“Bato Rekuramwa Rakaramba Risingavhiringidzwi”

Iri, zvino, rakanga risiri sangano rebasa rema1950 nema60, kunyange zvazvo makumi emakore iwayo, zvakare, dzimwe nguva dzanga dziri nzvimbo dzenyonganyonga yebasa. Zvakadaro, muna 1956, George Meany, purezidhendi weAFL-CIO kwemakore makumi maviri nemana (1955–79), achitaura kugungano reNational Association of Manufacturers (NAM), akasimbisa nhumwa dzakaungana ipapo:

Handina kumbobvira ndaramwa basa muhupenyu hwangu, handina kumboraira mumwe munhu kuti arove, handina kana chekuita nemutsara wepikicha. . . hapana mutsauko mukuru pakati pezvinhu zvandinomiririra nezvinhu zvinomiririrwa nevatungamiriri veNAM. Ini ndinomiririra purofiti system. Ndinotenda mune purofiti system. Ini ndinotenda mune yemahara bhizinesi system zvachose.

Mune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu, Walter Reuther, purezidhendi weUnited Automobile Workers (UAW), akanyunyuta kuti “aya mazana ezviuru evashandi vaduku . . . Havazivi kwavakabva. Havazivi kwavari kuenda.

Boka revashandi rakabuda mukupera kwema'60s rakanga rashandurwa nehunyanzvi, nehuwandu hwevanhu, uye neshanduko yetsika. Pamberi payo pakanga pane vadzidzisi, vane kurovanya kwomusango kwakanga kwapfuura nomumatunhu makuru namaduku, kuchamhembe nokumaodzanyemba, uye kuMadokero, mumweya mutsva wokupandukira. Vakanga vasiri voga, asi munyori wenhau dzakaitika David Montgomery akanyora kuti, “vadzidzisi vechikoro, vashandi vomuchipatara nevarume vanorasa marara vanoenda kujeri nemhaka yokutyora mitemo yava kuita, zvava kuva muitiro. Uye vadzidzisi vari kuratidzira kuti masimba masimba akazara uye haashiviriri mudzidzo sezvaari mumafekitari.” Zvinzvimbo zvavo zvakange zvazvimba nekuwedzera kukuru kwedzidzo yepamusoro muma'60s. Ivo, nekuputika kwevana vanokura, vakapokana Montgomery, vaimiririra hwaro hwe“mubatanidzwa mutsva.

Nekuda kwavo gutsaruzhinji mumibatanidzwa yavo, vashandi vakatsvaga kuti masangano aya ave avo.

Kwakanga kune kuramwa mabasa muma1950 nema'60; vamwe, kusanganisira kuramwa mabasa kwevagadziri vesimbi muna 1959, kwakanga kwakakura. Kwakanga kune, kutaura idi, kuramwa mabasa kwakawanda, zvamazvirokwazvo nemipimo yanhasi, asi ikoku kwaiwanzova zvinhu zvenguva dzose; mitsetse yepikicha yaigara ichiiswa chiratidzo. Vashandi vakaenda kunovhima, kugadzira imba, kana kuti kungova nezororo. Vakuru vemubatanidzwa vakasiiwa kuti vagadzirise kusawirirana kuseri kwemasuo akavharwa mumakamuri akazadzwa nehutsi. Vatungamiri vemasangano evashandi vanga vawedzera kuchata kuti vabatane nevashandirwi neimwe nzira modus vivendi. Mibatanidzwa, masangano ebato rimwe chete, aiwanzotungamirwa nevakuru kana vakuru vakuru, dzimwe nguva nemakororo, vangangove vese vararami (zvinoremekedzwa kunze kwekunge). Ivo vakatonga hupenyu hwemukati hwe "makina," uye vakatarisa kuDemocrats neNational Labor Relations Board (NLRB) kuti igadziriswe. Dave Beck, mutungamiri weTeamsters, akataura kuti "Mibatanidzwa ibhizinesi hombe."

Vatungamiriri ava vaipa runyararo kune vashandirwi, pamusoro pezvose pauriri hwechitoro, uye nekudzoka, vashandi vaitarisira (uye kazhinji vaiwana) mihoro iri kukwira, pamwe nekuwedzera mabhenefiti - kuvandudzwa kwavaigona kutarisira. Mukudzoka, vashandirwi vakawana runyararo - dzimwe nguva vachisimbiswa nemubatanidzwa pachawo, sevatariri vezvitoro, kazhinji vanogadzwa, vakave mapurisa pakurohwa - uye chivimbiso chekugadzirwa kusingakanganiswe munguva yemubairo wakanyanya.

Panguva imwecheteyo, chero zvakakodzerwa nehurongwa uhu, izvi zvaingotenderwa kunhengo dzemubatanidzwa, vashandi vane hunyanzvi, uye vagari venhaka yehondo dzemaindasitiri dzema'30s. Vazhinji vevashandi vaive vasingabatanidzwe - vakadzi, vanhu vemavara, vashandi vemumapurazi, uye vashandi vebasa. Chokwadika, iyi gadziriro, dzimwe nguva inodanwa kwairi se“New Deal system,” haina kumboshanda zvizere; chibvumirano pakati pevashandi nemari chaigara chiri chikamu uye chechinguvana; yaigara ichifarira vashandirwi. Pamusoro pezvo, yaive yakavakirwa pahupfumi huri kuramba huchiwedzera hwemashure ehondo - makore ebudiriro akakurudzirwa nehondo nekugadzirwa kwehondo - izvo zvakazopera mukupera-'60s dambudziko rekubatsira uye mhinduro yevashandirwi kwairi. Hondo yeVietnam, zvakare, yakanga yakurudzira kuwedzera kwehupfumi, asi pakupera kwema60s, mutengo wayo waitumira mitengo ichikwira.

Boka revashandi rakabuda mukupera kwema'60s rakanga rashandurwa nehunyanzvi, nehuwandu hwevanhu, uye neshanduko yetsika.

Mumamiriro ezvinhu aya aichinja, kubatana kwakapa nzira kukakavara uye kugumbura kwevashandirwi kwakaratidzwa nekuramba kwavo mihoro uye kubatsirikana kwavo, kupikisa kwakasindimara pakuronga, uye, zvichida pamusoro pazvo zvose, "pauriri hwechitoro" kusvika kukukurumidza, kunofananidzirwa nemutsara. kumhanya muzvidyarwa zvegungano uye vatariri veUnited Parcel nenguva yavo uye kufamba, stopwatch mania. Muna 1971, vadzvinyirirwa nevafambisi vengarava, vafambisi vezvikepe veWest Coast vakaramba kupeperetswa kwemureza nekurova kwakatyisidzira kuyerera kwenhumbi dzemauto nevashandi kuenda kuVietnam. Richard Nixon, achitaura kuti kuramwa kwacho kwakakanganisa hondo, vakakumbira chirairo cheTaft-Hartley, asi izvi zvakatadza kumisa vanhu vekumahombekombe kuti vasaite rwendo rurefu rwemvura munhoroondo yeUS. Kuramwa mabasa uku, kwakarongwa mukupokana nehutungamiriri hwemubatanidzwa, yaive yekutanga kuramwa mabasa mumahombekombe kubva muna 1934.

Nhamba yekurova yakaramba yakakwira mumakore gumi - yakasvika makumi ezviuru uye yakangodonha zvakanyanya muna 1982. Mhepo yekurova yakaenderera mberi munguva "yakanaka" uye yakaipa. Kuverengera kwekuramwa mabasa muna 1974 kwakada kufanana neya1970, asi zvakaitika mukati mekuderera kwakanyanya kubva kuma1930s, zvichiratidza pachena kuti hupfumi hwapfuura hondo hwapera. Mitsetse mirefu pamahofisi evarovha yakava tsika, sezvakaita kugoverwa kwezvokudya pachena munzvimbo dzamaindasitiri. Pamusoro pezvo, kudzikira uku kwaiperekedzwa nekukwira kwemitengo - nekudaro izwi rekuti "stagflation" - uye nekuwedzera kumanikidza vashandi kuti varambe. Muna 1975, hupfumi hwakawedzera zvakare, asi mamiriyoni emabasa akanga arasika. Kusagadzikana kwakakonzera kusachengeteka; Merle Haggard's 1974 "Kana Tikaita Kupfuura Zvita” yakawedzera machati eredhiyo yeAkron, WSLR.

Mune boom uye kuputika, kufamba kwekuramwa kwakaenderera mberi pasina kukanganiswa, kana zvisingatarisirwi. Vacheri vemarasha vakaratidza izvi - kugona kwevashandi kuhwina kukunda kukuru, asi zvakare, nhamo, zvipimo zvemubatanidzwa wevashandi. Pana November 12, 1974, nhaurirano dzakamira, uye vashandi vomumugodhi 120,000 30 vakasiya mabasa avo, vachikudza tsika yavo yoku“saita kondirakiti, kusashanda.” United Mine Workers (UMWA) yakagara iri musimboti wevashandi vekuAmerica; semubatanidzwa mukuru kwazvo, muma'1960s, yakanga yabhadhara Congress of Industrial Organisations (CIO). Hondo dzayo huru dzaive dzengano - Ludlow, Blair Mountain, Harlan County. Muma1950, zvisinei, yakanga iri mumvuri weyaichimbova yayo. Muna 416,000, kwaiva nevacheri vemigodhi 1959 180,000; muna 50, 1963 XNUMX chete ndivo vakaramba vachishanda muminda yemarasha. John L. Lewis, mutungamiri anozvitonga wemubatanidzwa kwehafu yezana remakore, akange, mumakore ekuma'XNUMX, ataurirana kuti vabvise mabasa evacheri, vachibvuma kugadziridzwa kwemugodhi kusingadzivisiki asi vachiwana chimwe chinhu kuvacheri. Muna XNUMX, Tony Boyle, asiri weMontana akasarudzwa naLewis, akagara nhaka yehutungamiriri hwemubatanidzwa.

Mhedzisiro yacho yaive yekusagadzikana kwenzvimbo uye faira richipisa pasi peruoko rwesimbi rwevatariri mumigodhi. Kusagutsikana kwakange kwave pedyo nepasi rose mukutarisana nekusadzivirika kwekufamba zvishoma kwechirwere chinouraya chemapapu dema uye mukutyisa kunoshamisa kwenjodzi yega yega yemugodhi wemarasha. Muna Mbudzi 1968, makumi manomwe nevasere vemigodhi vakarasikirwa nehupenyu hwavo mu kuputika pamugodhi weConsolidation Coal's No muFarmington, West Virginia. Pamwe chete, zana rezviuru zvevacheri vemarasha vaifungidzirwa kuti vakauraiwa mumigodhi muzana remakore rechimakumi maviri.

Muna 1969, Jock Yablonski, mukuru wemubatanidzwa muClarksville, Pennsylvania, akapikisa Boyle asi akakundwa musarudzo dzakazara nehutsotsi. Yablonski akamhan'ara kuDhipatimendi reVashandi. Achipindura, Boyle akaita kuti apondwe. Pausiku HweGore Idzva, matsotsi matatu akahaiwa mubhawa reCleveland akapfura akauraya Yablonski, mudzimai wake, nemwanasikana wake vari pamibhedha yavo. The Miners for Democracy (MFD) yakavambwa pamariro eYablonskis. Muna 1972, dare reruwa reU. Arnold Miller, akaremara zvishoma muWest Virginia mugodhi, achimhanya paslate yeMFD, akakunda Boyle - Boyle pachake aizopomerwa uye nemhosva yekuraira mhondi. Muna 1974, akagamuchira mitongo mitatu youpenyu hwose.

MFD yakazvizivisa sechikwata-uye-mafaira evacheri. Yakaunza pamwe chete marudzi akasiyana-siyana anopikisa mukati memubatanidzwa, achivabatanidza nechinangwa chekusakunda Boyle chete asiwo chekushandura mubatanidzwa, kubva kumusoro kusvika pasi. Muna 1973, muPittsburgh, MFD yakatungamirira kokorodzano yayo yokutanga yeUMW. Vashandi vemumigodhi ikoko vakanyora patsva bumbiro remubatanidzwa, vachivimbisa kodzero dzezvinzvimbo. Mumhepo yekufara, vakawedzera kuzvitonga kwedunhu uye vakaronga patsva miripo yemubatanidzwa vachifarira matunhu nevagari venzvimbo. Chiyero uye faira zvakahwina kodzero yekusimbisa zvibvumirano. Saka vakafemerwa, vacheri vemigodhi vakabva vatanga kushandura hutongi hwejekerere kuti huve hutongi hwejekerere, uye vashandi vemumigodhi yemarasha vakatanga chirongwa chekushandura hukama mumigodhi pachavo. Mumwe muuyo wakanga uri kuramwa kwenyika kwa1974 na1978, pamwe chete nezviuru chaizvoizvo zveramwandidzo dzesango. Iyo MFD yaizove muenzaniso kune radicals uye mubatanidzwa shanduko - munzira dzakawanda, zvichiri.

Industries Yakarohwa neKuderera

Kumwe kunhu, kukanganisa kwekuderera kwehupfumi muna 1974 kwairwadza, pamusoro pezvose muindasitiri yemotokari. Mabviro ekuderera kwehupfumi aive muchikamu chikuru chechimiro, uye nepfungwa iyoyo yakarebesa, asi zvinhu zvakatonyanya kuipa neOPEC's (Sangano rePetroleum Exporting Countries) 1973 embargo yemafuta, mukupindura Hondo yeArab-Israel. Somugumisiro, mutengo wemafuta wakakwira ne300 muzana.

Kuderera kwehupfumi kwakamhanya kuburikidza neindasitiri yeUS. Urovha hwekuvaka hwakasvika 15 muzana. Indasitiri yemotokari yakarohwa zvakanyanya; kushaikwa kwemabasa munzvimbo nhanhatu yeDetroit kwakawedzera makumi maviri muzana. Zvirimwa zvakavharwa muNew Jersey neCalifornia, muCleveland neSt. Kambani yeFord Motor Company yakavhara 20 dzemafemu ayo 22 muUnited States, ikaita 66 muzana yevashandi vayo vanobhadharwa paawa ve55. Indasitiri yacho yaisazombofa yakapora. Kuvharwa kwakava kwechigarire. Tichidzoka kumashure, korasi yevashandirwi yakaunza zvinodiwa zvekuremerwa kwakadzama kubva kuvashandi vayo. Chrysler akatyisidzira kubhuroka. Purezidhendi weUAW Douglas Fraser akapindura neiyi tsinhiro youporofita: “Ndinotenda kuti vatungamiriri veboka rebhizimisi, kunze kwavashomanene, vakasarudza kurwa hondo yeboka rimwe nhasi munyika ino.” Chokwadi, vaiva nazvo. Muna 155,000, hurumende yemubatanidzwa yakapinda kuponesa Chrysler, ichibvisa kambani; zvibvumirano, kudzingwa, uye kuvharwa kwezvirimwa zvakatevera.

Mitengo yegesi yakatsamwisa "vezvematongerwo enyika" kufamba muWest Virginia; Vashandi vemumigodhi vari kuramwa mabasa vakati gavhuna vadzosere mari yemafuta ekufambisa dzimotokari vachigunun’una kuti havasi kukwanisa kubhadhara mari dzavanoenda kumabasa. Zvino, zvisingatarisirwi zvachose, vatyairi vemarori, - vaive vatyairi vakazvimiririra - vakabuda mubato rinokatyamadza raipokana nehurongwa hwesimba hweNixon. Vatyairi vemarori vakatanga kupfiga migwagwa mikuru yenyika, vachityaira motokari uye vachikanganisa kuparadzirwa kwezvinhu nemabasa. Nemaredhiyo eCB (Citizen's band) uye "zvibato" kuti vavhare kuzivikanwa kwavo, vakagadzira makoni uye vakaronga kudzikira uye kuvharika. Zviuru zvematirakita akazadza maturnpikes muOhio nePennsylvania. Vakadzipwa muNew York-Washington, DC corridor paDelaware Bridge.

Kufamba kwevatyairi vemarori waiva muenzaniso unoshamisa weunyanzvi hwevashandi uye kukwanisa kwavo kuronga nokurwa.

Indasitiri, yakanga yatova kubuda ropa, yakarohwa zvakare. Mumaawa mashoma, manejimendi eGM akamanikidzwa kuvhara chirimwa chayo cheLordstown. MuToledo, vashandi vemufekitari vakasiya mabasa avo kuti vabatane nevatyairi vemarori pakuchinjana kweI-75 neOhio Turnpike. Vaneta netambo dzepeturu, voruzhinji vakanga vaneta vakaombera maoko. Mhinduro yezviremera, kusanganisira White House, yakanga inotyisa; mauto ehurumende, aivengwa nevatyairi vemarori, aipinda pose paaiungana. MuOhio, National Guard yakaiswa, uye marori akatungamirirwa uye akadhonzwa. Sezvineiwo, kubvunzurudzwa nevatyairi vemarori pedyo neCleveland nguva dzose kwakatendeukira kune Kent State kuuraya navarindi vamwechete ivava. Pakupedzisira, ma blockaders akakundikana. Kufamba kwavo, zvakadaro, yaive muenzaniso unokatyamadza wehunyanzvi hwevashandi uye kugona kwavo kuronga nekurwa - kuvharika kwavo kwaive neimwe nzira dzakafanana nekurova-pasi kweimwe nguva. Vakatora nzvimbo dzavo dzebasa: migwagwa mikuru.

Mugore rimwe chetero, muna Kurume, vana veService Employees International Union (SEIU) vagari venzvimbo iyi, vanomiririra chipatara, mafundisi, kuchengetedza, uye vashandi vezvemagariro evanhu, vakaramba muhoro weSan Francisco's Board of Supervisors ndokurova. Vakabatanidzwa nevadzidzisi, avo vakakudza mitsetse yepikicha yakaiswa muzvikoro. Vatyairi veMunicipal Railway vanga vari vatema nevatyairi vakabva vapindawo. Vashandi vemumapurazi vakabatana nevatsivi vevadzidzisi kuti vavhare matanga emabhazi echikoro. Gavhuna Ronald Reagan akatyisidzira kutumira muNational Guard, asi kuramwa kwakaramba kuchipararira. Kugadziriswa kwekutanga chete kwevatungamiriri veSEIU kwakadzivirira kuramwa kwakawanda. Muna August 1974, “Kwose kwaunoenda,” akanyora kudaro mumwe mutori wenhau, “mumwe munhu ari kuramwa mabasa: vanamakanika vendege, vatyairi vemabhazi, vanochera mhangura, vashandi voutsanana, vanodzima moto, vashandi vomuchipatara, vanopenda, vagadziri vesimbi, vashandi verunhare. IAmerican Federation of State, County uye Municipal Employees (AFSCME) yakavhota kuvhara dunhu reOhio. " Vacheri vemigodhi, nehutungamiri hwavo hutsva, varova kwemazuva makumi maviri nemasere, vachihwina pasuru ine kukosha kwezvikamu makumi mana kubva muzana. Chiyero nefaira zvakagamuchira izvi, kunyangwe zvakangooma - ingangoita hafu yakavhota kuti igare kunze kwenguva refu.

Pakazosvika pakati pa1975, basa rakanga rava kuda kudzokera kumashure, uye kumukira kwevashandi kwakaramba kuripo, pamusoro pezvose muminda yemarasha. Muchirimo cha1975, 1976, uye 1977, munyika yose makanga mune kuramwa mabasa. Yekutanga yaive muna 1975, apo vashandi vemumigodhi 80,000 1976 vakatsvaga kodzero yekuramwa mabasa. Zvadaro, muna 120,000, 1977 85,000 (vanenge vashandi vose vokuMabvazuva) vakabuda vachipesana nemirayiro yaiiswa kuvacheri vairamwa mabasa. Hukuru hwekubatana kwevashandi vemugodhi hwaive hwekuti munhu mumwe chete “mutorwa” aikwanisa kuvhara chinja chese. Kuramwa mabasa kwacho kwakapfuurira kusvika muzhizha ra1976, apo, mukutarisira kuramwa mabasa kwenyika, vashandi vomumugodhi 5,648 1970 vakarova. Muna 5,716, nhamba yekuramwa kukuru - 1976 - yakada kufanana neya1979 - XNUMX - kunyangwe nhamba yevakarova yakanga isina kunyanya. Mumakore ari pakati paXNUMX naXNUMX, pakanga paine, zvakare, kurova kwese kwese - ndiko kuti, muchikamu chese uye munyika yose. Vadzidzisi vacho, vachiramwa mabasa, vakavhiringidza mabhodhi ezvikoro, zviremera zvomunzvimbomo, uye kunyange masangano evadzidzisi, vachiramwa mabasa uye vachikunda.

Pakazosvika pakati pema1970, maererano nomunyori wenhau dzakaitika Michael Honey, sangano reMaodzanyemba rekodzero dzevanhu rakanga rapinda muindasitiri, zvokuti “pashure pemakumi emakore enhamburiko inorwadza . . . vashandi vatema vari pakati pemabasa emufekitari akabatana vakabvisa zvipingamupinyi zvakawanda zveJim Crow munzvimbo dzavo dzebasa nemibatanidzwa. " Mukuwedzera, “Black Power” yakanga yatamira kuchamhembe; muindasitiri, yaimiririra zano rekumanikidza vese vashandirwi nemasangano evashandi kuti vacherechedze kodzero nezvido zvevashandi vatema. Makambani akange atora zviuru zvevatsva, vashandi vechidiki, uye chikamu chikuru chevashandi ava vaive muDetroit.

Ruzhinji rwevatsva vakashanda mumabasa asina hunyanzvi, kazhinji ane njodzi, vachiita mabasa akashata, anorovesa hana izvo zvakakonzera kuwanda kwechinjo uye mazinga ekusaenda izvo indasitiri yemotokari yaive yakakurumbira.

Ruzhinji rwevatsva vakashanda mumabasa asina hunyanzvi, kazhinji ane ngozi, vachiita mabasa akashata, anorovesa hana izvo zvakakonzera kuwanda kwekuchinja uye uwandu hwekusaenda indasitiri yacho yakanga yakakurumbira. Mabviro ebato reblack caucus aive mumamiriro aya. Muindasitiri yemotokari, bato iri rakatanga mukurova kwemusango uye kuvandudzwa kwemubatanidzwa wemubatanidzwa unotungamirwa neDRUM (Dodge Revolutionary Union Movement) paChrysler's Dodge Main chirimwa muDetroit. Vamwe vatema autoworkers vakatevera, vakatanga revolutionary union movements paEldon Road (ELRUM), Ford's River Rouge plant (FRUM); paChrysler's Jefferson Avenue Assembly chirimwa (JARUM). Vashandi vemamwe maindasitiri vakabatanawo; vashandi vepachipatara vakaronga HRUM, vashandi vepepanhau NEWRU, United Parcel vashandi UPRUM, pamwe chete zvichitungamira pakusikwa kweiyo League of Revolutionary Black Workers.

Kumukira kwevashandi vatema kwakakurudzira vazhinji, kusanganisira vashandi vechichena. Zvisinei, hazvina kutungamirira kukubatana kwaitarisirwa nevakawanda, zvechokwadi kwete muindasitiri yemotokari. Apo vashandi vemotokari vatema, vachirwisana ne-speed-p, vakaronga kugara-mukati muzhizha ra1973 muDetroit paJefferson Assembly, Eldon Road, uye Mack Avenue zvirimwa, vakanga vasina, nokuda kwechikamu chikuru, vachitsigirwa nevachena, vashoma. radicals kunze. Miuyo, yemakumi ezviuru zvevashandi, yakanga ichiparadza. Mubatanidzwa uyu usina kuitika, pamwe nekuparara kwa1974 mukugadzirwa kwemotokari, zvakakonzera kupera kwekufamba mumotokari, zvichikanganisa maonero ezvizvarwa zviviri zvevanyarikani vaive vabhenga zvese pakumukira mumotokari.

Indasitiri yesimbi yakambotonga indasitiri yeUS, chiyero chayo chikuru. Munharaunda yePittsburgh moga, zvigayo zvikuru gumi nezviviri zvakatevedza mahombekombe eRwizi rweMonongahela. Munyika yose, mazana ezviuru aishanda musimbi inokosha. Muma 70s, zvisinei, vashandi vesimbi vakanga vachirasikirwa nemabasa; vakatarisana nekumira uye kuderera kwemari inotambirwa uye vakaona nhamba dzinowedzera dzekuvharwa kwezvirimwa. Indasitiri nemubatanidzwa zvakapomera makwikwi ekunze, asi zvakangokoshawo kwaive kuwandisa muindasitiri yekuchembera, ine mari yakawanda.

Makambani esimbi akashandisa dambudziko kubatanidza mabasa, kusimbisa "chirango," uye kuwedzera kubereka, panguva imwe chete kutsiva zvivako zvekare nehunyanzvi hutsva. Muna 1973, mubatanidzwa wakabvumirana neChibvumirano cheKuyedza Negotiating (ENA), chitsidzo chepasirese chekurova, icho chakatsinhanisa kodzero yekurova munhaurirano yenyika kuti iwane mabhonasi emari, kugadziridzwa kwemitengo yekugara, uye kuwedzera mukana wekupokana. Vashandi vesimbi vakaramba vaine kodzero yekuramwa mabasa panyaya dzemunharaunda, uye muna 1977, pakanga paine mavhoti anodarika zana, zvichienzaniswa neanomwe chete muna 1974. ' (USW) hombe, uko Sadlowski akakunda uyo aive pachigaro chemukuru wedunhu.

Makambani esimbi akashandisa dambudziko racho kubatanidza mabasa, kusimbisa “chirango,” uye kuwedzera zvibereko.

Vapanduki vakaronga kupedza 1973 ENA; vakada kodzero yekubvumidza zvibvumirano uye vakatsvaga kusarudza hutungamiri hutsva hwenyika kuti vaunganidze chinzvimbo uye faira. Muna 1975, vashandi ava nevarwi vemunharaunda mumubatanidzwa vakaumba Steelworkers Fight Back, network yenyika yevanopikisa. Sarudzo yakaitwa yekumhanyisa Sadlowski kumutungamiri weUSW neFight Back sesangano remushandirapamwe. Mushandirapamwe wa1976-77 wakagadzira mweya wekupokana uchitarisa nyaya dzakaita seENA, kupokana nekuwedzera kwemitero, uye kodzero yekubvumidza zvibvumirano. Uyu mweya wakadzamiswa nenyaya yekuti Sadlowski pachake akange ataura pachena panyaya dzakakura dzemagariro akaita seHondo yeVietnam nekodzero dzevanhu. Pakupedzisira, Sadlowski akarasikirwa, kunyange zvazvo akawana 43 muzana yemavhoti, kusanganisira ruzhinji muvanhu vakuru veko, avo vanga vari musimbi yakakosha.

Iyo indasitiri, zvisinei, yaive padanho rekuderera kwakanyanya uye kutanga kwechikamu chitsva, chine hutsinye che deindustrialization; zvakafanotaurwa nevashoma, zvakaenda pakati pedariro. Kugadzirwa kwesimbi mudzimba kwakadzikira zvakanyanya zvichitevera 1979, sezvo makambani esimbi akaita hurongwa hwakasimba. Vashandi vesimbi 200,000 1980 vakazara vakarasikirwa nemabasa avo. Mukutanga kwaXNUMX, vashandi vesimbi muYoungstown, Ohio, vakatora dzimbahwe reruwa reUS Steel mukuedza kwakashinga asi kweshungu kumisa kudzima chigayo chavo. Zvaitarisirwa kuti kugara-mukati kungave spark yekubatidza kufamba kwekupikisa. Panzvimbo pezvo, kukuodza mwoyo kwamazana avashandi navatsigiri vanobatanidzwa, yakakurumidza kusiiwa pamirayiro yaibva kuvakuru vakuru vomubatanidzwa vomunzvimbomo navapi vamazano vavo.

Kodzero Yokuronga

Kubudirira kukuru kwevashandi muhurongwa hwepashure pehondo kwaive kuhwina kodzero yekuronga nevashandi vehurumende vemunharaunda, vehurumende, uye vehurumende, uye sangano rakatevera remamiriyoni evashandi ava kupinda mumasangano evashandi. "Kukura kwemasangano ehurumende yeUS" mu'50s uye '60s kwaive, maererano naMark Maier, "zvakafanana nekuwedzera kwemasangano akazvimirira muma1930s." Vakadzi vakapinda mubasa uye zvikamu zvehurumende zvevashandi mumamiriyoni; vakava musimboti wemafambiro matsva evadzidzisi, kunyanya yeNEA, yava kushandurwa kuita mubatanidzwa. Mumakore ekuma1970, masangano evashandi vehurumende akakura zvakapetwa kana kudarika nhengo dzese dzemubatanidzwa, uye vakadzi vakaumba chikamu chikuru kwazvo chenhengo itsva idzi.

The Coalition of Labor Union Women (CLUW), yakavambwa muna 1974 muChicago, yakazvarwa munguva yekushingairira kukuru uye yakave nesangano rinogona kutsigira vakadzi vanoshanda uye matambudziko avo. Vakadzi vatsva vemubatanidzwa vakabatana nevashandi vomuhofisi, vashandi verunhare, vanamukoti, uye vashandi vezvoutano, vashandi vembatya, uye vashandi vomufekitari. Zviuru zvitatu zvevakadzi vemasangano evashandi vakapinda gungano rekutanga; vanodokusvika chikamu chimwe muzvitatu vaivapo vakashumwa kuva vechiduku vane utsinye. CLUW yairatidzika senzira yakanaka yekubatanidza rusununguko rwevakadzi neboka revakadzi vanoshanda, mumwe anokwanisa kutaura nokuda kwekuwedzera kukuru kwenhamba yevakadzi vanoshanda, ruzhinji rusina kurongeka.

Mukati memakore maviri, zvisinei, CLUW yakanga yafa, yakaderedzwa nevakadzi vehurumende, ivo pachavo, kakawanda sezvisina, vagari vekirasi yechipiri mumibatanidzwa yavo. Kunyanguvezvo, nokuda kwavakadzi vanoshanda, kutamburira kwakapfuurira. MunaGunyana 1976, muSeattle, vanamukoti zviuru zviviri nemazana mashanu vaive pakuramwa mabasa, kuramwa mabasa kwakatora mazuva makumi matanhatu neshanu, kurova kwenguva refu kwevanamukoti panguva iyoyo, zvichiratidza, maererano ne New York Times, "chiuto chitsva chevanamukoti vakanyoreswa muno nekumwewo." Nyaya dzaive dzemihoro, vashandi, uye chitoro cheajensi. Asi pakanga panewo “nyaya yemirangariro,” maererano nomumwe chiremba.

Vaimbove vanamukoti vaigona kupopoteredzwa uye pfungwa dzavo dzaisateererwa . . . Zvino vachadenha vanachiremba uye dzimwe nguva vanototsiva mitongo yavo panzvimbo yake . . . Iyi inyaya yekuenzanisa, yakaunzwa nanamukoti vechidiki vakangwara vachangopedza zvidzidzo zvavo uye yamutswa nesangano remadzimai riri kunetsa kupedza kuramwa mabasa uku.

Vashandi vebasa, vashandi vehurumende, nevashandi vechikadzi vakateya hwaro hwemubatanidzwa wevashandi vehurumende uye webato revashandi uripo kwatiri nanhasi. Masangano aya anofanotaura nezveramangwana remabasa mazhinji, ari kusimukira pakati peshanduko kubva muboka revashandi veindasitiri kuenda kune rimwe rinoenderana neruzhinji nemapoka evashandi. Vaimiririra nhamba huru dzevakadzi nevashandi vemavara.

Mafambiro maviri muTeamsters anoratidzawo kuti kumukira kwakaramba kuchienderera. Muna 1976, Frank Fitzsimmons, mutungamiri weTeamsters, akadana hurongwa hwekuramwa mabasa, munyika yese, kwevatyairi vemarori muindasitiri yezvekutakura zvinhu vachimanikidzwa kubva padanho nefaira, kusanganisira nesangano idzva reTeamsters for a Decent Contract (TDC). Muna Gumiguru akatevera, TDC yakava Teamsters yeDemocratic Union (TDU). Chitubu chimwe chete, maTeamsters akarova UPS mumatunhu epakati, panguva ino achimanikidzwa neUPSurge, sangano reiyo UPS chinzvimbo uye faira. Kugadziriswa kwekutakura zvinhu kwakasangana nekurova kwemusango muDetroit. UPSurge yakapindura kugadzirisa kweUPS nekurova kwemusango mumaguta masere eMidwestern.

Vashandi vebasa, vashandi vehurumende, nevashandi vechikadzi vakateya hwaro hwemubatanidzwa wevashandi vehurumende uye webato revashandi uripo kwatiri nanhasi.

MuTeamsters, panguva iyoyo mubatanidzwa mukuru wemaindasitiri munyika, TDU yakatanga kuvaka sangano renyika-uye-faira mukati memubatanidzwa, mubatanidzwa une huwori, kazhinji uine hukama hwepedyo nemhomho (magandanga akacheka chibvumirano vakuru vemubatanidzwa, vemunyika nevemunharaunda, uye vakatsvaga nzira dzekubvisa homwe yepenjeni yemubatanidzwa ine mari zhinji). TDU yakakurumidza kukura kuva kufamba kwezviuru; basa rayo rakanga riri rokushandura mubatanidzwa une simba kuva simba rechinjo inofambira mberi. Yakatanga kushanda munhaurirano dzekondirakiti, yakasimudzira kubatana mukuramwa mabasa uye pakati penzvimbo, ichitsigira kuvandudzwa kwemitemo, uye yakafumura huori nehutsotsi. Kubudirira kwayo kukuru kwakauya muna 1991 apo yakaita basa guru mukukunda kwaRon Carey, mutungamiri wevashandi veUPS, mumakwikwi ake akabudirira ekuva mutungamiri wemubatanidzwa.

UPSurge, sangano revashandi veUPS, rakavambwa muCleveland muna 1975, rakabatana neTDU asi rakasiyana pakuti rakatanga kurongeka kurwisa kambani. Chinangwa chayo chekutanga kwaive kugadzirira nhaurirano dzechibvumirano che1976 central states. UPSurge yakavakirwa pane isina kurongeka vatariri vezvitoro network ine midzi mumakumi emakore ekuita zvechiuto. Mumakore ekuma'60s nema'70s, pakanga paine kurwisana kwaienderera mberi - kurohwa, zvehurumende uye zvisiri pamutemo, kusanganisira, muna 1973, kurova kwePittsburgh wildcat nemapikicha aifamba akavhara mashandiro eUPS muWestern Pennsylvania nenzvimbo zhinji dzeOhio.

Munguva iyi, UPS yakava mushandirwi mukuru weTeamsters, pamwe nekambani hombe yekufambisa munyika. Yakasvika pakuzivikanwa, kunyangwe pasirese, marori ebrown, mayunifomu echiuto, uye vatariri vayo vese, vakapakata maclipboards uye stopwachi. Muindasitiri ichiri kutungamirwa nemafemu madiki uye epakati, UPS yakava muvambi - yakanyatso hunyanzvi mu "Taylorism," chimiro chesaenzi manejimendi icho chakatora zvese zvese mubasa, kugadzira, mumashoko aHarry Braverman, "kuparadzaniswa kwe maitiro ebasa kubva kuhunyanzvi hwemushandi. " UPS yakaunza matekinoroji matsva, yakawedzera kutakura vanhu nendege, uye yakaunza vadzidzi nevashandi vadiki sevanoshanda-nguva.

Kunetsana kuUPS kwakaratidza kudzika kwekusagadzikana-uye-faira munyika ino, panguva ino mukambani ine simba, yenyika, ine mari yakawanda.

Kuvamba "kokorodzano" yeUPSurge yakaitwa muIndianapolis musi waNdira 31, 1976. Zvaishamisa; 650 UPSurgers vakaungana muHoliday Inn munzvimbo dzekumabvazuva kweguta. Musangano uyu waive chikamu chebhizinesi, chikamu chekuratidzira, chikamu chemhemberero - uye zvaive zvisingaenzaniswi munhoroondo yeUPS. Vashandi vakabva kure sePortland, Oregon, neBoston, Massachusetts, kunyange zvazvo vakawandisa kubva kumatunhu epakati. Zvikumbiro gumi zvekondirakiti zvakasarudzwa; vakatarisa pane zvinotevera: chikamu-nguva, maitiro ekutaridzika; vatariri vanoshanda, midziyo isina kuchengetedzeka, mazuva ekurwara, mazororo, neredhiyo.

Kunetsana kuUPS kwakaratidza kudzika kwekusagadzikana-uye-faira munyika ino, panguva ino mukambani ine simba, yenyika, ine mari yakawanda. Dare rekutungamira reUPSurge raive, muchidimbu, kufamba kwevatariri vezvitoro, mupfungwa yechinyakare; ndiko kuti, inenge nhengo yese yaive mutungamiriri anoshanda, akasarudzwa, anoyeukwa, wechitoro. Muna 1980, UPSurge yakabatana neTDU, uye nhasi, vashandi veUPS vanomiririra chikamu chayo chikuru - mukuwedzera, vanotonga mubatanidzwa weTeamsters pachawo. TDU, zvinoshamisa, yakakunda madutu emakore anopfuura makumi mana. Iyo inoramba ichimira sezwi renzvimbo-uye-faira Teamsters uye modhi yerudzi rwenzvimbo-uye-faira mafambiro isu tichiri kuda.

Kupera Kwemakumi manomwe Akareba

Mukupera kwema1970, kuramwa mabasa kwakaramba kuri chinhu chemazuva ose. Muenzaniso wekubudirira kweUnited Farm Workers (UFW) kurova uye kurova mazambiringa uye lettuce mu'60s kwakateverwa nekuramwa uye kurova kwevatengi mukupfeka uye machira paFarah Company naJP Stevens, pamwe nekuCoors Brewing. Kuramwa mabasa uku kwaisanganisira huwandu hwevatsigiri nevamwe vashandi, pamwe neruzhinji rwevanhu.

MunaGunyana 1976, vashandi vemuminda yemadomasi kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweOhio nevashandi vemumagaba pedyo neToledo vakarova ndokutora nzvimbo dzeMorgan Packing Company. Varovi vakamisa zvivharidzo, vakamisa zviremera, uye vakakunda, mukukunda kwakakosha kwekutanga kweFarm Labor Organising Committee (FLOC). FLOC yakavambwa neaimbova mudzidzi activist Baldemar Velásquez.

MuSeattle, 17,000 Boeing Machinists vakarova. Mukuramwa kukuru kwevashandi vemumigodhi paStearns, Kentucky, nevashandi vemufekitari muElwood, Indiana, varovi vakarohwa, vakapfurwa, uye vakasungwa. Gore rimwe chetero, vadzimi vemoto vakarova muMemphis, kurova kwekatsi dzomusango, uyewo muNormal, Illinois, uye Dayton, Ohio. MunaGunyana 1978, nhengo zviuru makumi maviri dzeAmerican Federation of State, County uye Municipal Employees (AFSCME) dzakasiya mabasa muPhiladelphia. Safeway yakavharwa muNorthern California mukurwisana kunorwadza neTeamsters - muna Nyamavhuvhu, murwi wekunhonga akaurayiwa.

Kunetsana kwekupedzisira kwemakumi emakore ekumukira-uye faira kumukira kwakauya mukurova 1977-78 muminda yemarasha.

Vashandi vezvitima, mukushora kupindira kwemubatanidzwa, vakashandura gakava rezuva makumi masere nerimwe neNorfolk Western kuita kuramwa njanji yenyika. Uye 15,000 vashandi vepulp nemapepa vakashandisa chiitiko chakawanda uye mapikicha ekufamba mukuramwa kweruzhinji muPacific Northwest. Muna 1979, kwakave nekurova kwemusango kwevatakuri vesimbi muYoungstown. Vatakuri vemotokari vakabatwa muLinwood, New Jersey, uye Lordstown, Ohio, pamwe nevashandi veposvo paRichmond, California nzvimbo yetsamba zhinji. Vashandi venyukireya vakabuda paGoodyear's Piketon, Ohio, chirimwa. Vashandi vesimbi vakahwina mukurumbira munzvimbo dzezvikepe kuNewport News, zvichitevera kuramwa mabasa kwemakore maviri. Faculty yakarova paBoston University uye University of Cincinnati, uye zvakare, vadzidzisi vechikoro. Paive nekuramwa mabasa kwevadzidzisi 199 muna 1979, kunoenderana nepamusoro-soro muna 1975-76. Vadzidzisi vakarova mari yakawanda, kuderedzwa saizi yekirasi, imwe nguva yekugadzirira, uye, mune dzimwe nzvimbo, kurangwa kwevadzidzi. Pakupedzisira, pakave nekuramwa kwa1979 kwevashandi vepapurazi reCalifornia.

Kunetsana kwekupedzisira kwemakumi emakore ekumukira-uye faira kumukira kwakauya mukurova 1977-78 muminda yemarasha. Kuramwa kwevashandi ve160,000 kwakatora mazuva 110, kuenderera mberi kunyangwe Taft-Hartley injunction yakapihwa neMutungamiri Jimmy Carter. Kaviri, vashandi vepamugodhi vakashora vatungamiri veUMW uye vakaramba zvibvumirano zvemvumo. Vashandi vacho vaida yaidanwa nevacheri vemigodhi kuti “kondirakiti yema1930s,” ine kodzero yekupisa varamwi mabasa, mari inobvisirwa hutano, uye zvirango zvekuranga vasipo. Vatsoropodzi vakapikisa mubatanidzwa wakadana kuramwa mabasa mumamiriro ezvinhu akaipisisa; paive nemwedzi yakawanda yemarasha pasi. Vatsoropodza vatsinhirawo kuti hutungamiri hwemubatanidzwa hwanga husina chinangwa chekukunda mukuramwa mabasa.

Zvakangodaro, vacheri vezvinzvimbo-uye-mafaira vakaita, uye vakarwa nemakambani - ese masangano emakambani makuru emagetsi - kumisa ropa. Vakarwawo nemauto ehurumende, varindi venyika muIndiana, uye zviuru zvevarindi vekambani nemagoons. Vashandi vatatu vomumugodhi vakapfurwa vakaurayiwa pamutsetse wepikicha, mazana akasungwa, uye zviuru zvakabhadhariswa faindi. Pakanga pane kunzwira tsitsi kwakawanda kuvacheri vemigodhi vairamwa mabasa, kusanganisira misangano yemubatanidzwa, kuunganidzwa kwezvokudya, uye makaravhani, asi hapana mumwe mubatanidzwa wakaita chiito mukutsigira kwavo. Vacheri vakarwa vari voga; zvisinei, vakakunda makambani panyaya dzakawanda. Nzara chete ndiyo yakavamanikidza kudzokera. Kunyange zvakadaro, 40 muzana yevanovhota vemigodhi vakaramba kugadziriswa, vachida kurwa. Vacheri vakaneta muna 1978, asi havana kukundwa. Vakanga vasina, zvisinei, vakagadzirira izvo zvaizouya - kubviswa kweholese yekucherwa kwemarasha kuMadokero.

Uye vadzidzisi, zvakare. Mumakore ekuma'70s, kuramwa mabasa kwevadzidzisi kwakashevedzwa zvikuru nesangano reNational Education Association (NEA). Mugore rechikoro ra1975–76 chete, pakanga paine kuramwa mabasa kwe203. Muna Ndira 1978, apo vadzidzisi vakarovanya muCanton, Ohio, zvikoro, 400 vakasungwa, kubatanidza 230 mune imwe swoop paTimken High School.

Iyi ingori mienzaniso miviri munhoroondo isati yanyorwa. NEA yakanga yatova sangano guru muma1960. Nhoroondo, raive sangano rehunyanzvi; kusiyana neAmerican Federation of Teachers (AFT), yakanga isina hukama nesangano rebasa rakarongeka. Muma1960, zvisinei, ikoku kwakavamba kuchinja. “MuNEA,” akanyora kudaro munyori wenhau dzakaitika Marjorie Murphy, “chinjo dzomukati dzakanga dzajekesa kuti sangano guru rakanga richizvironga rimene zvishoma nezvishoma asi nenzira isingadzivisiki kuva mubatanidzwa.” Mukati memakore ekuma1970, NEA yakakura pamwero wenhengo itsva dzinoda kusvika 100,000 2 gore roga roga, ichisvika pamamiriyoni maviri emamiriyoni muna 1980. The American Federation of Teachers (AFT) yakakurawo, kunyange zvazvo isina kunyanya kushamisa. AFT yakarongwa semubatanidzwa wevashandi, uye midzi yawo yakanga iri mumaguta, pamusoro pazvose muNew York City; yakanga yakabatana neAFL-CIO. Kuve nhengo mumibatanidzwa miviri iyi yakasvika kudarika iyo yemubatanidzwa weTeamsters.

Masangano ese ari maviri akadaira kukuchinja kwemamiriro e'60s nekurova uye kuronga madhiraivha. Iyo NEA, zvisinei, yakakurumidza kupfuura mukwikwidzi wayo. Muzviuru zvekuramwa mabasa kwevadzidzisi mumakore ekuma70, zvichida vakawanda se80 muzana vaitungamirirwa nevadzidzisi veNEA; uyezve, kuramwa mabasa kwevadzidzisi uku kwaimiririra bato revanhu vepasi rinotungamirirwa munharaunda. Iyo NEA yaive yakadzikiswa zvakanyanya, zvechokwadi mukuenzanisa nepamusoro-pasi mubatanidzwa weAFT.

Iyo NEA yaive neimwe mukana. Mumakore aya ebasa rakawanda revadzidzisi, AFT yakabatanidzwa mumakakatanwa emarudzi - nhaka, muchikamu, yekurwisana kwayo nevevanhu vatema mukuramwa kwevadzidzisi vekuNew York muna 1968. Paivawo nekunetsana nevabereki vechitema muYoungstown uye Newark, uko varatidziri vechitema vakadenha mubatanidzwa, kunyangwe vachitungamirwa nevadzidzisi vechitema. MunaGunyana 1975, muBoston, vadzidzisi 4,950, 90 muzana yevashandi, vakarova vachipindura kusawirirana kwenhaurirano - kuramwa kwavo basa, zvisinei, kwakakanganisa chirongwa chedunhu chemavhiki maviri, chakarairwa nedare. Iyo AFT yakagamuchira anti-affirmative-action Bakke mutongo, Dare Repamusorosoro rakapa mutongo wakanangana nekuverengerwa kwemarudzi, uye rakapikisa mitemo yeNEA yakashandisa quotas dzemarudzi nevarume mumatare ayo anotonga.

NEA, zvisinei nekwayakabva panguva yezvikoro zvakapatsanurwa - yakaronga mibatanidzwa yemarudzi maviri kuMaodzanyemba - yakatsigira kubatanidza uye kuita kwechokwadi. Muna 1964, yakaraira kuti vese vanobatana navo vabatanidzwe, kunyangwe muna 1974, sangano reLouisiana rakaramba rakapatsanurwa. Muna 1967, Elizabeth Koontz, mudzidzisi wekirasi yeAfrica muAmerica kubva kuNorth Carolina, akava mutungamiri wekutanga weNEA. Muna 1972, apo vadzidzi vaviri vechitema paSouthern University vakapfurwa vakaurayiwa nemapurisa, NEA yakabatana nevadzidzi nemasangano evatema mukuda kuferefetwa kwepamutemo. NEA yakashora mutongo wedare usingade kuti vakuru vezvikoro vagadzirise nzvimbo dzekuenda kuti dzifambirane nekuchinja kwemarudzi.

Apo AFT neNEA vakasiya hurukuro dzekubatana muna 1974, zvikonzero zvaive zvakawanda, kusanganisira zviri nyore nyaya dzesangano uye matambudziko ehunyanzvi, ekupedzisira akasimba muNEA. Asi Helen Wise, purezidhendi weNEA, paakaramba mhosva yekuti vadzidzisi veNEA vaive vasiri vatsigiri vevashandi, akadaro, zvine mutsindo, kuti "kune vakasununguka vazhinji mumubatanidzwa vanofunga nezveAFL-CIO seyakanyanya kuchengetedza." Akaenderera mberi achiti, "Iyo AFT, ichipa basa remuromo kune vashoma kubatanidzwa, yaipikisa nzira inoshanda yekuisimbisa. Hapana kuwirirana pakati pekuzvipira kweNEA uye mafungiro eAFT laissez-faire panyaya iyi. " Kubva kwekutanga, NEA yakatsigira nechido Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) yevakadzi. Muna 1974, yakakunda muDare Repamusorosoro mhosva yekurambidza zororo revadzidzisi vane pamuviri.

Pamusoro pezvo, ipapo, kuronga zvine hukasha, kusanganisira kushandiswa kwekuramwa mabasa, NEA, mumashoko aMurphy, yakatora “nzvimbo dzakashinga, dzinofambira mberi pane dzakasiyana siyana dzemagariro.” Iyo AFT neAFL-CIO yakatsigira zvakasimba hondo yeVietnam - hapana mubvunzo kuti vaitenda kuti vashandi vekuAmerica vakaitawo saizvozvo. Izvi hazvina kudaro nevadzidzisi, zvisinei, uye AFT yakabhadhara mutengo. Pakati pa1970 na1980, NEA yakakura nemiriyoni nhengo. Ruzhinji rwenhengo itsva idzi vaiva vakadzi, uye vazhinji vaiva vatema nevechiLatin; makumi ezviuru enhengo itsva idzi akaenda kuyunivhesiti muma1960. Panguva imwe cheteyo, maererano naMurphy, “vadzidzisi vakanyunyuta pamusoro petarisiro, kuwedzera hutungamiri, migove isina kufanira, uye kushaikwa kwekudzora pakupiwa marezinesi, kurovedza uye migove.” Kubva mumakakatanwa aya makabuda raizove mubatanidzwa mukuru wenyika - zvichiratidza kuti, nemamiriro ezvinhu akanaka uye chido chekuita, masangano evashandi, uye pamusoro pezvose masangano evashandi anofambira mberi, anogona kuramba achikura nekubudirira.

“Zviitiko Zvinoshamisa Pazvazvo”

Toongorora sei kuramwa mabasa nemafambiro evashandi kwemakore gumi? Izvi zvakapfuura chiyero cheongororo iyi. Zvakadaro, mafambiro aya anofanirwa kucherechedzwa, uye kucherechedzwa nezvaaive: zviitiko zvinoshamisa pachavo, zvakafanira nzvimbo inoremekedzwa muketani yemakakatanwa inova chiratidzo chekirasi yavo, kukakavara munhoroondo refu, yakasimba vanhuwo zvavo uye kurwira kwavo nyika iri nani.

Mapoinzi akawanda anogona kuitwa pano. Mafambiro evashandi akanga asina kukunda; mukufamba kwemakore gumi, vakaita kuti mibatanidzwa ive nehutongi hwejekerere uye kubatanidza, vakadzora mutariri wechitoro uye vakakunda hondo dzakakosha dzehupfumi nemagariro. Vakawedzera munda wezvinogoneka. Vakabhururuka zvakare, kana muchidimbu, mireza yakasakara yekudzora kwevashandi. Saka, semuenzaniso, vacheri vemarasha vakabatana nevamwe vese vevashandi vemuindasitiri, uku vachidzosera kumashure goho, zvakakosha kana kuchera kwaizoitwa kwakachengeteka. Nenzira isingadzivisiki, zvisinei, mibatanidzwa yakanga ichiri kuratidza masangano umo iwo akavamba. Bato iri rakaramba riri, kazhinji, vashoma, vasingakwanisi kudarika miganhu yavakaisirwa, kusanganisira kupararira kwekutonga kweparochialism. Pakupera kwemakore gumi, zvimiro nehutungamiriri hwemibatanidzwa zvakaramba zvakanyanya. Nenzira isingadzivisiki, ipapoka, mafambiro, kazhinji zvisinei nevavariro dzakanakisisa uye nezvikwaniriso zvinokosha, haana kukwanisa kukunda kupatsanurwa kwakadzama kwedzinza nevarume muUnited States. Vashandi vekuAmerica havana kumbobvira vakunda kupatsanura uku, uye kubatana kwekirasi kwakaramba kusingabviri - rusarura chena rwakadzivirira kusanganiswa kwebato rekodzero dzevanhu, bato reBlack Power, uye sangano revashandi.

Vakawedzera munda wezvinogoneka. Vakabhururuka zvakare, kana muchidimbu, mireza yakasakara yekudzora kwevashandi.

Kurova uye mafambiro echinzvimbo-uye-faira zvakaramba zvakangori kumaindasitiri ega uye mibatanidzwa, kunyangwe kwaiwanzo kuve nekubatana kwakasimba, uye nepo chinzvimbo nefaira zvaiburitsa ruzhinji rwevatungamiriri vechidiki venzvimbo, mafambiro haana kugadzirwa, hapana nzira yekubatanidza. , uye hapana vatungamiriri venyika vanozivikanwa. Vakanga vari voga mumaindasitiri ega ega nemibatanidzwa; vaisanyanya kudurura kubva kune imwe indasitiri kuenda kune imwe. Zvamazvirokwazvo, kwakanga kune kunzwira tsitsi kwakapararira kuvashandi vari mukurwisana, asi kwakanga kusina nzira yesangano yokuratidzira tsigiro yakadaro. Iyi ingangove yaive nhamo yemakore gumi, tichifunga zvaizounza ma'80s.

Kudzvinyirirwa, nevashandirwi uye kubva kuhurumende, kwakabata basa rakakosha, uye vashandi vairamwa mabasa, kunyanya pakashaikwa rutsigiro rwemubatanidzwa wehurumende, vaigara vasina kuzvidzivirira pamberi pemhirizhonga. Vashandirwi vakawedzera kufunga nezvevashandi vasina mubatanidzwa. Mumwe nemumwe, vakaita hurongwa hwemazano zvino hwave kuitika, kusanganisira kuhaya magweta anobira mubatanidzwa, kuita mishandirapamwe yekuzivisa, uye kuenda kunzvimbo dzisiri dzemubatanidzwa muSouth nekune dzimwe nyika. Mwero wemasimba masimba muma 1970 hauna kuenzana nowomuna 1919 kana kuti wama1930; kunyanguvezvo, vashandi vaigarotarisana namagadhi ane zvombo, mapurisa, uye varindi venyika, pamwe chete nevanopaza kuramwa mabasa navarwi vehurumende.

Bato revashandi reUS, rakapona makore gumi ezviboo uye mabhazi, pamwe neshanduko yehupfumi yaizove epochal muchiyero, yakaramba, pakupera kwegumi rino ramakore, ingangoita simba rine simba. Chii chinogona kuonekwa iye zvino sekuneta kwekupandukira-uye-faira kwakanga kusiri kukundwa kwesangano revashandi. Izvi zvakauya, uye zvakasarudza, kwete muna 1974, uye kwete muna 1978, asi muna 1981, apo purezidhendi mutsva, Ronald Reagan, akadzinga vadzori vemotokari vairova uye vakazivisa mubatanidzwa wavo, Professional Air Traffic Controllers (PATCO).

Vadzori vendege vaimiririra vashandi vashoma. Kukonana kwaiva, mupfungwa iyi, kwokufananidzira. Asi, mune iyi kesi, zviratidzo zvaimiririra hupenyu nerufu kune mubatanidzwa wevashandi muUnited States. Lane Kirkland, purezidhendi weAFL-CIO, akapindura kune hutongi hutsva hweReagan hukasha hwekupokana nemubatanidzwa nekuronga "Solidarity Day" muWashington, DC: Gunyana 19, 1981 - kunyangwe, kunyadzi dzake, kudzivirira kwePATCO kwanga kusiri central demand. Mazana ezviuru zvevashandi vakapindura, PATCO yakatanhamara pakati pavo, vachifora mubatanidzwa nemubatanidzwa mumauto makuru kuburikidza neCapitol, mukuratidzira kunoshamisa kwesimba remubatanidzwa. Kuratidzira uku kwakaratidza zvakanyanya mukana wekumisa Reagan, kuponesa PATCO, uye kununura zvakasara zvesimba remubatanidzwa nesangano, zvichiri kuwanda muna 1981.

Zvaisafanira kuitika. Solidarity Day yakasvika ndokuenda. Tsigiro yePATCO yanga isiri kuuya; zvirokwazvo, iyo AFL-CIO yakakanganisa pachivande chero mukana wekubatana kunoshanda, uye mubatanidzwa wevanodzora vendege wakarasika. Pashure pacho, pakanga pasisina kudzoka. Magedhi emafashama emvumo uye kudzoreka kwakarongeka akazarurwa; nhengo yemubatanidzwa yaparara. Ma1980 aive njodzi kusangano revashandi. "Huku dzakauya kumba kuzogara." Imwe nyaya yacho inosanozivikanwa.