Maererano neWorld Health Organization ripoti, vanhuwo zvavo makumi masere nevatanhatu - kusanganisira mhuri yese yevanhu vanomwe - vakafa, pamwe chete mazana maviri akakuvadzwa. Vanopfuura zviuru gumi vakatiza nekuda kwemabhomba musvondo rimwe chete. Kurdish zvinyorwa zvakadai se Kutungamirirwa kweAfrin Canton Council uye mukuru wechipatara cheAfrin zvisinei kuti nhamba yacho yakatokwira. Kurwiswa kweTurkey muAfrin, uko kwakabata nzvimbo dzekare, kutyora mutemo wenyika dzese. Asi kubva pakatanga kurwiswa kwekutanga muna Ndira 20, hapana kutsamwa pamusoro pechisimba ichi chemauto chave kutaurwa nehurumende kana nharaunda dzepasirese.
"MaKurds haana shamwari asi makomo" yave iri nyore kurega mumakore apfuura kupindura kusaruramisira kwakaitwa vanhu vechiKurd. Asi, mushure memakore anopfuura zana ehutsinye, kurwiswa kweAfrin kuchiri kunzwa zvakanyanya uye nekukasira, mukana wekubatana kwakasimba zvisati zvaitika zvese zvedemocracy muNorthern Syria zvaparadzwa neTurkey, varwi vetsoka vejihadist, uye masimba ehumambo. Dambudziko reAfrin rakabuda sechiitiko chekutambudzika kwenharaunda uye rinomutsa mibvunzo mitatu inokosha: Ndeipi basa reTurkey mukudzvinyirirwa kwekare kweKurds munharaunda? Ndiani nhasi anovadenha sevadziviriri veAfrin? Uye ndedzipi geopolitics yekukonana?
Zvinangwa zveErdoğan
Chero hurumende yeTurkey painotangisa "operation," kunyanya "anti-terror operation," unogona kuva nechokwadi chekuti maKurds achave ekutanga mumharadzano. Mushure mesarudzo dzaJune 2015, apo Erdoğan's Justice and Development Party (AKP) yakarasikirwa nehuwandu hwaidiwa kuti iumbe hurumende yega, sarudzo dzakakurumidza dzakaziviswa munaNovember 1. Zvichakadaro, nzira yerunyararo neKurdistan Workers 'Party ( PKK) yakamiswa uye mamiriro enjodzi akaziviswa munyika yeKurdish kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva. Hurumende, yakabatana nemauto, yakatanga izvo zvinodaidzwa kuti "mabasa ekuchenesa" kune vanofungidzirwa kuti nhengo dzePKK uye vakananga nhare dzePeople's Democratic Party (HDP), mubatanidzwa wekuruboshwe nemidzi yawo mune zvematongerwo enyika ekuKurd uye zvinobudirira iye oga anopikisa. yeAKP, muchiito chekuranga pamwe chete. Huwandu hwevanhu vafa uye kutamiswa kwakakura ndizvo zvakakonzera.
Panenge panguva ino makore maviri apfuura, muna Kukadzi 5, hurumende yeAKP yakaratidza a gumi-nhanho chiito chirongwa kuti "kugadzirisa" kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweTurkey, iyo yakanga yaparadzwa mushure mekukomba (kana, seMutungamiriri wenguva iyoyo Ahmet Davutoglu aizova nazvo, "akashungurudzwa nemagandanga akatanga moto"). “Chirongwa chikuru” ichi chepashure pekushanda chaisanganisira kubvunzana nevagadhi vemumusha vanoshanda sevarwi vehurumende uye kuvaka shongwe dzinodzivirira dzisingapindi bara mumatunhu emumaguta. Chaive, chokwadi, chimwe chikamu chehondo, kuedza kubvarura vagari venzvimbo kubva munzvimbo dzavaigara kare uye kugadzira kuteerera.
Asi zvakare yaive nechinangwa chehupfumi: kuwedzera kutsamira kwedunhu. Nekupa muripo, kuvaka misha yekugara kunze kwemaguta, ichipa zvikwereti pamwero wakaderedzwa uye mikana mitsva yebasa kune vagari vakadzingwa, nyika yeTurkey yaitarisira kugadzira hukama hutsva pakati pevarombo vekuKurds nenyika yeTurkey. Aya matanho mashoma ehupfumi, zvaitarisirwa, aizowana rutsigiro rweveruzhinji ukuwo kuenderera mberi kwekupara mhosva kweHDP kuchienderera mberi. Chingori chimwe chitsauko mune refu nyaya yesocial engineering maitiro akaitwa kuti awane assimilationist zvematongerwo enyika.
Mbiru huru yeTurkey's Kurdish policy yagara iri kubatanidza kwakasimba uye kubatanidza matunhu akapokana kupinda murukova rwetsika nekupinda munzvimbo dzakakosha munharaunda, kudzivaka, nekugadzira itsva, dzinodzorwa munzvimbo yavo. Izvi ndizvo zvakaitika mushure mekupondwa kweDersim muna 1938, kwakatevera kumukira kwevaKurd vachipokana nehudzvanyiriri hwehurumende, apo vanhu vekuKurd vakasara vakagovaniswazve nechisimba kumaguta asiri evaKurdish nenyika yeTurkey. Uye zvakaenderera mberi muma1990, apo mauto eTurkey akapisa zviuru zvina zvemisha yeKurdish uye nemaune akakonzera kutamiswa kwehuwandu hukuru hwevagari vekumaruwa ekuSoutheast kunzvimbo dzemaguta. Nyika yeTurkey ine makumi emakore echiitiko kuyedza kubata avo vanoramba hukasha hweTurkification marongero. "Rudzi rumwe, nyika imwe, mureza mumwe, mutauro mumwe" yanga iri chirevo chayo, chirevo chinotsanangura tsika dzevaKurd sekunze kwemiganhu yeTurkey. Mukuita izvi zvinoreva hupenyu hweKurdish hunopirwa nekuda kwekuchengetedza nyika yeTurkey.
Asi maKurds emuTurkey akawedzera kupokana nehurongwa uhu kubva pakavambwa nyika yeTurkey - ingave iri nzira yekumukira kwedunhu mumakore ekutanga erepublic, kuyedza kutora chikamu mune zvematongerwo enyika mushure mekutanga kwehurongwa hwemapato mazhinji. , kana nekuumbwa kwebato rehondo rerusununguko, PKK. Pakupedzisira, kubuda kweHDP, amburera yeanopokana-kugadzwa-mapato ekuruboshwe uye masangano ane tarisiro yekusunungurwa kwevakadzi uye mubvunzo weKurdish, yakaratidza shanduko yakakosha mukurwisa Kurdophobia inotungamirwa nehurumende muTurkey. Harisi chete raive gore ra2015 iro chiono cheHDP cheTurkey ine demokrasi yakawana muvhoti ndokuramba Erdoğan ruzhinji rwakakwana rwaaida pakuedza kwake kumisa hutongi kuburikidza nekugadzirisa bumbiro. Asi zvakare, kune rumwe rutivi rwemuganhu weSyria-Turkish, kuramba kweKobanê kurwisa rima reinonzi Islamic State (IS) kwakanzwika pasirese. Kupokana uku kwakaratidza pachena mutemo wekune dzimwe nyika wehurumende yeErdoğan, ichimanikidza mubatanidzwa wayo nemauto ejihadist kuti ave pachena.
Kunyange zvazvo sangano renyika dzakawanda raitarisira kuti Turkey iite basa rinoita pakupa nzira yekubatsira vanhu uye kufambisa kutakura zvombo nezvombo kuenda kuKobanê, hurumende yeTurkey yakaisa mamiriro ezvinhu ekutsigira kwavo panzvimbo iyo: vaKurds vanofanira kubatana neSyria-Arab anopikisa; bato reDemocratic Union Party (PYD), mubatanidzwa wezvematongerwo enyika weYPG/J, unofanira kuzviendesa kure nePKK; makatoni matatu eRojava anofanira kuparara; uye pakupedzisira, nzvimbo yebuffer inofanira kugadzwa kuchamhembe kweSyria, izvo zvinoreva kuti de facto kugara kweTurkey kweRojava.
Uyu waive muenzaniso webhuku rekuti zvematongerwo enyika zvinogona kushandurwa sei kuita geopolitics. Nepo dzidziso yenyika yeTurkey ichiramba chero nzira yekuzvisarudzira yeKurdish mukati meTurkey, kusanganisira kodzero yedzidzo mururimi rwaamai, chero rudzi rwekuzvitonga rweKurdish kunze kwemiganhu yeTurkey inoonekwawo sekutyisidzira nekukurumidza kune nyika kuvimbika uye kurwisa. "Nhasi kana mangwana," akadaro Erdoğan, "Kobane ichadonha." Uyu muenzaniso wakaenderera mberi apo Kurdistan Democratic Party muSouth Kurdistan / Northern Iraq yakaita referendum yekusununguka muna 2017. Zvichipikisa zvinotarisirwa nevatungamiri veKurdish vebato, hurumende yeTurkey yakabatana nemutungamiri weIraqi Haider al-Abadi uye hurumende yehurumende mu. Iran ichipokana nezvishuwo zveKurdish zverusununguko rwenyika kubva kuIraq.
Iyo purojekiti inodzivirirwa neDemocratic Federation yeNorthern Syria / Rojava yakatosiyana zvakanyanya - ichikurudzira hukama hwakanyanya hwemagariro uye kugadzirisa kwakaringana dunhu - uye nekudaro yanga ichikombwa zvakanyanya kubva pakatanga dambudziko reSyria muna 2012. kukundwa kweinonzi Islamic State muRaqqa muna Gumiguru 2017 kubatanidzwa kweTurkey muNorthern Syria / Rojava kwaive nemumiriri uye zvakanyanya muchimiro che ideological uye logistical nzvimbo zvevarwi veIS. Yakanga ichangopfuura, apo uto reTurkey rakarwisa Afrin, iro rakapinda mukurwisana kweSyria semurwi akajeka uye anoshingaira achipikisa Democratic Federation yeNorth Syria / Rojava. Turkey ikozvino inoshandira pamwe pachena mapoka ejihadist nemidzi yavo muAl-Qaeda yakaita saFaylaq al-Sham, Jaish al-Nasr, Jabhat al-Shamiya, Ahrar al-Sham, Suqour al-Jaber, Sultan Murad Brigade, uye Nureddin Zengi Brigade iyo yakaita misoro kuMadokero. pavakadimbura musoro mukomana ane makore gumi nemaviri nebanga muna Chikunguru 2016.
Zvinoenderana nemaitiro ayo epamba einjiniya yemagariro kwemazana zana enhoroondo yeTurkey, Mutungamiri Erdoğan nevarairidzi vake vakadzokorora kutaura kuti nzvimbo yakatenderedza Afrin inofanira "kucheneswa" uye kudzokera kune yayo "varidzi chaivo.” Tichifunga kuti vaKurds vagara vari verudzi rwechiAfrin, mubvunzo unoramba uripo kuti "varidzi chaivo" vachava vanaani. Zviratidzo zvinotyisa zvinosanganisira kusimbiswa kweArabization uye kucheneswa kwemadzinza. Mabhomba achangoburwa etembere yevaHittie yakaoma muAin Dar zvakare inonongedza munzira imwechete. Zvinosvika pakuedza kubvisa nzvimbo dzenhoroondo dzezvinamato zvakawanda uye kusiyana kwetsika mudunhu, chiitiko chinoyeuchidza maitiro eTaliban muAfghanistan kana Islamic State muSyria.
Democratic Confederalism
Mufananidzo unokatyamadza weimwe yemhemberero zhinji dzemariro muAfrin kubva pakatanga kurwiswa wakaratidza mabhokisi gumi nemaviri ari padivi pemumwe, akakomberedzwa nechaunga chikuru. Pabhokisi rega rega paive nemureza une chiratidzo chakasiyana chinomiririra boka mukati meKurdish inotungamirwa neSyria Democratic Forces. Mufananidzo uyu wairatidza huso hunosiririsa hwezvinomiririrwa neRojava: kubatana mukusiyana. Nepo Turkey ichivavarira kudzima kuwanda, maKurds muSyria akavaka hurongwa hwakavakirwa pamusimboti wekugara pamwe uye kutora chikamu kwakaenzana.
Mukati mehondo yeSyria uye mugore rechishanu rekupokana kweRojavan, Democratic Federation Northern Syria-Rojava yakaziviswa zviri pamutemo. Mapato makumi matatu nerimwe nenhume mazana maviri vakaungana mugungano reparamende, vachimirira matunhu matatu akazvitonga eCizire, Kobane, neAfrin. Vakabatanidzwa nevamiririri vemarudzi echiArab, chiAsiriya, chiSyriac, chiArmenian, chiTurkmen, uye cheChechen munharaunda dzeGire Spi/Tal Abyad, Shaddadi, Aleppo, uye Shehba.
Mushure memusangano wemazuva maviri, chiziviso chakaitwa chakaratidza chido chevanhu veRojavan neNorthern Syria chekusapinda mukugadzwa kwerusununguko rwenyika nenzira yechinyakare. Chiziviso chakakurudzira hurongwa hwemubatanidzwa sechikamu chekugadzirisa kusawirirana kwakakura. Democracy yepasi, rusununguko rwevakadzi, uye kumiririrwa kuzere kwemapoka ese munharaunda akarongwa muhurongwa hwekanzuru zvakatemwa semisimboti yemubatanidzwa mutsva wezvemagariro. MunaGunyana 2017 sarudzo dzekutanga dzemubatanidzwa dzakaitwa muDemocratic Federation Northern Syria-Rojava, paine masachigaro emakomisheni zviuru zvitatu nemazana manomwe mumatunhu matatu akasarudzwa, achiteverwa nemakanzuru muna Mbudzi negungano muna Ndira. Grassroots democracy yakagadzirwa kubva mumadota ehondo.
Uku kuedza kukuru kwedemocracy kune midzi mumafungiro ePKK uye pfungwa yedemocratic confederalism yakaiswa mberi naAbdullah Öcalan, muvambi uye mutungamiri weboka reKurdish, uyo ave ari pachitsuwa chejeri muTurkey kubvira 1999. Akafuridzirwa kune imwe dhigirii. naMurray Bookchin's libertarian municipalism, mubatanidzwa wedemocracy ndeyekuwana hunhu hutsva hweugari nenharaunda mukusandura nekuita democratise hurumende dzemaguta, nekudzidzika mumagungano ane mukurumbira kuitira kuti vazorukwa pamwe chete kuita mubatanidzwa usiri wenyika-nyika asi makanzuru.
Nguva zhinji, Öcalan akasimbirira kuti kuvakwa kwedemocracy confederalism hakungatyisidzire kuvimbika kwenzvimbo yenyika-nyika kana kusazvidza hutongi hwehurumende yepakati. Nekudaro, zvimiro zvemanisiparati zvakavavarira nekufamba kwenguva kuita kuti miganhu yenyama uye yekufungidzira yenyika-nyika ive isina basa kune yezvematongerwo enyika yehupenyu hwenharaunda. Democratic confederalism inogona kutorwa semamiriro emasimba maviri, umo anozvitonga, nzvimbo dzemanisipala dzinogara pedyo nenyika-nyika. Uhwu hunyambiri hwesimba hunotangisa makakatanwa pakati pemubatanidzwa nenyika, uri musimboti wemubatanidzwa wedemocracy, sezvo “mutemo weupenyu,” sokutaura kunoita Murray Bookchin, “unoumbwa nekurwisana kwayo nenyika, uchisimbiswa nemasimba ayo. kurwisana, zvechokwadi kunotsanangurwa nekurwisana kwayo. "
Afrin yevaKurds, saka, haisi nharaunda chete iri kurwiswa, asi inomiririra mukana wekuzvitonga kwechivanhu kunze kwekugadzwa kweimwe nyika nyika. Inomirawo mukuita zvekubudirira kwevakadzi. Vakadzi vakarwa neIS kwete chete nekuda kwechido chenyika, sezvinonyanya kuratidzwa, asi vachipesana nehudzvinyiriri hwemadzitateguru hwakaiswa muchimiro chayo chechisimba neIS. Nekutora chikamu zvakaenzana mukusunungurwa kweRojava, mauto evakadzi chete, YPJ, akarwira nzvimbo yavo munharaunda yakasununguka.
Fair-Weather Shamwari
Bato reKurdish rerusununguko rakave nehukama nemasimba emaimperiya mumakore matatu apfuura muSyria. Kudyidzana kwepedyo kwakaitika panhandare yehondo kurwisa IS panguva dzakasiyana. Kuchine nzvimbo dzakabatanidzwa dzekubatanidza kurwisa kwemhepo neRussia muCanton yeAfrin, uye zvakare munzvimbo dzakatenderedza Deir ez-Zor. Kudyidzana kwehunyanzvi neUnited States kwakatonyanya kuswedera. Hondo yeSyria yeDemocratic Forces, mubatanidzwa wemapoka akasiyana-siyana ekurwa neYPG neYPJ iri rudzi rwevanguard unit, vakapakata zvombo neUnited States uye vachiperekedzwa muhondo neAmerican special commandos. Ivo zvakare vane zvigaro zvavo zvemauto uye nhandare dzendege muCanton yeCizire. Mubatanidzwa weAnti-IS wakaperekedza kusunungurwa kweTabqa, Raqqa, uye zvikamu zveDeir ez-Zor nekurova kukuru kwemhepo. Isati yapinda muchiuto cheTurkey muAfrin, United States yakanga yazivisa chinangwa chayo chekumisikidza zviuru makumi matatu nezviuru zvemauto emuganho neSDF. KuTurkey, uku kwaive kutyisidzira kwakare, uto rinotungamirwa nevaKurd pamiganhu yayo. Izvi zvakadaro kunyangwe mauto anotungamirwa neKurdish haana kutyisidzira nyika yeTurkey kubva pakatanga hondo yevagari veSyria.
Nepo bato reKurdish rerusununguko rakaona hukama hwacho sehungwaru kwete hwehungwaru, ivo vanowanzonzi "vadyidzani vepfungwa" uye "mauto epasi ekuMadokero" mukurwira kwavo Islamic State. Ikozvino, masimba aya neRussia pavari kubvumira kurwiswa kweTurkey muAfrin, ichitsigirwa nemauto ejihadist, manzwi ekuremekedza mukati memapoka epasirese kuruboshwe anoti "Takakuudza!" uye vanopomera maKurds kuva mubatanidzwa wemaimperiya. Asi iwe haugone kunzwisisa kupokana pasina kusiyanisa pakati penguva refu yezvematongerwo enyika zano uye yenguva pfupi yemauto maitiro. Nehungwaru, hapana pamasimba makuru maviri aya anga aine pesvedzero pachirongwa chezvematongerwo enyika cheDemocratic Federation yeNorthern Syria-Rojava kusvika parizvino. Kusagadzikana kwemagariro nezvematongerwo enyika kuri kufambira mberi pasina dhizaini yekumusoro-pasi.
"Kana tikatarisa hukama nenzira yehungwaru uye nehungwaru, saka hukama hwehukama pakati peUnited States uye, semuenzaniso, iyo PYD haigoneke," Riza Altun, nhengo ye Executive Council yeKurdistan Communities Union (KCK, inowanzonzi PKK) uye inotarisira hukama hwekunze hweKurdish rusununguko rwekufamba, nguva pfupi yadarika akadaro mubvunzurudzo. "Nzira chete yekufambira mberi yaive yekuvaka hukama hwehunyanzvi, hwekutenderera," akadaro, "mupfungwa iyi, kurwa neIS kwakatungamira kuhukama hwaive hwakaganhurirwa."
Altun akasimbisa kuti hapagone kuve nemubatanidzwa wezvematongerwo enyika chirongwa cheramangwana neUnited States kana Russia. Sekureva kwaAltun, United States yakagara ichiedza kusvibisa maKurds kuchamhembe kweSyria, nechinangwa chekuvanyengetedza nezvekudiwa kwerudzi rweKurdish, kunyangwe hazvo Rojava yakavakirwa panheyo dzinopikisa nyika-nhamba. Hazvisi zvishuwo zvinopatsanura zveUnited States, kana zvishuvo zveRussia zvenyika yakasimba yepakati pasi pehegemony yeAssad, anga ari mamiriro ebato reKurdish rusununguko kuti vatarise semhinduro chaidzo kudambudziko riripo.
Mumashoko e Erdal Firaz, mumwe murwiri wesangano rorusununguko rwevaKurd muGermany: “Chaizvoizvo, kupokanidzana kusingachinji kuchiripo uye sezvo takanga tisina kumbobvira tava shamwari, hapagoniwo kuva nokutengesa.” Raqqa, iyo yekupedzisira nhare uye guta guru reIS, yakasunungurwa neKurdish inotungamirwa SDF nerubatsiro rweAmerica muna Gumiguru 2017, vakadzi nevarume veSDF vakaita mhemberero yerusununguko pakati peguta nekudhindwa kukuru kwaAbdullah Öcalan. . Ichi chaive chiitiko chekufananidzira kuratidza pasirese, uye kunyanya vadyidzani vavo, kuti Democratic Federation Northern Syria-Rojava yaizoramba yakatendeka kumisimboti yayo uye chirongwa chayo chezvematongerwo enyika kunyangwe mitambo yezvematongerwo enyika iri kutamba.
Rojava yakaramba yakazvimiririra mune zvematongerwo enyika uye izvi zvinounza kusagadzikana kune masimba makuru. Ichi chave chiri chikonzero chinotungamira chekubvumidza kurwiswa kweTurkey. Russia neDhamasiko havana kufarira kwenguva refu mukugara kweTurkey muAfrin, kunyanya nekuti kurwiswa uku kunoitwa nejihadist proxy mercenaries. Asi kurwisa kwakashata kurwisa maKurds, ivo vanoshuvira, kutyaira SDF mumaoko eRussia uye kuvamanikidza kuita chibvumirano chezvematongerwo enyika kuAssad. Russia, kana ichida, yaigona kuvhara nzvimbo yemhepo pamusoro peAfrin kuenda kundege dzehondo dzeTurkey, nekudaro ichimisa kubhomba kwenzvimbo dzevagari vemo. Chokwadi ichi chakava pachena apo mukuru weKurdish Aldar Xelil akazivisa, nguva isati yatanga kurwisa kweTurkey, kuti Russia yakakumbira hutungamiri hweAfrin kuti ipe nzvimbo kuhurumende yeSyria kuitira kuti ivhare nzvimbo yeAfrin. Kupa matunhu ane nhoroondo yeKurdish uye akadzivirirwa neYPG, YPJ, uye SDF kubva pakutanga kwehondo yeSyria haina kutomboonekwa senge sarudzo. Taming Rojava purojekiti yezvematongerwo enyika mukuda kwe imperialism hachisi chinhu icho sangano reKurdish rakagadzirira kutarisana.
Mutambo Mukuru
Kurwiswa kweTurkey muAfrin kunoitika muIdlib, sezvo Moscow yakapa mwenje wakasvibira kuti ifambire mberi mukutsinhana neTurkey ichibvisa vatsigiri vayo vejihadist mudunhu. Nekutanga kwekugumbura kweAfrin, mabhomba makuru ekuchamhembe kweIdlib nendege dzehondo dzeRussia neSyria zvakasiya vanhu vakanyanya kufa. Chigumbuso chakakura chakatotora nzvimbo dzakakosha munzvimbo yeIdlib, yakanyorwa zviri pamutemo se "de-scalation zone." Zviripachena zviri kuitika muIdlib nderimwe divi rekurwiswa kweAfrin. Russia neSyria havasi ivo chete vane mhosva yekupara mhosva dzehondo muIdlib asiwo vanopindira muhondo yeTurkey yekuchenesa madzinza muAfrin.
Russia yakagadzirirawo kubvumidza kupindira kwemauto eTurkey nekuti kune kukwikwidza kweRussia-Western yehukama hwakanaka neTurkey. Russia ine chido chekupaza Turkey kubva kuWestern bloc, uye nekufamba kwenguva, ichiisa munzvimbo yayo yekufarira. Nyika dzekuMadokero dzinoda kuchengeta Turkey senhengo yemhuri yeNATO, nekudaro hukama hwayo neRussia, iyo Erdoğan anoramba achitaura, haigari zvakanaka neUnited States.
Hazvishamisi ipapo kuti West yakasarudza kushivirira hutsinye hweTurkey kuchamhembe kweSyria. Kunze kweFrance, kunyange zvichida pano chete mubasa remuonde-shizha, hapana hurumende yakanyatsotora maonero ekuputsa kweTurkey mutemo wenyika dzakawanda uye mhosva dzevanhu. Tisingatauri pamusoro pekubatana kweTurkey kwekutaura nevagari venhaka yeAl-Qaeda. IUnited States yakaedza kuzvibvisa kubva kuCanton yeAfrin mukupa simba pamusoro penharaunda kune veRussia. Nekudaro, ivo vanoramba vachizviwana vari mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma, sezvo Erdoğan atozivisa kuti acharwisa Menbic, nzvimbo inomiswa masoja eUS, kana Afrin "yapera."
Kunyarara kweMadokero pakurwiswa kweTurkey hakufananidzi nekuva nechakachena muhondo iyi. Ibato rinoshanda kumhosva dzehondo dzeTurkey muAfrin. Kubva 2005 anopfuura 350 mayuniti eLeopard 1 uye 2 matangi akatengeswa kuTurkey uye zvino anoyambuka muganhu kuenda kuSyria mukutyora mutemo wenyika. Masoja eTurkey akatorwa mifananidzo kakawanda munzvimbo dzemuganho aine pfuti dzeG3 dzinokurumidza kupfura dzakagadzirwa nemugadziri wezvombo weGerman Heckler & Koch. Mutungamiri Erdoğan paakashanyira Theresa Chivabvu muna 10 Downing Street muna Ndira 27, 2017, akasaina kontrakiti yekutengesa inokwana kuita. €115 miriyoni yekuvaka yeTF-X brand fighter jets. Mutauriri wehurumende akawedzera kuti: "Tinofunga kuti izvi zvichaita kuti zvimwe zvibvumirano zvigoneke."
Muna Ndira 2018, Erdoğan nemutungamiri weFrance Macron vakasaina chibvumirano chekutanga chekubatana kweFrench-Italian weapon consortium Eurosam nevagadziri vezvombo veTurkey Roketsan neAselsan. Pamberi pechibvumirano ichi chakaitwa munaGunyana 2017, apo Turkey yakaburitsa mutori wenhau weFrance Loup Burea kubva mutirongo. Uye zvakare, iyo Turkish Air Force ine anopfuura makumi matanhatu "Mangusta" ehondo helicopters kubva mukugadzirwa kweItaly mune yayo arsenal, chimwe chezvikonzero zvekufara kukuru kwekuvapo kwaErdoğan muItaly neVatican kutanga kwemwedzi uno.
Akashongedzerwa nematurusi ehondo aya, mauto eTurkey anoenderera mberi nekubhomba kweAfrin. Pazuva regumi nenhanhatu rekurwisa, zviuru zvevagari vemo zvakadirana kuAfrin kubva kuQamishlo, Kobanê, Shengal, uye nzvimbo dzakasiyana dzeKurdish. Vachifamba nemotokari dzemotokari uye vakatakura matavi emuorivhi mumaoko avo, vakauya kuzomira padivi nevanhu veAfrin uye kudzivirira kwete nyika dzavo chete uye chiremera, asiwo kubudirira kweRojava revolution; rusununguko, hutongi hwejekerere, uye rusununguko rwevakadzi urwo vadiki nevakuru vakarwira zvipingamupinyi zvose. Vaifamba vasina manyepo, asi vachitsvaga vavaibatsirana navo. As Riza Altun akati: “Tiri muhondo yekurwisana nemaimperialist. Nokudaro, simba rinopesana nemaimperialist harigoni kutaura kuti ma imperialists akaritengesa. Vadyidzani vemutsara wedu ndiwo masimba edemocracy yepasi rose, mauto emagariro uye mauto anopokana nehurongwa. "
MaKurds anokodzera kupfuura hushamwari hwemakomo avo, anokodzera kubatana kwepasirese akasiiwa, nekuti kwete chete kuvepo kwavo uye kuzivikanwa kwavo munjodzi asi ndizvowo tariro yehutongi hwejekerere uye kusunungurwa kwevakadzi kuMiddle East. Mukati nekunze kweRojava, kudzivirira Afrin kunofanirwa kuve kwakakosha kwedu.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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