Kutenda kune weNSA anoridza muridzo Edward Snowden vamwe vanhu vazhinji muUS nepasirese vari kudzidza nezve yakakura yeUS hurumende yekuongorora uye musori. Kune nhamba dziripo pachena dzinoratidza huchokwadi hwematambudziko aya akakura kupfuura zvinofungwa nevakawanda uye huzhinji hwekusora uku huri kuitika nehutarisiro hushoma kana husina hutongi.
Mazana eZviuru Ari Kuongororwa neHurumende
Chokwadi chekutanga ndechekuti mazana ezviuru zvevanhu muUS anga achitariswa nehurumende mumakore mashoma apfuura. Kuongororwa kwehurumende kwevanhu muUS kwakapararira kupfuura avo vane masimba vanoda kubvuma. Mumakore matatu apfuura chete zvikumbiro zve 5000 zvakabvumirwa kuti zvionekwe zvakakwana zvemagetsi zvakabvumirwa nedare rakavanzika reFISA. FBI yakabvumidza mamwe 50,000 ongororo yekuongorora neNational Security Letters mumakore matatu apfuura. Hurumende inobvuma kuti vanhu vanodarika mazana matatu ezviuru vakambobatwa nharembozha nehurumende nemubatanidzwa mugore rapfuura chete. Zvinopfuura zviuru makumi mashanu zvikumbiro zvehurumende zveruzivo rweinternet zvinotambirwa gore rega rega sekushumwa nevanopa internet. Uye, rangarira, idzi ndidzo nhamba dzakataurwa pachena kuitira kuti uve nechivimbo kuti pane zvimwe zvakawanda zviri kuitika zvisina kutaurwa pachena.
Matare Haatomboramba Zvikumbiro zveHurumende Zvekuongororwa
Chechipiri chokwadi ndechekuti hapana kutariswa kwakakomba nematare ekuongororwa uku. Vadziviriri vevasori vehurumende vanoramba vachiti matare ari kutarisisa uye zvine hukasha pane zvese izvi uye kungosiya vanhu vashoma vakashata vasorirwe. Kwete chokwadi. Zvisinei nezviuru zvezvikumbiro nehurumende yemubatanidzwa kuti itarise zvakadzama muhupenyu hwevanhu, dare repachivande reFISA rakaramba zvikumbiro zvachose mumakore matatu apfuura. Matare ehurumende nemubatanidzwa anoshuma nezve wiretap zvikumbiro zvegwaro pamusoro pe2000 zvikumbiro pagore zvekuongororwa izvo zvinobvumidza kubatwa kwemazana ezviuru zvekufona uye maemail. Matare aramba hurumende kaviri mugwaro rabuda. Tsamba dzeFBI dzekuchengetedzwa kwenyika hadzifanirwe kupihwa mvumo nedare zvachose. Kushaikwa kweCongressional manejimendi kuri pachena kuona asi kushaikwa kwekuwongorora kwehutongi kweakawanda eaya maitiro ekutarisa uye kusimba kwekutarisa uko matare anoongorora kunofanirwa kubata chero munhu ane hanya nekuzvidavirira kwehurumende.
Ngatiparadzei kutariswa nechiremera chekusora.
MuDare reFISA Hurumende Inogara Inokunda
Hurumende yeAmerica yaedza kutaura kuti veruzhinji havafanirwe kunetsekana nenyaya yekuti hurumende iri kutora mazana emamiriyoni enharembozha pamwe nemabasa emadandemutande nekuti hapana ruzivo chairwo rwunoburitswa kunze kwekunge rwapihwa mvumo nedare rinonzi FISA court. Naizvozvo, unogona kuvimba nesu neruzivo urwu.
Inodaidzwa kuti Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court, dare reFISA rinoumbwa nevatongi gumi vanoita nemaune uye vanosarudza muchivande kana hurumende ichikwanisa kuunganidza nekuongorora mamiriyoni emafoni neeinternet rekodhi. Dare rino, kunyangwe ndichiziva uye ndichiremekedza nhengo dzaro dzakati wandei, haringanzi murwiri ane hasha kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo nerusununguko rwevanhu.
Magweta ehurumende anoenda kuvatongi veFISA ava muchivande. Magweta ehurumende anopa humbowo hwepachivande pasina gweta redziviriro kana veruzhinji kana vezvenhau vanobvumirwa uye anokumbira mirairo yakavanzika inobvumira hurumende kusora vanhu muchivande. Maonero aro akavanzika. Chikamu chimwe chete chinoziva neveruzhinji ishumo yendima imwe chete inoitwa gore rega rega yehuwandu hwezvikumbiro uye huwandu hwekurambwa nedare.
Chakanyanya kuipa ndechekuti vatongi vepachivande havamborambi magweta ehurumende yakavanzika.
Mumakore matatu apfuura, hurumende yakaita zvikumbiro zviuru zvina nemazana mapfumbamwe nenhanhatu kudare repachivande reFISA mvumo yekuitisa ongororo yemagetsi nekuda kwehungwaru hwekunze. Asi nhamba huru yeFISA ndeye zero. Ndiko kukumbira kwakawanda kwehurumende kuita kuongorora kwemagetsi iyo chakavanzika FISA dare rakaramba mumakore matatu apfuura.
Muna 2012, hurumende yakakumbira mvumo kubva kuvatongi veChakavanzika Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court (FISA) ka1,789 kuti vatarise zvemagetsi nekuda kwehungwaru hwekunze. Pakanga pane zero kuramba. Imwe nguva hurumende yakamisa chikumbiro chayo. Kwakabva: Dhipatimendi reUnited States reJustice tsamba kuCongress, Kubvumbi 30, 2013. http://www.fas.org/irp/agency/doj/fisa/2012rept.pdf
Muna 2011, hurumende yakakumbira vatongi veFISA ka1,676 kuti vatarise zvemagetsi kune mamwe mabasa ehungwaru. Pakanga pane zero kuramba. Hurumende yakabvisa zvikumbiro zviviri. Kwakabva: Dhipatimendi reUnited States reJustice Tsamba kuCongress Kubvumbi 30, 2012. http://www.fas.org/irp/agency/doj/fisa/2011rept.pdf
Muna 2010, hurumende yakakumbira vatongi veFISA ka1,511 kuti vatarise zvemagetsi nekuda kwehungwaru hwekunze. Pakanga pane zero kuramba. Hurumende yakabvisa zvikumbiro zvishanu. Kwakabva: Tsamba yeU.S. Dhipatimendi reJustice kuCongress Kubvumbi 29, 2011. Kwakabva: Tsamba yeUS Department of Justice kuCongress Kubvumbi 30, 2012. http://www.fas.org/irp/agency/doj/fisa/2011rept.pdf
Kwete rekodhi rakashata, huh? Vanoda kusvika zviuru zvishanu kukunda kune avo vanoda masimba ekutarisa uye pasina kukundwa chinyorwa chinofanira kubata munhu wese anoda kuchengetedza rusununguko rwevanhu.
FBI National Security Letters Inokwidza Ruzivo Hapana Mvumo yeDare Kunyange Inodiwa
Iine tsamba yeNSL iyo FBI inogona kuda marekodhi emari kubva kune chero sangano kubva kumabhangi kuenda kumakasino, ese marekodhi erunhare, ruzivo rwevanyoreri, marepoti echikwereti, ruzivo rwebasa, uye ese marekodhi eemail echinangwa pamwe nemakero eemail nemazita ezvidzitiro kune chero akabata account iyoyo. Chikonzero chinofanirwa kunge chiri chekune dzimwe nyika counterintelligence. Hapana chinodiwa kuti dare ribvumirwe zvachose. Saka hapana zvikumbiro zvakarambwa. The Patriot Act yaita kuti izvi zvive nyore kune FBI. http://epic.org/privacy/nsl/#authority
Zvinoenderana neCongressional zvinyorwa, kwave nepamusoro pe50,000 yeizvi zvikumbiro zveFBI NSL mumakore matatu apfuura. Izvi hazviverenge nguva dzakawanda apo FBI inonyengetedza kuburitswa kweruzivo pasina kuwana NSL. Uye haiverenge zvikumbiro zveFBI zvakaitwa kuti uzive kuti email account ndeyaani.
Idzi nhamba dzeNSL dzakashumwa hadzibatanidzi huwandu hwakanyanya hwema subpoenas akapihwa neFBI ayo anongoda mvumo yenhengo yehofisi yemumiriri weUS. 21 USC 876. Ona 1 William & Mary Policy Wongororo 51 (2010). David Kravets, "Hatidi waranti inonhuwa: kushungurudza, kusimuka kusingatariswe kwekutonga." WIRED, 8-28-12 http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2012/08/administrative-subpoenas/
Muna 2012, FBI yakapa tsamba 15,229 dzekuchengetedzwa kwenyika zvikumbiro zveruzivo nezvevagari vemuUS. Kwakabva: Dhipatimendi reUnited States reJustice tsamba kuCongress, Kubvumbi 30, 2013. http://www.fas.org/irp/agency/doj/fisa/2012rept.pdf
Muna 2011, FBI yakaita tsamba 16,511 dzekuchengetedzwa kwenyika zvikumbiro zveruzivo nezvevanhu vekuUS. Kwakabva: Dhipatimendi reUnited States reJustice Tsamba kuCongress Kubvumbi 30, 2012. http://www.fas.org/irp/agency/doj/fisa/2011rept.pdf
Muna 2010, FBI yakanyorera tsamba 24,287 dzekuchengetedzwa kwenyika zvikumbiro zveruzivo nezvevagari vemuUS. Kwakabva: Dhipatimendi reUnited States reJustice Tsamba kuCongress Kubvumbi 30, 2012. http://www.fas.org/irp/agency/doj/fisa/2011rept.pdf
Sezvo pasina mvumo yedare inodiwa, hapana kurambwa. Iyo NSL rekodhi yakatonaka kupfuura rekodhi yeFISA pa56,027 inohwina uye hapana kurasikirwa kweChikwata Chekutarisa.
Zviuru zveWiretaps Imwe neimwe Inobata Vanopfuura Mazana Vanhu Vane Mvumo Yevaviri Yakarambwa
Maererano neshumo richangoburwa kuCongress neMatare eUS, pakanga paine zvikumbiro 2,732 zvewayatap zvakatumirwa kune ese emubatanidzwa uye kuhafu yematare ehurumende muna 2011. Hafu yematunhu haana kutaura nezvehuwandu hwadzo saka nhamba idzi dzakaderera zvakanyanya . Izwi rekuti wiretap nderechinyakare sezvo maitiro aya parizvino achivhara kupa ruzivo pamitsetse yenharembozha, nharembozha, maikorofoni epachivande, zvinyorwa, fax, paging, uye email kutumira komputa.
Mugore ra2011, pazvikumbiro 2,732 2700, zviviri chete zvakarambwa. Kurasikirwa kuviri kunze kweXNUMX kuedza inzira isina kunaka yekukunda kurasikirwa rekodhi kune vanhu vanoongorora.
Paavhareji, wiretap yega yega yakabata kutaurirana kwevanhu 113, nokudaro vanhu vanopfuura mazana matatu ezviuru vakadairwa nhare dzavo.
Chikonzero chakanyanya kutaurwa nezve wiretaps yaive mhosva dzezvinodhaka. Avhareji kureba kwewaya tap yaive mazuva makumi mana nemaviri. Imwe federal wiretap muMichigan yakakonzera kubata pamusoro pe42 cellular meseji inopfuura mazuva makumi maviri nemaviri. New York state wiretap yakabata 71,000 mameseji mumazuva 202. http://www.uscourts.gov/uscourts/Statistics/WiretapReports/2011/2011WireTap.pdf
Kambani Mishumo paKusora Ratidza Makumi eZviuru zveZvikumbiro
Zvinonyatsozivikanwa kuti maakaundi evashandisi kuGoogle, Apple uye mamwe ane dura reruzivo paruzivo rwekutanga rwemutengi kusanganisira kutsvaga, zvavanoda nezvausingadi, kutenga, shamwari, nezvimwe. Vaongorori vehurumende vanotsvaga ruzivo urwu kanokwana makumi ezviuru gore rega rega sezviri kuratidza kubva kumakambani.
Apple yakataura yakagamuchira zviuru zvina kusvika zviuru zvishanu zvikumbiro zvehurumende zveruzivo nezvevatengi mumwedzi mitanhatu yapfuura. Kubva 4,000 Zvita 5,000 kusvika Chivabvu 1, 2012 Apple yakagamuchira zvikumbiro zvemutemo zve data revatengi pamaakaundi 31-2013 kana zvishandiso. Nhamba iyi haisanganisi zvikumbiro zveFISA. Zvizhinji zvezvikumbiro izvi zviri kubva kumapurisa ehumbavha, vana vakashaika nezvimwe. https://www.apple.com/apples-commitment-to-customer-privacy/
Facebook yakataura kuti mukati memwedzi mitanhatu inopera Zvita 31, 2012, yakagamuchira pakati pe9,000 ne10,000 zvikumbiro kubva kuhurumende yeUS yedata remushandisi pamaakaundi gumi nemasere kusvika gumi nemapfumbamwe. http://newsroom.fb.com/News/636/Facebook-Releases-Data-Including-All-National-Security-Requests
Google yakataura kuti yakagamuchira zvinopfuura zviuru gumi nezvishanu zvikumbiro zvedata nevakuru vehurumende yeUS muna 15,000 yeruzivo rweanopfuura zviuru makumi matatu maakaundi. Yakaburitsa imwe data 2012% yenguva. http://www.google.com/transparencyreport/userdatarequests/US/
Microsoft (kusanganisira Skype) yakashuma 75,378 zvikumbiro zvemutemo zveruzivo pamaakaundi 137,424 pasi rose kwegore ra2012. Muzviitiko zvinopfuura 11,000, havana kuwana data yekupindura zvikumbiro. Microsoft yakaburitsa ruzivo rwusina-zvirimo mu56,388 makesi, kunyanya kuUS, UK, Turkey, Germany neFrance. http://blogs.technet.com/b/microsoft_on_the_issues/archive/2013/03/21/microsoft-releases-2012-law-enforcement-requests-report.aspx
MuUS, Microsoft yakagamuchira zvikumbiro zviuru gumi nenomwe kubva kune vemutemo zveruzivo pamaakaundi makumi maviri nemazana mashanu nemakumi mashanu neshanu. Microsoft yakaramba zvikumbiro 11,073 kana 24,565% pazvikonzero zviri pamutemo. Microsoft yakapa zvemukati zvemushandisi mumakesi 759 uye munyoreri/transaction data mu6.9 kesi. http://www.microsoft.com/about/corporatecitizenship/en-us/reporting/transparency/
Yahoo yakati mumwedzi mitanhatu yapfuura ye2012 yakagamuchira pakati pegumi nemaviri kusvika zviuru gumi nezvitatu zvikumbiro zve data remushandisi kubva kune vemutemo. http://yahoo.tumblr.com/ June 17 Marissa Mayer CEO uye Ron Bell
mhedziso
Muutongi hwezvido zvevanhu, kujeka uye kutora chikamu kweruzhinji kwakakosha. Izvi hazvisi zve "magandanga." Izvi ndezverusununguko rwevanhu uye kuzvidavirira kwehurumende. Mazana ezviuru zvevanhu ari kuongororwa gore rega rega nekugamuchirwa nehurumende yedu paruzhinji. Iko kudiki kutariswa nevatongi uye kunyange kushoma neCongress. Kana hurumende ikabvuma izvi zvakawanda, unogona kufunga kuti pane zvakawanda zvichabuda. Yasvika nguva yekumuka. Aya ma subpoena akavanzika uye matare epachivande uye maitiro epachivande anofanirwa kubviswa kana kushandurwa zvakanyanya. Zvikasadaro, shandura sirogani padhora kuti "Mukuvanzika Isu Tinovimba."
Bill igweta rekodzero dzevanhu uye purofesa wezvemitemo paLoyola University New Orleans College of Law. Bhiri rinoshanda zvakare neCentre for Constitutional Rights. Yakareba yechinyorwa ichi ine masosi iripo. Unogona kusvika Bill pa [email inodzivirirwa]
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
dhoneta