Kunobva: Popular Resistance
Hurongwa hwese hwemapurisa muUnited States huri munjodzi. Mapurisa ari kuuraya vanhuwo zvavo yave dambudziko rakajairika muUnited States mose. Kuponda kwemapurisa kwaMichael Brown muFerguson, MO, Eric Garner muNew York City, Walter Scott muCharleston, SC, Tamar Rice muCleveland OH, Freddie Grey muBaltimore, MD, Laquan McDonald muChicago, IL nevamwe vakawanda vakakurudzira. sangano rekushandura mapurisa.
Hukama hwemasimba pakati pemapurisa nenharaunda hauchina kumira zvakanaka. Mapurisa echiuto munharaunda dzevatema nebrown akafanana neuto riri kutonga. Nepo madhipatimendi mazhinji emapurisa achishandisa sirogani yekuti โchengetedza uye shandira,โ munharaunda dzakawandisa, vanhu havanzwi vakachengetedzwa kana kushandirwa. Vanonzwa vachityisidzirwa, kushungurudzwa uye kushungurudzwa nemapurisa.
Ukama huri pakati pemapurisa nevanhu hunoda kuchinja. Kunyange zvazvo kwave kune dzimwe shanduko dzakanaka dzakadai kamera yemutumbi wemapurisa, special units kuferefeta mapurisa uye yakawedzera kutongwa nemapurisa, izvi hazvina kukwana. Iyo yakanyanya kuvimbisa shanduko yekuchinja ndeyekuisa panzvimbo kudzora mapurisa munharaunda kuburikidza nebhodhi remapurisa rinozvidavirira rinosarudzwa neruzhinji.
Dambudziko
Kupondwa kwemapurisa nguva dzose nekupfurwa kunowanzobatwa pavhidhiyo uye kugovaniswa pasocial media kwakagadzira sangano rekushandura mapurisa. Associated Press yakatsanangura, kunyora: "Mavhidhiyo - uye hasha dzakazotevera - dzakabatsira kudzikisira bato rine simba rekodzero dzevanhu kubva kuma1960." Mhirizhonga yemapurisa yakapararira yave nyaya yekururamisira kwemarudzi.
Mhirizhonga yemapurisa yave iri chokwadi muUnited States kubva pakutanga. Chikwangwani chiri kurudyi chinogona kutakurwa nhasi, asi chave nemakore anopfuura makumi mashanu. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., akadaro mune I Have A Dream Speech, "Hatingambofa takagutsikana chero bedzi muNegro ari nyajambwa wekutyisa kusingatauriki kwehutsinye hwemapurisa." Mhirizhonga yemapurisa yanga iri chikamu chemazana emakore ekudzvinyirirwa kwevanhu Vatema muUnited States kubva pavakatanga kuunzwa kukondinendi sevaranda.
Huranda nerusaruraganda zvakabatana nemapurisa, saGary Potter Ph.D. akanyora mukati Nhoroondo yeMapurisa muUnited States:
"Genesis yesangano remapurisa remazuva ano muSouth ndiyo" Slave Patrol "(Platt 1982). Yekutanga yepamutemo patrol yevaranda yakagadzirwa muCarolina makoloni muna 1704 (Reichel 1992). Kutenderera kwevaranda kwaiva nemabasa matatu makuru: (1) kudzingirira pasi, kubata, uye kudzokera kuvaridzi vavo, varanda vakatiza; (2) kupa chimiro chekutya kwakarongeka kudzivirira kumukira kwevaranda; uye, (3) kuchengetedza chimiro chechirango chevashandi venhapwa vaive pasi pekutongwa kwepfupiso, kunze kwemutemo, kana vakatyora chero mitemo yeminda. Kutevera Hondo yeVanhu, aya masangano akasvinurira akashanduka mumadhipatimendi emazuva ano eSouthern mapurisa senzira yekudzora nhapwa dzakasunungurwa vaive vave vashandi vachishanda mune yekurima caste system, uye kumanikidza "Jim Crow" mitemo yekusarura, yakagadzirirwa kuramba nhapwa dzakasunungurwa dzakaenzana. kodzero uye kuwana hurongwa hwezvematongerwo enyika.โ
The 1929 Illinois Crime Survey yakawana kuti kunyange zvazvo vatema vaiumba zvikamu zvishanu muzana bedzi zvechiverengero chavagari vapasi, ivo vaiumba 30 muzana yavakaurawa namapurisa. Mhirizhonga yemapurisa ndiyo yave kukonzera mhirizhonga munharaunda dzevatema. Newark yakaita mhirizhonga yakaipisisa apo muna 1967 mapurisa akarova mutyairi wekombi nhema zvakakonzera mhirizhonga apo vanhu makumi maviri nevatanhatu vakafa mumazuva mana emhirizhonga. The National Advisory Commission pamusoro peVashandi veHurumende akaongorora zvikonzero zvekumukirana kukuru kugumisa: โzviito zvemapurisa zvakanga zviri โzvekupedzisiraโ mhirizhonga isati yatanga muzvirwere 12 pa24 zvakaongororwa.โ
Vhidhiyo ya1991 yekurohwa zvine ropa kwemutyairi wekombi Rodney King akaratidza utsinye hwemapurisa paterevhizheni. Mapurisa akarova Mambo kanopfuura ka50 netsvimbo dzavo. Pavakanzi havana mhosva, mutongo wacho wakakonzera kumukirana kwakatora mazuva matanhatu, kuuraya vanhu 63 uye kukuvadza 2,373 XNUMX. National Guard, US Army, uye Marines akaiswa munharaunda.
Nhasi, zviito zvechisimba zvakapararira hazvigoni kunzi zviitiko zvega zveapuro rimwe rakaipa. Mhirizhonga iyi inonyorwa nevezvenhau se The Guardian uye masangano asingabatsiri akadai Iyo Marshall Project. Vanhu vanopfuura 1,100 pagore vanourayiwa nemapurisa - kanopfuura kana nhamba yevanhu vanourayiwa kana kuurayiwa nechirango cherufu mumakore akaipisisa - anenge munhu mumwe chete maawa masere oga oga.
Mapazi emapurisa ave kuita mhirizhonga munharaunda dzevatema uye vanhu vari kushandisa kodzero dzavo dzezvematongerwo enyika pakuratidzira. Mapazi emapurisa ane midziyo yegiredhi rechiuto vava zvakajairwa mumaguta eUS. Images kwemapurisa akapfeka ngowani uye nhumbi dzokurwa nadzo dzinofamba nemunharaunda dziri mumatangi zvinoperekedza nyaya dzekuratidzira, kusanganisira kana vanhu vachiratidzira vachipikisa mhirizhonga yemapurisa.
Kuisa Vanhu Pakutonga kweMapurisa
Muna 2012, vanhu vangangosvika zana vakasangana muChicago kugadzira chirongwa chekutonga kwemapurisa munharaunda. Iye zvino, vanhu zviuru makumi matanhatu vakasaina zvichemo uye kune nhengo gumi nepfumbamwe dzeChicago City Council, 100 muzana yekanzuru, inotsigira. Kupera kwevhiki ino, vanhu 60,000 19 vakapinda kuvambazve kweNational Alliance Against Racist and Political Repression uko chikuru chekurukurirano chaive kutonga kwedemocracy kwemapurisa.
Takabvunzurudza Frank Chapman, anga achibata basa muChicago kugadzira Civilian Police Accountability Council (CPAC) kubva pakutanga, zvichienda mberi. radio show yedu. Chapman anoisa nyaya iyi muchirevo achitsanangura kuti kwenguva pfupi mushure meHondo yeVanhu, nharaunda dzaidzora mapurisa avo. Asi kuchinjwa kweKuvakazve kwakagumisa izvozvo. Vanoti nharaunda dziri kuwana masimba emapurisa dzinofanirwa kucherechedzwa semusimboti werusununguko rwevatema.
VaChapman vanotsanangura marongero avakaita mukuvaka tsigiro yenyaya iyi nekuita misangano yevagari venzvimbo, kuenda paimba neimba nekutara, kuunganidza masiginicha nekusarudza vanhu vekanzuru yeguta.
Iyo yepakati peiyo Chicago bhiri idemocracy nharaunda kutonga. Bhiri re a Civil Police Accountability Council inopa masimba makuru kukanzuru yakasarudzwa. Aya masimba anosanganisira kutonga kwakakwana kwemapurisa:
- gadza Superintendent weMapurisa;
- Tora mitemo nemirairo yehutongi hweDhipatimendi reMapurisa reguta;
- Kushanda sedare rinonzwa chirango chinokurudzirwa kumiswa kweanopfuura mazuva makumi matatu zvakanangana akachengeterwa Superintendent, kana kuti kubviswa kana kuburitswa kunosanganisira vakuru vakuru nevashandi veDhipatimendi reMapurisa mubasa rehurumende reguta;
- Kushambadza mitemo, zvisungo, nematanho ekuita ongororo yeCPAC zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa zvezvibvumirano zvebvumirano dzemubatanidzwa, nzira yakafanira yemutemo uye kuchengetedzwa kwakaenzana pasi pemutemo;
- Mune zviitiko apo ongororo yeCPAC inoratidza kuti nhengo yeDhipatimendi reMapurisa yapara mhosva, kumbirai Mutongi Mukuru weUnited States District Court kuti Northern District yeIllinois ishe Grand Jury kana imwe isati yadaidzwa, uye iripo. Zvakawanikwa neCPAC zvekupara mhosva kuGrand Jury kuti iwane mhosva yekunyimwa kodzero pasi peRura rweMutemo zvichienderana ne18 US Code ยง 242;
- Ongorora, bvumidza uye uendese kuGuta reChicago bhajeti repagore reDhipatimendi reMapurisa;
- Ipa mikana yedzidzo inodiwa kunhengo dzeCPAC kuti dzijairane nekodzero dzevagari vekuUnited States neIllinois, dzidzidze nzira dzekuchengetedza mutemo, uye kuwana rubatsiro rwevakashungurudzwa, kushungurudzwa kwepabonde uye kudzidziswa kwekupa zvitupa mudzimba;
- Gadzira maofficial, makomiti, uye makomiti madiki ekuita kwakanaka kwebhizinesi reCPAC;
- Chengetedza kodzero dzakavimbiswa kuvagari vemuChicago neUnited States neIllinois Constitutions;
- Ongorora uye kusaina pane zvese zvekuongorora zvichemo;
- Ongorora uye kusaina pane ese matsva eDhipatimendi reMapurisa marongero uye akakosha maodha;
- Kusabvumidza kushandiswa kweDhipatimendi reMapurisa nevekunze vanochengetedza mutemo kuparwa mhosva;
- Kurukurai nekubvumidza zvibvumirano nemasangano emapurisa.
- Rema Guta reChicago mapurisa matunhu sezvinodiwa sekutemerwa neCPAC.
Paakabvunzwa kuti musiyano uripi pakati pekanzuru yakasarudzwa uye Mabhodhi Ekuongorora Mapurisa ari kuramba achizivikanwa, Chapman anopindura kuti: "Kuzvidavirira." Nekusarudzwa zvine demokrasi, modhi yeChicago inoita kuti kanzuru nemapurisa vazvidavirire. Mabhodhi ekuongorora anosarudzwa nehurumende anowanzo sanganisira vanhu vanoshamwaridzana kana vanobatana nemapurisa.
Kudzora kweDemocratic kwakakosha
Ino Mbudzi 4, guta re Rochester, NY yakapasa referendamu kugadzira Bhodhi rePolice Accountability Board rine zvikamu makumi manomwe nezvishanu kubva muzana zvevavhoti vachiritsigira. Pakati pa75 na2001, vagari vakamhan'ara 2016 mhosva dzechisimba chakanyanyisa. Mukuru wemapurisa akatsigira gumi nematanhatu emhosva idzi, gumi nematatu chete zvakaita kuti varangwe.
Bhodhi richakwanisa kuferefeta rakazvimirira zvichemo zvevanhu, kuzivisa ruzivo rwekuferefeta kwaro, uye kuona kana mapurisa ega akatadza. Ichagadzirawo gwara rekuranga, nemukana wekutaura kubva kuMukuru weMapurisa nemubatanidzwa wemapurisa. Kana bhodhi rikaona, mushure mekunzwa, kuti mupurisa akatadza, Mukuru weMapurisa anosungirwa kupa chirango chinofambirana nezvisungo zvechirango. Bhodhi richakurudzirawo shanduko kumitemo yeDhipatimendi reMapurisa, maitiro, uye kudzidziswa. Sangano remapurisa riri kutarisirwa kukwidza nyaya yekumisa bhodhi iri kutanga kushanda.
The bhodhi richava inoumbwa nevapfumbamwe vasingabhadharwe vagari vemuRochester: mumwe akagadzwa naMeya uye vasere vakagadzwa neKanzuru yeGuta; vana vevakadomwa neKanzuru vachadomwa nemubatanidzwa wemasangano enharaunda, the Police Accountability Board Alliance. Iyo inogona Achilles Heel yemutemo mutsva uyu kushaikwa kwekutonga kwedemocracy nevanhu.
Nekuda kwereferendamu yaNovember 2001 yakatsigirwa nepamusoro 76 muzana yevavhoti, Miami yakagadzira iyo Civilian Investigative Panel ("CIP"). Vavhoti vakatsvaga kutarisirwa nekuti yenhevedzano yekufungidzira kupfurwa kwemapurisa, pfuti dzekukanda pasi uye mapurisa achinyepa kumatare edzimhosva. CIP inongopa mazano kumapurisa uye ine masimba asina simba anopiwa kunhengo dzayo gumi nenhatu. Vakadaro vakarasikirwa nekurwa kwavo kuti vakwanise kudaidza mapurisa nekuda kwemutemo wehurumende weLaw Enforcement Bill of Rights. Iyi nzira ine vakanzi vakundikana. Nyika gumi nenhanhatu dzine bhiri remutemo reLaw Enforcement Bill of Rights, iro rinopa dziviriro yakawedzerwa kumapurisa ari kuferefetwa uye zvinoita kuti zvitadze kuti mapurisa atongwe nemumwe munhu kunze kwemamwe mapurisa.
Zvidzidzo kubva muchiitiko chekutarisa nemapurisa zvinosanganisira kukosha kwekusarudzwa kwegutsaruzhinji kwemabhodhi anoona, kwete mabhodhi anogadzwa nevakuru vakasarudzwa, masimba akajeka asiri ekupa zano kubhodhi uye, mumatunhu akakodzera, kutarisana neMutemo Wekusimbisa Kwekodzero.
Maguta ari kushandisa migove mikuru yebhajeti rawo kumapurisa achibhadharisa rubatsiro rwemagariro, hutano, zvivakwa, nezvimwe zvinodiwa. Oakland yakapedza 41 muzana yehomwe yeguta pamusoro pemapurisa muna 2017. Chicago yakashandisa inoda kusvika 39 muzana, Minneapolis, inoda kusvika 36 muzana, uye Houston 35 muzana. A magwaro ekudzidza achangoburwa kuti muhoro unorarama, kuwana mabasa outano akazara uye kurapwa, mukana wedzidzo, uye dzimba dzakatsiga zvinobudirira zvikuru mukuderedza utsotsi kupfuura mapurisa kana kuti majeri.
Kutonga kwemapurisa munharaunda yeDemocratic kunoshandura masimba masimba pakati pemapurisa nevagari. Nharaunda dzevatema dzinoita mapurisa munzvimbo dzavanogara kuti vatarise midzi yerusaruraganda yenguva refu yemapurisa muUnited States. Kudzora kwenharaunda kwemapurisa kunofanirwa kuve chinangwa chakabatana chekufamba kutsvaga kupedza mhirizhonga yemapurisa, kugadzira mapurisa anoshandira nharaunda uye kusunungura nharaunda dzevatema.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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