Irukudzo kuva pano zvakare kubatsira kutumira imwe Hushamwari Karavhani kuCuba. Asi zvaisazova zvakanaka here kana tisina kutyora mutemo kuti tishanyire Cuba kana kutumira rubatsiro rwevanhu kuCuba? Apo Rev. Lucius Walker vakandidana makore makumi maviri apfuura kuti vandikumbire kutaura pamusangano wevatori venhau apo vaizozivisa hurongwa hwekutanga Hushamwari Caravan, handina kumbofungidzira kuti ndingadai ndichiri kutaura pazviitiko zveCaravan makore makumi maviri gare gare.
Muongororo mushure meongororo, gore negore, tinoona kuti vanhu vazhinji vekuAmerica, kusanganisira vekuCuba-America, vanoda hukama hwakanaka neCuba. Zvakadaro Washington inoramba ichiedza kudzosa wachi yenhoroondo.
Zvichakadaro, chido chekugumisa kutengeserana uye zvirango zvekufamba zvaenda pasi rose. Gore rimwe nerimwe, kutanga muna 1992, gore rimwe chetero seCaravan yokutanga, Cuba inoendesa nhau yezvirambidzo zvokutengeserana kuGeneral Assembly yeUnited Nations. Nhamba yenyika dziri kuvhota dzichipikisa kurambidzwa kwacho yakawedzera nokukurumidza gore negore kutozosvikira yava kubvumirana. Gore rapfuura vhoti yaive 186 ku2. Hazvigone kubvumirana zvachose nekuti Mumiriri weUnited States mumwe wevaviri vanovhotera kurambidzwa.
MuAmerica vanhu vanonzwa kuti ihurongwa hwehupfumi hweCuba, kwete kurambidzwa kwekutengeserana, hunoshungurudza vanhu vekuCuba. Zvakadaro genesis yekutengeserana embargo yaive pachena kuziya nenzara maCuba mukuzviisa pasi. Mwedzi mitanhatu mushure mekukunda kweCuban Revolution, Texan akapfuma zvakanyanya, Robert Kleberg, muridzi weKing Ranch muTexas - imwe yemapurazi makuru pasi rose, ainetsekana nedanga rake remombe muCuba saka akasangana neMunyori weNyika. Christian Herter. Sekureva kwememo yeDhipatimendi reHurumende, akaudza Herter kuti kunyima Cuba chikamu chayo cheshuga kwaizokonzera "kumwe kushaikwa kwemabasa" zvichireva kuti "nhamba huru yevanhu vanomanikidzwa kubuda basa vaizotanga kunzwa nzara." Secretary of State akanyevera kuti mutemo wakadaro waizova โhondo yezvoupfumiโ munguva yorugare.
Washington yaizosarudza ipi? Hondo Here Kana Kuti Nguva Yorugare? Mhinduro yakauya risingasviki gore apo mukuru weDhipatimendi reHurumende akatumira imwe memo achiratidza kuti "ruzhinji rwevanhu vekuCuba vanotsigira [Fidel] Castro" uye vakagumisa kuti "nzira chete inofanoona yekubvisa rutsigiro rwemukati ndeyekusagutsikana uye kusafarira kunoenderana nehupfumi. kusagutsikana uye kuomerwa.โ Nokudaro "zvinotevera kuti nzira dzose dzinogoneka dzinofanira kuitwa nekukasira kuderedza hupenyu hwehupfumi hweCuba .... kuunza nzara, kupererwa uye kupidigura hurumende."
Saka Eisenhower Administration yakamisa shuga yeCuba uye yakatanga "hondo yehupfumi" iyo yakashanduka kuita State of Siege inoenderera mberi kwehafu yezana ramakore gare gare.
Kushora nekufumura mutemo wehutsinye uhwu, MaCaravans akatanga nzendo dzekuCuba muna Mbudzi 1992 apo Lucius Walker nevamwe vanhu vanopfuura zana vakaisa panjodzi yekubhadhariswa faindi nekutongerwa kugara mujeri, sezviri kuitwa neCaravanistas nhasi, kutora Karavhani yekutanga yehushamwari mhiri kweMexico. muganhu munzira yavo kuenda kuCuba. Heino mamiriro ezvakaitika kare ezvaiitika apo Vafundisi veRunyararo vakatanga dambudziko iroro uye sezvo Cuba yakatanga kupikisa chibvumirano chekutengeserana pamusangano wepasi rose weGeneral Assembly.
Gore iroro, 1992, neSoviet Union yakaparara zviri pamutemo, Washington ingadai yakatora mukana wekushandura mutemo kuCuba. Apo vapanduki veCuba vakadzinga mudzvinyiriri, General Batista, kubva muCuba musi waNdira 1, 1959, inenge 83 muzana yekutengeserana kweCuba yaiva neUnited States, asi Washington yakamisa kutengeserana ikoko. Nokudaro, apo Soviet Union yakaparara zviri pamutemo muna December 1991, inenge 83 muzana yokutengeserana kweCuba yakanga iri neSoviet Union nenyika dzeSoviet. Hupfumi hweCuba hwaive huchidzika pasi mushure mekuparara kweSoviet Union.
Washington ingadai yakazivisa kuti yakatendera kubudirira kweCuba yehutano hwemahara uye dzidzo yemahara kuvanhu vayo uye nekudaro yaizobatsira Cuba kuchengetedza mararamiro iwayo nekuvhura kutengeserana uye kufamba neCuba. Asi panzvimbo pezvo Congress yakasimbisa chibvumirano chekutengeserana nekupfuura Mutemo weTorricelli muna Gumiguru 1992. Mutemo iwoyo wakatumidzwa zita remutsigiri wawo mukuru, uyo vazhinji vedu muNew Jersey vanoyeuka zvakanaka - Robert Torricelli, uyo panguva iyoyo aive Mumiriri weNew Jersey muImba uye gare gare. akava seneta kusvikira huwori hwake hwamumanikidza kusiya chigaro chake cheSeneti. Mutemo wacho wakanga wakananga, mumashoko aTorricelli pachake, โkuparadza chitsuwa ichocho.โ Mune mamwe mazwi, kuenderera mberi nemutemo wekuyedza kuziya vanhu veCuba mukuzviisa pasi.
Magandanga eAnti-Cuban akaziva kuti kupasa kwemutemo weTorricelli kwakavapa mwenje wakasvibira. Mazuva mana mushure mekunge mutemo iwoyo wapasiswa, mabara akapfurwa kubva muchikepe chinomhanya akarova vavaida, akapfura Hotel Melia, imwe yehotera huru dzeCuba. Vhiki gare gare, Miami Herald yakashuma kuti yakanga yagamuchira โmashoko ehondoโ ichizvitutumadza kuti โMadekwana aOctober 7, 1992, Comandos L yakarwisa vavariro yehondo pamhenderekedzo yegungwa yeruwa rweMatanzas, Cuba.โ Ihotera yevashanyi yakanga yave pachena - kwete muchivande - "chinangwa chemauto." Uye mushure memwedzi mitatu, Tony Bryant, uyo akatungamira Comandos L, akazvikudza paTV yenyika pamusangano wenhau weMiami wezvirongwa zvekuwedzera kurwiswa kuCuba, kunyanya mahotera. Achinyevera vashanyi kuti vasaende pachitsuwa chacho, akati, โKubva panguva ino zvichienda mberi, tiri muhondo.โ
Kana akasungwa, magandanga aya haafaniri kutya kutongerwa mhosva. Tony Bryant paakapomerwa mhosva yekubata uye kutakura pfuti nemunhu akabatwa nemhosva, Mutongi weFederal James Lawrence King muMiami akarasa mhosva iyi, achifunga kuti "Bryant haana kuita sekunge akapara mhosva." Matare akanga ave mubatanidzwa muHondo Yehugandanga.
Muna 1996 Congress yakapfuura uye Mutungamiri Clinton vakasaina mutemo weHelms-Burton uyo wakasimbisa kutengeserana uye kurambidzwa kufamba zvakatowedzera. Chiyero chekutyisidzira kune veCaravanistas chakawedzera, asi kushinga uye kukosha kweCaravanistas kwakawedzerawo. Vaenderera mberi vachipikisa mitemo inoita kuti zvizvarwa zveAmerica zvisaziva zviri kuitika kuCuba kuburikidza nekuita dhimoni kuhurumende yeCuba uku ichitadzisa zvizvarwawo zvake kuti zvionere Cuba pachavo uye kuwana mukana wekuita pfungwa dzavo.
Ngatitarisei kwechinguvana kusvika kumagumo ehudzvanyiriri hweBatista. Apo vapanduki veCuba vakakunda Mutungamiriri Batista, vokune dzimwe nyika, zvikurukuru muUnited States, vaiva ne75 muzana yeminda inorimika; 90 muzana yemabasa akaita semagetsi, mvura, uye nhare; uye 40 muzana yeindasitiri yeshuga.
Iko Cuban Revolution hongu yakabva yatanga zvirongwa zvine chinangwa chekugovewazve hupfumi, kusanganisira kodzero yevagari vese kukodzero dzevanhu dzakakosha sedzidzo nekurapwa.
Washington yakashandisa CIA kupindura. Kurwiswa kwemhepo kwakaramba kuchirova indasitiri yeshuga, musimboti wehupfumi panguva iyoyo. Vamwe vakabhomba Havana pachayo. Imwe yakarwisa chitima chaive chakazara nevanhu.
MaCubans, pamagumo ekugamuchira, akawana kufa uye kuparadzwa. Asi muWashington, kurwiswa uku kwakakurukurwa mune zvakavanzika memos pakati pevanhu vane mvumo yekuchengetedza pane zvinodiwa-kuziva, kukudziridza kupindwa muropa nedhirama uye simba rekuve pakati peavo vanoziva zvakavanzika zveWashington uye zvirongwa.
Hondo Yehugandanga yakamanikidza Cuba kukanganisa hupfumi hwayo nekuvandudza Mauto Ayo eChimurenga uye mauto akakurumbira kudzivirira nyika kubva mukurwiswa nepfuti nguva dzose uye zvechokwadi kupinda muBay of Pigs. Kubva mumhirizhonga iyi iri pakati pemagandanga nezvinangwa zvavo kwakauya masangano maviri anopikisana: Kune rimwe divi, mauto emagandanga ari muUnited States uye kune rimwe, Cuba's State Security department kana G-2. Cuba haina sarudzo yekutumira mauto ayo kuti apinde nechisimba muUnited States kuitira kubvisa mapoka emagandanga. Pane kudaro, G2 inofanirwa kupinza vamiririri mumapoka iwayo kuti vaburitse hurongwa hwavo.
Zvirongwa zvakawanikwa nevamiriri veCuba zvakadzivirira kuurayiwa kwakawanda uye kubhomba. Asi zvimwe hazvina kuonekwa nenguva. Chiitiko chikuru chehugandanga chakauraya vese 73 vafambi nevashandi vaive muCuban jet yevatakuri payakapeperetswa kubva mudenga muna Gumiguru 1976 - kekutanga muWestern Hemisphere kuti vagari vemundege inotakura vanhu vakashandiswa sechombo chezvematongerwo enyika chakanangana nemaune. pakugadzira kutya. Izvo hazvina kuitika zvakare kusvika 9/11.
Kupondwa kwevanhu makumi manomwe nenhatu vaive mundege yeCuba kwakarongwa naOrlando Bosch naLuis Posada, magandanga maviri ane mukurumbira muWestern Hemisphere. Bosch akafa gore rapfuura muMiami nezvikonzero zvakasikwa. Posada achiri kugara muMiami, asi ndinonzwisisa kuti zviri pachena kuti ane utano husina kunaka.
Muna 1998, Cuba yakakoka veFBI kuHavana ndokuvapa ruzivo rwakaunganidzwa nevamiriri veCuba pamusoro pemagandanga muUnited States. Asi pane kusunga magandanga, FBI yakasunga vanhu vekuCuba vakanga vaunganidza humbowo. Iye zvino vava kuzivikanwa seVashanu veCuba, Gerardo Hernรกndez, Ramรณn Labaรฑino, Antonio Guerrero, Fernando Gonzรกlez, naRenรฉ Gonzรกlez vakatongwa ndokubatwa nemhosva muMiami ndokuiswa mumajeri akasiyana munyika yose. Renรฉ Gonzรกlez akapedza mutongo wake gore rapfuura asi anofanirwa kugara makore matatu "ekuburitswa akaongororwa" asati adzokera kumhuri yake kuCuba. Vamwe vakatarisana nemitongo yakareba, kusanganisira kugara mujeri.
Sezvineiwo, vamiririri veG-2 vakapfuuridzira basa ravo uye vakafumura rimwe zano rekuuraya Castro mugore ra2000. Kuzhinji kwemazana ekuedza kuuraya Fidel Castro hakuna kucherechedzwa, asi Mutungamiri Castro akava nechokwadi chekudana kune iyi. Mushure mekunge vasvika muPanama City kuzopinda musangano weIbero-American Summit, Castro akaita musangano wenhau kuti azivise kuti Luis Posada nevamwe vake vatatu vekuCuba-America vaironga kumuuraya nekubhomba horo yekuUniversity yePanama kwaaizoenda. taura. Akatotaura kuti mapurisa aizowana kupi vanhu vaizova mhondi.
Vamiririri veG-2 havana kungoponesa hupenyu hweMutungamiri Castro zvakare asiwo hupenyu hwemazana evanhu, kunyanya vadzidzi, vakazadza muhoro yeYunivhesiti yePanama kuti vanzwe Castro achitaura. Ikoko kungadai kusiri kuuraya kumwe chete. Kungadai kwakave kuuraya.
Apo Posada akaregererwa uye akapinzwa muMiami zvisiri pamutemo, akagamuchirwa segamba mumusangano weMiami wemagandanga ane chinangwa chekuita chinangwa cheWashington chekutonga Cuba zvakare. Zvinodzidzisa kuziva kuti chikamu chimwe chete chenyika muCuba chinogarwa neUS Armed Forces ndiyo nzvimbo yejeri rine mukurumbira wakashata pasi rose - Guantรกnamo.
The Friendshipment Caravans vakagadzira nharaunda yevanhu, senge iri pano manheru ano, mhiri kweUnited States nepasirese rakazvipira kushandura mutemo weUS kuenda kuCuba kubva kune hugandanga kuenda kuHushamwari, uye nharaunda iyi iri kukura kunyangwe zvipingaidzo zvese. Ndinoda kutenda vatinotambira, Ungano yeUnitarian Universalist, nekuita chiitiko ichi nevarongi, kusanganisira Jim Price naAna Maria Cรกrdenas vanobva kuno kuMontclair, uye zvechokwadi Vafundisi veRunyararo vanoronga vanogara muNew York. Kune maCaravanistas, makorokoto nekukunda kwenyu kumuganhu weCanada Svondo rapfuura uye tinokushuvirai makore makumi maviri nematatu.rd kukunda pamuganhu weMexico.
Ndinokutendai mose.
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