ingori imwe bato rekuruboshwe here?
Podemos ibato idzva rezvematongerwo enyika rakabuda pakutanga kwe2014, pakutanga semubatanidzwa pakati petrotskyist Izquierda Anticapitalista neboka revadzidzi "vekunze" vane muratidziri wepamberi avo vakavaka nharaunda ine hukama kuburikidza neruzhinji rwekuwana terevhizheni gakava show inonzi La. Tuerka ("The Screw"). Kana ndichitaura nezveboka iri rechipiri sevasiri vekunze, hakusi kutaura kuti zvavanobuda muzvidzidzo ndezvemukati kana zvemhando yakaderera. Asi, imhando dzevadzidzi vasingaenderane neforoma inofarirwa nevanozviti Bologna kuchinja yedzidzo yepamusoro muEurope, nekusimbirira kwayo pahunyanzvi hwehunyanzvi "nyanzvi" uye tsvakiridzo yehunyanzvi, uye ruvengo rwayo kune yakafara, dzidziso uye yakawanda nzira yekukakavadzana. Vadzidzi ava pari zvino ndivo vanozivikanwa zvikuru mubato nekuda kwehunyanzvi hwavo hwekukurukura uye kuwana kwavo nhepfenyuro huru.
Munguva ichangopfuura, Podemos akaita sarudzo dzavo Citizensโ Council, zvinova zvinobudirira hutungamiri hwebato. Vanhu vanopfuura 100.000 vakapinda musarudzo idzi kuburikidza nekuvhota padandemutande. Chikwata chakasarudzwa naPablo Iglesias chakakunda neruzhinji. Inosanganisira musanganiswa unonakidza wevadzidzi, vatsigiri uye vamwe vaimbove vezvematongerwo enyika. Semuyenzaniso, Juan Carlos Monedero akashanda sechipangamazano kuna Hugo Chรกvez pakati pa2005 na2010, uye akayambirawo Gaspar Llamazares weSpanish United Left bato. รรฑigo Errejรณn musayendisiti wezvematongerwo enyika mudiki uye anovimbisa zvikuru akaita tsvakiridzo muBolivia neVenezuela, kunyangwe izvi zvisati zvaitika aive mumwe wevakatanga Juventud Sin Futuro (Youth Without a Future), uyo aiva nebasa guru mukutungamirira vakatsamwa kufamba. Vamwe vatsigiri kubva Juventud Sin Futuro vanosanganisira Rita Maestre naSarah Bienzobas. Rafa Mayoral naJaume Asens vakashanda semagweta Plataforma de Afectados por la Hipoteca (PAH), sangano rakabudirira zvikuru rekusateerera kwevanhu vedzimba dzakanaka. Uye Raimundo Viejo naJorge Moruno inyanzvi dzine mukurumbira dzakabatana neanozvimirira akasara.
Kuti kana Podemos inogona kutorwa seyakajairwa kuruboshwe bato zvinoenderana nekushanduka kwayo. Izvo zviri pachena ndezvekuti ivo havatore rhetorical uye aesthetic mukwende wemarginal leftist uye egirinhi mapato anoshongedza maparamende eEurope parizvino. Uyewo, kusiyana neSYRIZA, Podemos yakanga isipo isati yasvika 2011 wave yekuratidzira; dzakabuda zvichienderana nekuongororwa kwehurukuro yekufamba uye zvido. Zvizhinji zvezvakaita kuti Podemos ibudirire mumutambo wezvematongerwo enyika mushure me2011 kwave kukwanisa kwavo kuteerera kumagariro evanhu, apo mapato ezvematongerwo enyika eSpain aivepo akanga ari mubishi kuvadzidzisa. Asi, nekufamba kwenguva uye rutsigiro rwebato ruchikura, Podemos iri kuzviwana ichiwedzera kuyedzwa kutora zvimiro zvinonyatso kuchinjirwa kuSpain masangano epamutemo. Zvisingashamisi, zvimiro izvi ndezviya zviripo iye zvino. Kuti izvi zvematongerwo enyika zvinogona kukundwa here kana kuti kwete zvinoenderana nekuti vamiriri vebato vanogona sei kuchengetedza kusawirirana nehurongwa hwehutungamiriri uye kuvimbisa kuzvidavirira kwavo.
Sei Podemos akaputika pachiitiko nenzira yavakaita?
Podemos akaputika munzvimbo yezvematongerwo enyika nekuti vainzwisisa mamiriro ekunze mushure mekuratidzira kwa2011 zvirinani kupfuura chero mutambi wezvematongerwo enyika. Semuyenzaniso, basa remasocial network mukubatanidza mafambiro iwayo raive rakakosha zvakanyanya, asi vanhu vazhinji nemasangano ezvematongerwo enyika vakaturikira chokwadi ichi serutsigiro rwetekinoroji yezvematongerwo enyika, yakaganhurwa peer-to-peer ideology. Kusiyana neizvi, ndinofunga kuti Podemos yakaona masocial network sechirabhoritari inodzikisira iyo yekuvaka nekusimbisa rondedzero yakajairika yavaizoenda nayo kunhandare yeruzhinji kuitira kuti iwedzere kuita kwayo. Kuzvitaura pachena, ivo havana kugutsikana nememes uye likes uye tambo refu dzekutaura. Vaida kuendesa nhaurirano iyoyo kumabhawa, kumakofi nekumaraini ekurovha.
Neimwe nzira, kiyi yekukwanisa kusunungurwa kwePodemos inogona kupfupikiswa mumutsara unofarirwa naRaimundo Viejo uye gare gare. isa murwiyo naLos Chikos del Maiz, boka rerap reMarxist rave pedyo nekubuda kwebato: "El miedo va a cambiar de bando,โ izvo zvinoturikira kuti, โKutya kuchachinja mativi.โ Parizvino, vari kuperekedza mutsara iwoyo nemumwe, vachiti nyemwerero dziri kutangawo kuchinja mativi. Kushandisa nzira iyi, izvo zvavakakwanisa kuita kutora kusachengeteka uye kutya kunogadzirwa nekusagadzikana, kushaikwa kwemabasa kana urombo uye, mukusiyana nekuzviratidzira kune vanobva kune dzimwe nyika (zvinova izvo Nigel Farage, Marine Le Pen uye, zvishoma, Beppe. Grillo vaita), vanozviita pane zvavanodaidza "la castaโ (boka), iro zvikurukuru boka rinotonga. Uye vakaita izvi nepo, panguva imwe cheteyo, โvachitoraโ manzwiro akaita setariro nomufaro.
Ndiani anotsigira Podemos? Ndechipi chikamu chevanhu chingafunga kuvavhotera?
Mumishumo mizhinji yandakaona kana kuverenga muChirungu, Podemos inotsanangurwa semhando yekubuda kwe vakatsamwa kufamba, mune chimwe chinhu chekufambira mberi kwemutsara. Ndinofunga kuti izvi zvakaipa. Nepo meseji yavo yakanzwika zvakanyanya kupfuura kuumbwa kwekirasi yavo, iyo vakatsamwa kufamba kwainyanya kuumbwa nevadiki, vakadzidza kukoreji. Kusimbisa kwavo pamusoro pekuita kwakananga uye kunonoka, kutaurirana kwakachinjika kwakaunza chimwe chinhu chemaitiro ekusarudza mukutora chikamu chaiko mubato, umo vanhu vaive vasinganyatso zivi tsika dzezvematongerwo enyika, vaive nenguva shoma yekupedza mumagungano makuru, vaive vasina kunyatsogadzikana nazvo. kutaura paruzhinji, vaisanyanya kufarira kudzidza maturusi matsva eindaneti uye vaisada kutora njodzi dzine chekuita nekusateerera kwevanhu dzakapepetwa nekufamba kwenguva.
Kusiyana neizvi, kuwana kwePodemos kuterevhizheni kwakavimbisa kuonana nevateereri vakura, izvo zvakakosha zvakanyanya munyika yakaita seSpain, ine chimiro chekare chehuwandu uye makumi emakore ekuderera kwembereko. Uye marudzi ekutora chikamu akagoneswa nePodemos (kureva, mabhokisi ekuvhota uye maapuro efoni akangwara) ane yakaderera yekudzidza curve, inoda nguva shoma uye inosanganisira njodzi shoma pane zvematongerwo enyika akazvimirira ega. vakatsamwa. Nekuda kweizvi, Podemos inokwezva mhomho inosanganisira chikamu chakakura chevarombo, kirasi yekushanda uye vanhu vakuru, mukuwedzera kune yakasimba kwazvo, yekoreji-yakadzidziswa vechidiki demographic.
The ideological composition yevanhu vanotsigira Podemos inonakidzawo. Nepo ruzhinji rwerutsigiro rwavanowana runobva kuvanhu vaimbovhotera bato re โsocialistโ repakati-kuruboshwe, vangangoita chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chevanhu vari kuvatsigira pari zvino vakamborega kuvhota, vakavhota kana kuvhotera. bapiro rekurudyi Popular Party. Uyezve, nepo Podemos inoramba pachena mureza "kuruboshwe-kurudyi" kupatsanurwa iyo yakaratidza Western zvematongerwo enyika kwemakore, ongororo dziri kuratidza kuti vavhoti vavo vanonyanya kuzviona sevari kuruboshwe, ndiko kuti, kwete pakati-kuruboshwe kana kure kuruboshwe. Zvikatorwa pamwechete, izvi zvinogona kuratidza kuti maPodemos ari kudhirowa pane chimwe chinhu chefungidziro yekuruboshwe isina kubatika, kana kuti vanogona kunge vari kunyatso tsanangura zvazvinoreva kuti vanhu vazvione se "veruboshwe" kuSpain.
Chii chiri hukama hwePodemos nemafambiro epasi?
Hukama hwePodemos nemafambiro epasi mubvunzo wakaoma kubata. Pamusoro pemapato ekutanga uye nhepfenyuro huru, vamwe vanhu vari kushingaira muuswa uye magariro ekufamba anga achitsoropodza Podemos. Pane zvikonzero zvakawanda zveizvi, uye ndinofunga inyaya inoda kutarisisa zvakanyanya kupfuura zvandinogona kupa pano, ari maonero angu zvachose panguva ino. Asi pamwoyo payo, Podemos chikamu chekuwedzera kushatirwa ne "girazi sirin'i" iyo masangano emagariro anoramba achirwisana uye haana kukwanisa kuputsa. Kutsamwiswa uku kunoonekwa kwete chete mukusimuka kwePodemos asiwo mukubuda kwe mapuratifomu ekanzuru chinangwa chekubatana nemapato ekunze, masangano enharaunda uye varatidziri mukukwikwidza kwedemokrasi. Muchirevo chechinyorwa chino, vanhu vanobva mumasangano ezvekugarisana vanowanzopatsanurwa pakati peavo vanofarira rudzi irworwo rwekutora chikamu nevaya vanosarudza radicalization yezvisiri zvesangano.
Kutsoropodza kukuru kwandinoona kuchibva kuboka rechipiri ndechekuti Podemos yakatanga "kubva kumusoro uye kwete kubva pasi." Ndinofunga kuti izvi zvakaipa. Iyo inosekesa yakaderera-bhajeti yemuno TV show uye peji reFacebook hazvisi izvo zvandaizofunga "pamusoro" mune neoliberal cheni yekuraira. Izvo zvakaitwa nePodemos zvinomuka nekukurumidza kubva ipapo, uye sezvavakaita kudaro, vaifanira kutarisana nemibvunzo ine chokuita nemasangano inertia uye kuzvimiririra kwesangano ravo pachavo. Uye ndipo pandinofunga kuti mazwi akakosha anobva kumasocial movements anofanirwa kuve nekutya.
Nepo Podemos pakutanga akakwevera kuve pamutemo kwayo, chimiro (the Denderedzwa vakatanga mumaguta akasiyana-siyana vakave vakaumbwa semagungano emunharaunda, anozvitarisira) uye zvinoda (kugadziridzwa kunotungamirwa nevagari kwechikwereti, mari inowanikwa pasi rose, dzimba dzeveruzhinji dzinokwanisika, kupera kwemitemo yekumanikidza, nezvimwewo) kubva kumafambisirwo emagariro, chinangwa chavo chaive chekukwevera vanhu kubva kupfuura the social movements. Vakabudirira zvisingaite mukuita izvi, uye zvinozoitika kuti nyika iri kunze kwemafambisirwo emagariro yakakura. Uye pasinei nokuti vanobvumirana nezvinodiwa nemafambisirwo emagariro evanhu, nyika iyoyo inoita seisingafariri nzira dzemafambisirwo emagariro evanhu pane zvaidiwa nemasangano evanhu. Izvi zvinoshungurudza zvakanyanya, nekuti zvinotarisana nesu nekusarudzika kwedu. Izvo zvakare hazvishamise, nekuti dai vanhu vasiri varwiri vakada nzira yedu semharidzo yedu, pamwe paizove nevazhinji varatidziri.
Muenzaniso mukuru wemakakatanwa aya isarudzo dzemukati menyika. Kusvika pari zvino, mazita aIglesias agara achikunda nerutsigiro rwepedyo ne90%, uye vanhu vazhinji vakave nesimba mukuumba nhaurirano yemafambisirwo emagariro (uye kunyangwe iyo yePodemos pachayo) vari kuwedzera kusiiwa mukuita sarudzo nekuti ivo kwete pamazita iwayo. Kana vangobuda, vanoona kuti kushoma kunokanganisa masocial network uye Denderedzwa chaizvoizvo haana hukama chete neiyo yenhengo dzinoonekwa paTV, asiwo kune vanhu vasingabatanidzi mukuita. Denderedzwa, asi vachiri kuziva nePodemos zvakakwana kuti vavhote musarudzo dzavo. Kusvika pari zvino, izvi zvakakonzera kupomerwa kwemukati kwehutongi hwehutongi, izvo zvandinoona zvisirizvo uye ndinofunga kuti ndezvekupotsa pfungwa. Ini ndinofunga kuti dambudziko chairo nderekuti tiri kuona kuti, mumamiriro ezvinhu aripo, vanhu vanowanzofara kugovera basa kupfuura zvataifungidzira, kusvika vakwanisa kuvhota pazvinhu zvine chekuita nehupenyu hwavo hwezuva nezuva.
Panguva imwe chete, izvi propensity kugovera zvinoenderana zvakawanda pamusoro pamutemo uye kuvimba vanhu muna Podemos, izvo pamwero mukuru yakavakwa kuburikidza ukama hwavo nemigwagwa. Saka ndinofunga kuti pesvedzero yemafambisirwo emagariro ane paPodemos ichaenderana nekugona kwavo kuita zvematongerwo enyika mumigwagwa nenzira yekuti vanokwanisa kuzadzisa zvinodiwa nevanhu vakatorerwa, kune rumwe rutivi, uye kuumba nhaurirano yeruzhinji nenzira. izvo zvinomanikidza Podemos kuzvimisa. Muenzaniso ungave PAH. Podemos haigone kurasika zvakanyanya kubva kune zvavanoda zvedzimba dzakanaka nekuti munhu wese anoziva uye anobvumirana nazvo. Kana maPodemos aifanira kurasika kure nezvavanoda, PAH yaigona kuvaunganira kana kungoburitsa chirevo chehasha chenhau, zvichikanganisa kuvimbika kwavo zvakanyanya.
Unoona izvi zvichiendepi? Ko Podemos anogona kuhwina musarudzo here?
Ndinofunga izvi zvichachinja Spain neEurope sezvatinoziva ivo, zvisinei. Sarudzo dziri kuratidza kuti Podemos ane pfuti chaiyo yekuve bato rakavhoterwa zvakanyanya munyika. Vamwe vanoratidza kuti vakatovapo yakanyanya kutsigirwa, uye Pablo Iglesias ndiye wezvematongerwo enyika anozivikanwa zvikuru muSpain. Kana Podemos aizokunda, mune zvose zvingangoitika Popular Party uye "socialists" aizoedza kuumba hurumende yenyika yakanangana anovimbisa kurongeka, kuita zvishoma zvizorwa kuchinja bumbiro uye sabotaging chero mukana Podemos kumbovarova. Vaizoedzawo kuparadza chero mukana pane chimwe chinhu chakafanana nePodemos ichisimuka zvakare. Zvakamira zvakadai, sangano iri riri kuita zvose zvarinogona kuti rivashore: kuvabatanidza nemasangano emagandanga, vachipomera vatauri vavo mhosva yokusazvibata pasina chinhu, kugadzira nyaya dzenhau. Kutya zvechokwadi kwachinja mativi, uye zviri pachena kuti kugadzwa kuri kutya.
Mupfungwa iyi, ndinofunga kuti zvakakosha zvikuru kune mafambiro, uye nokuda kwePodemos pachavo, kufunga nezvezviri kuitika semhando yezvematongerwo enyika. Uyu haasi Obama ari kuisa maDemocrats muWhite House. Iri iboka revanhu vanga vakabatikana muhondo yekurwisa neoliberalism vakakwanisa kushandura nguva yeruzhinji panguva yedambudziko rehupfumi kuita tariro yedemokrasi iri nani uye kupera kwehudzvanyiriri hweneoliberal. Zvirinani muSpain, kuridza mukana uyu kungave nhanho huru yekudzokera kumashure kune zvematongerwo enyika, kune rumwe rwendo rurefu nemugwenga.
Carlos Delclos inyanzvi yezvemagariro evanhu, muongorori uye mupepeti we ROAR Magazine. Parizvino anoshanda neHealth Inequalities Research Group paPompeu Fabra University neBarcelona Institute of Metropolitan and Regional Studies paAutonomous University yeBarcelona.
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