Kwakabva: Foreign Policy in Focus
Sezvo chibvumirano cheNorth America Free Trade Agreement chave kushanda, hupfumi hweUnited States neMexico hwakabatanidzwa zvakanyanya. Vanhu vanoshanda kumativi ose emuganhu weMexico / US havasi ivo chete vanobatwa nekubatanidzwa uku: ivo chinhu chayo. Kubatanidzwa kunodzorwa nemakambani kunoda kuwedzera purofiti uye kusundira mihoro uye mabhenefiti pasi, kutonga kuyerera kwevanhu vakadzingwa semhedzisiro, kudzoreredza kodzero uye mabhenefiti emagariro akawanikwa kwemakumi emakore, uye kunetesa mafambiro evashandi munyika mbiri idzi.
Vashandi veUS neMexico chikamu chehurongwa hwepasi rose hwekugadzira, kugovera, uye kushandisa. Haisi hukama hwenyika mbiri chete. Mabasa anobva kuUnited States neCanada kuenda kuMexico kuitira kuderedza mari yevashandi. Asi kubva kuMexico, mabasa mamwe chete iwayo anoenda kuChina kana Bangladesh kana makumi edzimwe nyika uko mutengo wevashandi wakatoderera.
Nzvimbo dzakawanda dzekugadzira dzinokanganisa kukwidziridzwa kwemubatanidzwa. Grupo Mexico, mubatanidzwa mukuru wekumigodhi wekuMexico, unogona kushandisa purofiti inowanikwa mukucherwa kwezvicherwa muPeru kupa rubatsiro kumitengo yekupwanya kuramwa mabasa muCananea vobva vatenga migodhi yemhangura muArizona vomanikidza vashandi vekuUS kuramwa mabasa zvakare.
Kugadziriswa kwemagetsi muMexico, iyo Mexican Electrical Union (SME) yakarwira kwemakumi maviri emakore, haingobatanidzi veMexico. Kana mitemo yeMexico inorambidza kugadzirwa kwemagetsi kuhurumende yakadzikira, nhanganyaya yekurwisa mubatanidzwa zvakanangana, makambani akaita seSan Diego Gasi neMagetsi akaisa zvidyarwa mhiri kwemuganhu. Ivo vanogadzira simba regidhi reUS, pamuhoro wakaderera uye nekudzora kushoma.
Energy maquiladoras, kutaura zvazviri, inopa masangano evashandi muUnited States chikonzero chekubatsira vashandi vekuMexico kuramba kushambadzira. Kubatira pamwe, zvisinei, kunoda zvinopfuura chinzwano pakati pemibatanidzwa yakatarisana nomushandirwi mumwe cheteyo. Zvinoda kubatana mukuramba shanduko neoliberal senge privatization uye kutsigira SME kana ichida kuvandudzwa, sezvazvinoita nhasi.
Haisi kugadzirwa chete. United States zvakare inotumira kunze kwenyika pfungwa. Shanduko yedzidzo muMexico inobva kuGates uye Broad nheyo. Ndivo vakafanana vanzveri vanorwisa vadzidzisi veUS. KuMexico vanotsigirwa neUSAID, uye mumwe wavo ndiMexicanos Primero, iyo inotungamirirwa naClaudio X. Gonzalez naClaudio Gonzalez Guajardo, imwe yemhuri dzakapfuma muMexico. Kurwisa kwavo vadzidzisi kwakaisa mamiriro ekunze ekutsakatika nekupondwa kwevadzidzi makumi mana nevatatu muAyotzinapa.
Munyika mbiri idzi, hondo huru dzemubatanidzwa dzinotsvaga kuchengetedza izvo zvakamboitwa nevashandi, mune hutsinye hwezvematongerwo enyika hwatisina kutonga. Mibatanidzwa yeMexico yakavharirwa muhurongwa hwevashandi vehurumende, umo hurumende inopupurira kuvepo kwemubatanidzwa, uye pamwero mukuru inodzora kutaurirana kwavo. MuUnited States, vashandi vari mungozi nedambudziko rehupfumi, kuderera kwehuwandu, uye hurongwa hwezvemitemo nezvematongerwo enyika hunotsigira. VaTrump neCOVID vakatowedzera izvi, asi dambudziko raivepo vasati vauya.
Vicente Fox neNational Action Party pavakakunda bato rinotonga reMexico, Party of the Institutionalized Revolution (PRI), muna 2000, zvakagadzira mamiriro matsva umo masangano anodyidzana nehurumende akatanga kurasikirwa nenzvimbo yawo yakasarudzika. Vashandirwi nehurumende vakawedzera kuda kushandisa chisimba uye kudzvinyirira. Basa risingachinji rakava repamutemo uye rakapararira, sezvazvakaita muUnited States. Mibatanidzwa yeMexico nhasi inopokana kana mamiriro evashandi nevashandi achinja zvakanyanya nehutongi hutsva hweMutungamiri Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador, uyo akatsigirwa neruboshwe.
MuUnited States, shanduko yemitemo yevashandi, hutano hwenyika, uye kumwe kugadziridzwa kwevashandi kwave kusingaite mune zvematongerwo enyika, kunyangwe pasi pevatungamiriri veDemocratic. Bato rehurumende reUS, chikamu chine simba zvakanyanya mune zvematongerwo enyika chesangano revashandi reUS, chave chinangwa chekodzero yeUS.
Sezvo kurwiswa kwemibatanidzwa kunowedzera kusimba, kubatana kuri kuita kuri madikanwa kuti tirarame. Mibatanidzwa yakatarisana nemubvunzo wakakosha kumativi ese emuganho - vangakunda hondo dzavakatarisana nadzo nhasi, kunyanya dzezvematongerwo enyika, vasina kubatanidza kuedza kwavo pamwechete?
Sezvineiwo, uyu hausi mubvunzo usinganzwisisike, nekuti kufambira mberi kwakakosha kwakaitika mumakumi maviri emakore apfuura.
Kubuda kweTrans-Border Solidarity
Makore mushure mekupfuura kweNAFTA akaona kusimuka kukuru kwekuita pamwe chete nevashandi veUS neMexico. Benedicto Martinez, munyori mukuru weAuthentic Labor Front, akazvitsanangura neiyi nzira: โNAFTA yakashamisa mibatanidzwa mizhinji yeUnited States kubva mukusagadzikana kwayoโkwete zvikuru vatungamiriri vayo venyika, asi vanhu vari mumibatanidzwa yomunzvimbomo, avo vakatanga kusundira mberi kudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi pose. kuumba hukama hutsva hwenyika uye kutsvaga kubatana. Ndizvo zvakaita kuti vatungamiri vavo vateerere muganhu.โ
Martinez nevamiriri vepasi kubva kunyika mbiri dzakarongwa panguva yenharo yeNAFTA kuratidza vashandi vekuUS kuti vashandi vekuMexico vaive vasiri muvengi wavo. Vaifanira kuita izvi pasi-kumusoro nekuti AFL-CIO ichiri kutsigira kutengeserana kwemahara uye yaingove nehukama nemasangano ane huori zvakanyanya muMexico, nekuti vaive vanyanya kurwisa Communist. Ava varatidziri vakasiya vakafamba muguta neguta nehoro yemubatanidzwa kuenda kuhoro yemubatanidzwa kuronga Mexican Network Against Free Trade, iyo ichiripo nanhasi.
Mukuwedzera kwekubatana kwekupera kwema1990, mibatanidzwa mizhinji yakawana vanobatana nayo mhiri kwemuganhu. Yekutanga kubatana network, Coalition for Justice muMaquiladoras, yakagadzirwa apo NAFTA ichiri kukakavara. Zvakawanda zvekuedza kwayo zvakanangidzirwa kutsigira vashandi vari kuyedza kuronga masangano akazvimirira pamuganho, kuti vabude muzvibvumirano zvekudzivirira zvinotapira zvakasainwa nemasangano e-pro-kambani kumashure kwavo.
MuTijuana, vashandi vakaronga mubatanidzwa wakazvimirira paPlasticos Bajacal muna 1992. Kambani payakadzinga vatungamiri, vatsigiri vemubatanidzwa muSan Diego vakaunganidza mari kuti vavabhadhare mihoro yavo yakarasika kuti varambe vachironga. Vashandi vakapandukira chirimwa chihombe cheSony muNuevo Laredo uye vakarohwa nekurwiswa nemapombi emoto pavakaedza kusarudza vatungamiriri vavo. Mukupera kwema1990, vashandi vanoda mubatanidzwa wavo vakaramwa mabasa kaviri paTijuana's Han Young fekitori, imwe yeyakakura, yakareba, uye yakakosha kuedza kuronga mubatanidzwa wakazvimirira pamuganho.
Vamwe vashandi vakaedza chinhu chimwe chete paDuro Bag, Custom Trim/Auto Trim, uye Levis/Lajat, ari makambani eUS. Comite Fronterizo de Obreras yakaronga vashandi paAlcoa/Fujikura, uye ichiri kuzviita nhasi ichibatira pamwe nemubatanidzwa wemigodhi wekuMexico (the Mineros) neUnited Steelworkers.
Nhaurirano ye NAFTA yakabatsira kusimbisa hukama pakati peUnited Electrical Workers (UE) neAuthentic Labor Front (FAT), zvichienderana nekuenzana uye mishandirapamwe chaiyo pasi. The Communications Workers of America vakagadzira hukama hwepedyo neMexican Telephone Workers. Sangano reInternational Longshore neWarehouse Union rakatumira nhumwa, kutanga kuVeracruz pakaputswa mubatanidzwa wayo, ndokuzoenda kumadoko ePacific Coast sezvo vaive vari kuchengetedzwa.
Mushure mekunge John Sweeney asarudzwa kuva mutungamiri weAFL-CIO, mitemo yekare inopikisa Communist yakatanga kushanduka, uye AFL-CIO Solidarity Center yakamiswa kuti itore nzvimbo yezvivakwa zvekare zveCold-War. Sangano reSolidarity Center rakabatsira mukuumbwa kweWorkers Support Center (CAT) muPuebla.
CAT yakashandisa mhiri-muganho kurwisa vashandi veMexico neUS, ichigadzira musika weUS. United Students Against Sweatshops vakaratidzira zvipfeko zvinotengeswa muzvitoro zvekoreji zvinogadzirwa paKuk Dong's plant muPuebla, uko vashandi vakarohwa nekuyedza kuronga mubatanidzwa wakazvimirira. Rutsigiro rwevadzidzi rwakabatsira kuhwina kondirakiti. Vashandi vemotokari muzvirimwa zvemagungano muMichigan vakaudza Ford neGM kuti vasauye nezvikamu kubva kuJohnson Controls kunze kwekunge yasaina chibvumirano neMineros kuMexico.
VaMineros neUnited Steel Workers vakavharirwa mukurwisana kwese-kunze neGrupo Mexico. Munguva yemakore gumi nemaviri kuramwa mabasa muCananea masangano eUnited States akatumira mari nechikafu mhiri kwemuganhu, akaronga zviito zvekutsigira muUS, uye akapa hupoteri kumutungamiri weMineros muCanada apo hurumende yeMexico ingadai yakamukanda mujeri.
Vakavaka mubatanidzwa nevanoongorora zvakatipoteredza mushure mekuteuka kukuru kwehupfu kubva kumugodhi weCananea kwakaparadza maguta ari pedyo neRwizi rweSonora. Ipapo, kunyange pashure pamakore okushayiwa, vashandi vomumugodhi muCananea vakatumira tsigiro kuhanzvadzi dzavo nehanzvadzi muArizona neNew Mexico apo Grupo Mexico yakavamanikidza kuramwa basa gore rakapfuura.
Mibatanidzwa yeUnited States yakagara kunze kwekurwa kwekutanga pamusoro pekugadziriswa kwekugadzirwa kwemagetsi, muchidimbu nokuti SME yakanga yakabatana neWorld Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU), hombe kwete-kwete munguva yeCold War. Kurambidzwa uku kwakachinja, uye SME yakawana rutsigiro kuburikidza neTrinational Solidarity Alliance nemisangano pakati pevatungamiriri veAFL-CIO. Muna 2013 vanopfuura 50,000 vashandi, vadzidzi, uye vanorwira kodzero dzevanhu vakaratidzira kumamiriri eMexico pasi rese.
A Tri-National Coalition Yekudzivirira Dzidzo Yevanhu yakarongeka muna 1993, gore rekutanga NAFTA isati yatanga kushanda. Munguva yekuramwa mabasa kwevadzidzisi vekuMexico muna 2006 vachipokana nekuvandudzwa kwedzidzo yemakambani, vadzidzisi vekuOaxaca vakaenda kuCalifornia vakataura pagungano reCalifornia Federation of Teachers. California ine nhamba huru yevadzidzi vekuMexico muzvikoro zvayo, uye vazhinji vanobva kune dzimwe nyika ivo pachavo vanoshanda sevadzidzisi, saka kubatana kwevadzidzisi vemuganhu kuri kukura.
Zvishoma nezvishoma, masangano evashandi ari kuona kukosha kwevashandi vane tsoka dzakasimwa kumativi ose emuganhu. Iyo UFW, semuenzaniso, yakagadzira hukama hwehukama neFrente Indigena de Organizaciones Binacionales (FIOB). Yakahaya varongi veOaxacan, vachinyatsogona mitauro yeko, uye vakaratidzira kushungurudzwa nemapurisa uye kupambwa kwevanhu vanobva kune dzimwe nyika munharaunda dzeGreenfield muSalinas Valley yeCalifornia.
Pakati pa2013 na2105, Triqui neMixteco vashandi vekumapurazi, vatama kubva kuOaxaca, vakapinda mukuramwa mabasa muBaja California neBurlington, Washington. Vakabva vatanga kuramba pasi rose kweDriscoll's, kambani hombe yemabheri pasi rose. Vakahwina kondirakiti muWashington, uye muBaja California vakaronga mubatanidzwa wakazvimirira uchiri kurwira kondirakiti ikoko. Bonifacio Martinez, mushandi wepapurazi muBaja California, akatsanangura, "Kana makambani ari epasi rese izvozvi, isu vashandi tinofanirawo kuva vekunze."
Mumakore ekuma2000, kunyange zvakadaro, nhanho yemabasa ekuyambuka muganhu yakaderera. Hondo yehugandanga muUnited States uye hondo yezvinodhaka muMexico yakakanganisa zvikuru vashandi nemibatanidzwa. Pamuganhu, kuurayiwa kwevakadzi vashandi veMaquila muJuarez, kuwanikwa kwemitumbi yemazana evanotama mumakuva makuru, uye mhirizhonga yakawedzera, zvese zvakakanganisa vashandi.
Zvisinei nekutya, vashandi vakaramwa mabasa kumubatanidzwa wakazvimirira muJuarez muna 2017 kune mamwe mafekitori makuru kuNorth America. Zvino, kuMatamoros, vashandi vanopfuura zviuru makumi mana vakarova mafesheni ekuUS apo varidzi vavo vakaramba kubhadhara mari shoma yakarairwa neAMLO paakangotora chigaro muna 40,000. Uye nguva pfupi yadarika, vashandi vakarova zvidyarwa zveUS vakaramba kuteerera hurongwa hwehurumende hwekumisa kugadzirwa panguva yeCCIDID. Pachigadzirwa cheLear chete, vashandi gumi nevatatu vafa nehutachiona.
Mukupindura, makambani akadaidzira Mutungamiri Trump. Indasitiri yekudzivirira yeUS inowedzera zvinoenderana nekuenderera mberi kwekugadzirwa kubva kune izvo zvidyarwa. Dhipatimendi reUS State rakatyisidzira hurumende yeMexico, uye makambani akabvumidzwa kutangazve kugadzira. Asi pakanga pasina kana kuchema-chema kwevaratidziri vevashandi nevatungamiriri muUnited States apo hurumende yakamanikidza vashandi kudzokera mumiti iyoyo, ichiziva kuti vazhinji vavo vaizofa somuuyo.
Ramangwana Rekubatana
Kuchamhembe kweMexico, iyo maquiladora indasitiri ichiri yakakura. Zviuru zvitatu zvinomera zvinoshandisa vashandi vanopfuura mamiriyoni 1.3. Bato rakasimba uye rakasimba revashandi pamuganho raizoshandura zvematongerwo enyika zveMexico nezvematongerwo enyika zveUS zvakare.
Mamirioni avanhu ari kuuya kuUS ibhiriji pakati penyika mbiri idzi. Kuronga vashandi veMexico ku carwashes muLos Angeles neChicago, semuenzaniso, zvichabatsira masangano eUS kukura, pasina kupokana. Asi zvichabatsirawo mibatanidzwa muMexico, nekupa simba rakawanda kuvashandi vanoziva kukosha kwazvakaita kutsigira vashandi vemumigodhi muCananea kana vashandi vemagetsi muMexico City.
Tsigiro yevashandi vekuUS kubvumidza chibvumirano chitsva chekutengeserana, zvisinei, haina kurarama zvinoenderana nepfungwa yekurwa pamwe chete, uye yakashora izvo masangano anoziva kuti ndezvechokwadi kubva kumakumi matatu emakore echiitiko. Mibatanidzwa yeUnited States inoziva kuti chinangwa cheNAFTA chaiva chei, kumativi ose emuganhu: kuunza hupfumi hweUnited States neMexico pedyo pamwe chete, kuderedza mutengo wevashandi munyika mbiri idzi, uye kuderedza masangano uye kuchengetedzwa kwemagariro evashandi. Uye ivo vanoziva zvakaitwa NAFTA. United States yakarasikirwa nemiriyoni yemabasa. Mamirioni evaMexico akadzingwa pasi penyika yavo uye kunze kwemabasa avo zvakare. Nhamba yevanhu vaifanira kuyambuka muganhu kuti vararame yakawedzera kubva pamamiriyoni 4.5 kusvika pamamiriyoni gumi nemaviri mumakore gumi nemashanu chete.
Chinangwa chechibvumirano chitsva chekutengeserana, iyo USMCA, haina kusiyana, uye hukuru-hukuru huchave hwakafanana. Vashandi havafanire kuvhiringa mapfupa akakandwa kuti vawane mavhoti muCongress nemagariro chaiwo, ehupfumi, uye zvematongerwo enyika zvavanoziva kuti zvichave nazvo. Shanduko yemutemo wevashandi vekuMexico, chimwe chinhu chemubatanidzwa weMexico chakarwa makumi emakore kuti chikunde, chakabatwa sechipo chekuchengetedza mabasa mumafekitori muUnited States. Kukunda hurumende yekutengeserana kwekusununguka kunoda hondo yakafanana.
Mushure mezvose, vashandi vemumigodhi vakanyoreswa muCananea, kana vashandi vemagetsi vakadzingwa muMexico City, vanova vashandi uye varongi vemubatanidzwa muPhoenix, Los Angeles neNew York. Vashandi vemumapurazi ekumahombekombe ekumadokero, vangave vanoshanda muSan Quintin, Watsonville, kana kuti Burlington, Washington, vanobva munharaunda dzimwe chetedzo, vanotaura mitauro yakafanana, uye vanotarisana nehofori imwe cheteyo yebhizimisi rekurima.
Kunyange zvichirwadza sezvazvaive zvakaita kune veMexico ivo pachavo, kutamira kweMexico kuenda kuUnited States kwave kuri simba kune mibatanidzwa yeUS. Mamirioni avanhu ibhiriji pakati penyika mbiri idzi nemasangano evashandi. Kurwira kodzero dzevashandi vekuMexico uye vanobva kune dzimwe nyika muUnited States chikamu chekubatana.
Tsika yekubatana inoreva kuti vashandi vanonzwisisa kuti kugara kwavo kwakanaka kwakabatana nerubatsiro rwevamwe vashandi, uye kuti vakagadzirira kuita maererano nekunzwisisa ikoko. Vashandi havangogutsikane kuti vane basa uye kondirakiti ine muhoro unogona kutsigira mhuri, vobva vafuratira mushandi ari kuramwa mabasa muSan Quintin kana Cananea, kana mushandi wemagetsi pakuramwa nzara muMexico City. , kana mushandi ari kurwisa kuvharwa kwefekitari muCalifornia.
Tose takasungwa pamwechete.
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