Kunobva: TomDispatch.com
Sezvo Nyamavhuvhu apera, mauto eAmerica akapedza yavo kushaya hanya kubva kuAfghanistan anenge makore makumi maviri kubva pavakatanga kusvika. Pazuva rakasarudzika rekubviswa, zvakadaro, Mutungamiri Biden akasimbisa kuti "pamusoro-pe-horizon masimba" (airpower uye Special Operations forces, somuenzaniso) aizoramba aripo kuti ashandiswe chero nguva. "[W] inogona kurova magandanga uye zvibodzwa zvisina mabhutsu eAmerica pasi, vashoma kwazvo kana zvichidikanwa," akatsanangura, achiparadzira nekukurumidza nepfungwa chero yerunyararo rwechokwadi. Asi kunze kwetarisiro yekuenderera mberi kwemhirizhonga muAfghanistan, pakanga paine chipingamupinyi chakatokura chekupedza hondo ipapo zviri pamutemo: chokwadi chekuti yaive chikamu chehondo isingapere, yakakura kwazvo yakatanga kunzi Global War on Terror (in caps), ipapo. Hondo yakaderera-yakadzika-yakajeka yehondo yehugandanga, uye pakupedzisira - semaonero everuzhinji pano akaora pairi - "hondo dzekusingaperi" dzeAmerica.
Sezvo takatarisana neramangwana, inguva yekuzopedzisira tatarisa kupera, zviri pamutemo uye neimwe nzira, iyo hondo yakakura ine njodzi. Yave nguva yekubvuma nenzira dzakanyanya fungidziro kuti iyo post-9/11 hondo yehugandanga, iyo bhomba nekupinda kweAfghanistan yaive salvo yekutanga, inobvumidza kuvira kwezuva kwekupedzisira.
Ichokwadi, nyanzvi dzezvekuchengetedza dzinoda kutaura kuti kutyisidzira kwehugandanga hwepasi rose hweIslam kuchiri kumanikidza - uye munzvimbo dzakawanda, kuwedzera - kunetseka. ISIS uye al-Qaeda ndizvo zvakataurwa zvakare pakukwira muMiddle East, South Asia, uye Africa.
Zvakangodaro, nzvimbo iyo hondo yehugandanga inoda kupera imo muno munyika. Kubva pakutanga, chiyero chayo, sekutsanangurwa kwazvinoitwa muWashington, chaive chisina magumo uye masangano ekunze aakabatsira kugadzira, pamwe nekusimuka kwakawanda kubva mukutonga kwemutemo, zvaizoratidza njodzi kune ino nyika. Mune mamwe mazwi, yave nguva yekuti America ibve kwete kubva kuAfghanistan (kana Iraq kana Syria kana Somalia) asi, nedimikira kutaura, kubva munyika ino zvakare. Yasvika nguva yekuti hondo yehugandanga isvike pakupera.
Tichifunga nezvechinangwa ichocho, zviitiko zvitatu zvingaratidza kuti nguva yacho yasvika, kunyange kana pasina kuziviswa kwakarongwa kwomugumo wakadaro. Munzvimbo dzose nhatu, pave nenguva pfupi yapfuura zviratidzo zvekufambira mberi (zvisinei, zvinosuruvarisa, regress zvakare).
Kubviswa kwe2001 AUMF
Chekutanga uye chakakosha, Congress inoda kudzima 2001 yayo ine njodzi Mvumo yeKushandisa Simba (AUMF) yakapfuura - nemumiriri Barbara Lee's vhoti imwe chete "kwete". - mushure mekurwiswa kwe9/11. Kwemakore makumi maviri apfuura, zvaizoratidza hwaro mukubvumidza mauto eUS kushandiswa pasi rose mune chero nzira yaidiwa nemutungamiri wenyika.
Iyo AUMF yakanyorwa pasina kutaurwa nezvemumwe muvengi kana nzvimbo yerudzi chero rupi zvarwo kana zvasvika kune dzingaite theatre dzekushanda uye pasina kana chirevo chekuti kupera kwehutsinye hwakadaro kungaite sei. Nekuda kweizvozvo, zvakapa mutungamiri wenyika simba rekushandisa chisimba apo, kupi, uye zvisinei aida mukurwisa hondo yehugandanga pasina chikonzero chekuenderera mberi nekubvunza Congress. Yakamboshandiswa kudzura al-Qaeda uye kukunda maTaliban muAfghanistan, yakashandiswa mukati memakumi maviri emakore apfuura kurwa mune zvishoma. Nyika dze19 muGreater Middle East, Africa, uye Asia. Kubviswa kwayo kunenge kwanonoka zvisingafungidzirwe.
Muchokwadi, mumwedzi yekutanga yemutungamiri weBiden, Congress yakatanga kuita zvimwe miedzo kuita izvozvo chaizvo. Chinangwa, mumashoko eWhite House Press Secretary Jen Psaki, kwaive "kuona kuti mvumo yekushandiswa kwemauto ari mumabhuku ikozvino inotsiviwa nehurongwa hutete uye hwakananga huchaita kuti tikwanise kudzivirira vanhu vekuAmerica kubva mukutyisidzirwa nemagandanga tichipedza hondo dzekusingaperi."
Iko kusimba kwekubvisa uye kutsiva iyo AUMF kwakakurumidza kudzikamiswa, zvisinei, nekushata, mhirizhonga uye nengozi kubuda kubva kuAfghanistan. Avo vari muCongress uye kumwewo muWashington vachipokana nekubviswa kwayo vakatanga kupopotedzana zvinonzwika kuti iyo nzira iyo mushandirapamwe weAfghan weAmerica wakadonha uye mutemo weBiden wekurova kwepamusoro-soro wakaraira kuenderera mberi kwayo.
Parizvino, kumwe kuedza kudzima zvakare kunoratidzika kunge kuri kuwedzera simba, nekutarisa zvino pachinangwa chakanyanya kudzikama chekungodzikisa chiremera chegumbeze mvumo ichiri kubvumira mutungamiri wenyika kuti aite hondo sezvaanoda, achivimbisa kuti Congress ine kutaura. mune chero sarudzo dzemangwana pakushandisa simba kunze kwenyika. SaSenator Chris Murphy (D-CT), mumiriri wekufunga zvakare masimba ehondo yemutungamiri wenyika kazhinji, ane isa nyaya yacho, "Kana uri kutora kuramwa mabasa muSomalia, huya kuCongress uye uwane mvumo. Kana uchida kuve nechekuita mukurwisana kuSomalia kwemakore mashanu anotevera, huya utsanangure kuti nei zvichikosha uye uuye utore mvumo yakajeka. "
Chinhu chimwe chinovimbiswa, kunyangwe makumi maviri emakore mushure mehondo yakaipa yehugandanga yatanga, ichave hondo yekukwira muCongress kuchinja kana kubvisa iyo yekutanga zvachose AUMF iyo yakasimbisa zvachose hondo dzedu dzekusingaperi. Asi kana kupera kwehondo yehugandanga sezvatinoziva kuti ichazomboitika, chiito chakakosha.
Kuvhara Gitmo
Chiito chechipiri chakakosha kuratidza kupera kwehondo yehugandanga, chokwadi, kungave kuvharwa kweiyo offshore essence yekusarongeka, jeri riri kuGuantánamo Bay, Cuba (aka Gitmo) rakamiswa nehutongi hweBush kare kare. Hondo iyoyo yenzvimbo inochengeterwa vanhu vehugandanga pachitsuwa cheCuba yakavhurwa muna Ndira 2002. Sezvo yava kusvika kusvitsa kwayo makore makumi maviri, vanenge 780 vasungwa iyo yakambobata, pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu akaipisisa, yakaderedzwa kusvika ku39.
Kuvhara Guantánamo kwaizobvisa chiratidzo chepakati chemitemo yehondo-yehugandanga yeAmerica kana zvasvika pakusungwa, kubvunzurudzwa, uye kutambudzwa. nhasi, iyo nzvimbo inobata mapoka maviri makuru evasungwa - 12 avo vane mhosva dzemauto ehondo (2 vakabatwa nemhosva uye vakatongerwa, 10 vakamirira kutongwa) uye 27 avo, mushure memakore ose aya, vachiri kubatwa pasina mhosva - the truest. “vasungwa nokusingaperi” yehondo yehugandanga, yakanyorwa na Miami Herald (ikozvino New York Times) mutori wenhau Carol Rosenberg anenge makore gumi apfuura.
Kuburikidza nedhipatimendi - nekuvimbisa kuchengetedzwa kuvasungwa uye kuchengetedzeka kuUnited States kana zviratidzo zvekudzoreredza zvikaitika - hutongi hweBiden hunogona kuronga kusunungurwa kwevasungwa muboka rechipiri kune dzimwe nyika uye kuderedza zvakanyanya huwandu hwevasungwa. Vanogona kuendeswa kunze kwenyika, kusanganisira Abu Zubaydah, musungwa wekutanga akashungurudzwa pasi peCIA's auspices, musungwa uyo Agency. akasimbisa, "anofanira kugara asina kutaurirana kwehupenyu hwake hwose."
Makomisheni emauto anotarisira rimwe boka revasungwa, kusanganisira vashanu vachipomerwa mhosva kurwiswa kwa9/11, kunopa imwe mhando yedambudziko. Mumakore gumi nemashanu kubva pakatanga makomisheni aya akaumbwa neCongress, pave nemhosva sere, nhanhatu kuburikidza nekukumbira mhosva, ina dzadzo dzakapidigurwa. Kuedza nyaya dzakadai, kunyangwe kumahombekombe kweAmerican Justice system, kwaratidza kuti kune dambudziko. Vachuchisi vanga vachinetswa nenyaya yekuti vapomeri vakashungurudzwa CIA nzvimbo dzevatema uye kuti kureurura kana uchapupu hwezvapupu hunoburitswa mukurwadziswa hunorambidzwa muhurongwa hwemakomisheni echiuto.
Kusatenderwa kwakadaro zvinhu, pamwe nemienzaniso yakawanda yekusabata humbowo kwehurumende zvisizvo, kutyorwa kwayo kwemaitiro ematare edzimhosva, uye kunyange kusora pamisangano yemagweta edziviriro nevatengi vavo, zvashandura makomisheni aya kuita senge mobius loop yematare uye nekudaro dambudziko rekutonga. Sezvakataurwa naSenator Dick Durbin (D-IL) munguva pfupi yapfuura chikumbiro cherudo kuvharwa kwaGitmo, "Makomisheni emauto haisi mhinduro ... Tinofanira kuvimba nehurongwa hwedu hwekutonga," akadaro. "Kutadza kweAmerica muGuantanamo hakufanirwe kupfuudzwa kune imwe manejimendi kana kune imwe Congress."
Sezvakataurwa naDurbin uye kuronga kwedare reSenate Judiciary Committee kunzwa nezvekuvharwa kwakagadzirirwa. December 7th ratidza, imwe nzira yave kuitwa kune iyo mugumo. Achangotanga hutungamiriri hwake, Joe Biden (achinyatsofunga nezvekusaitika kwaBarack Obama executive order paZuva Rekutanga rehutungamiriri hwake achidaidzira kuvharwa kweGitmo mukati megore) akarondedzerwa chinangwa chake chekupfiga jeri iroro panopera temu yake yekutanga pachigaro. Iye ipapo kutumwa National Security Council kuti idzidze maitirwo azvo.
Uye zvakare, iyo Biden manejimendi ine zvinopfuura kaviri huwandu hwevasungwa vakatenderwa kuti vasunungurwe voendeswa kune dzimwe nyika, ukuwo matare emauto ematare ese ari mana akamirira atangazve mushure mekuzorora kwakaiswa nezvirango zveCovid-19. Saka, zvakare, iyo yakanonoka kwenguva refu kupa mutongo kunzwa yemusungwa wekuPakistan Majid Kahn, uyo akabvuma mhosva yake makore anodarika mapfumbamwe apfuura, zvakazoitika muna Gumiguru.
Saka, zvakare, kumwe kufambira mberi kuri kuitwa, asi chero Gitmo ikaramba yakavhurika, yedu yekumba vhezheni yehondo yekutyisa icharamba ichirarama.
Kutsanangura Patsva Dambudziko
Chimwe chinobvumwa chiratidzo chekuti mushure me9/11 hondo yehugandanga inogona kupedzisira yapera ndiyo pivot yekutarisisa munyika ino kune kumwe kutyisidzira kwakanyanya pasirese kuri munjodzi uye pakati pedenda rinoparadza. Zvinoshamisa, pamakore makumi maviri ekurwiswa uku, kunyangwe aimbove Mutungamiriri George W. Bush, ane hutongi hwakatanga hondo yehugandanga nezvakaipa zvayo, akabvuma kuchinja mukutyisidzira kwenyika: "[I] takaona humbowo huchikura hwekuti njodzi kune nyika yedu haigone kuuya kwete kuyambuka miganhu, asi kubva mumhirizhonga inoungana mukati."
Akazojekesa kuti anga asiri kutaura nezvema jihadists ekumusha, asi kune avo, muna Ndira 6, vakapinda muchivako cheCapitol zvine mbiri, vachityisidzira mutevedzeri wemutungamiri wenyika nevamwe vezvematongerwo enyika vemapato ese ari maviri, pamwe nevamwe vanonyanyisa vekuAmerica. “Pane,” akatsinhira kudaro, “kupindirana kwetsika kuduku pakati pevanyanyisi vane chisimba vari kunze kwenyika nevanyanyisi vane chisimba vari kumba.”
Sezvakataurwa neaimbove mutungamiri wenyika, kunyangwe hondo yehugandanga iri kuramba ichienderera mberi, munyika muno mashandisirwo ezwi rekuti "hugandanga" akatendeukira kumwe kunhu - kureva, kune vane mhirizhonga mudzimba vanotsigira pfungwa yevachena. Pakupera kwaNdira 6, vezvenhau vanga vatotanga kutaura nezve kurwiswa kwevamiriri vemutemo muCapitol se "hugandanga" uye vapambi se "magandanga.” Mumwedzi yakatevera, vezvemitemo vakawedzera kuedza kwavo kurwisa magandanga akadai ane utongi hwevachena.
Sezvo FBI Director Chris Wray wakapupurira kuCongress munaGunyana, "Hapana kupokana nezvazvo, kutyisidzira kwanhasi kwakasiyana nekwazvaive makore makumi maviri apfuura ... Akabva awedzera kuti, “Zvino, 20/9 aiva makore 11 apfuura. Asi kwatiri isu kuFBI, sekuziva kwandinoita kune vandinoshanda navo pano neni, zvinomiririra njodzi yatinotarisa pairi mazuva ese. Uye usaite chikanganiso, njodzi ndeyechokwadi. " Zvakangodaro, kutaura kwake kwakaratidza kuti peji raive richishandurwa, nehugandanga hwepasi rose husisiri kutyisidzira kuchengetedzeka kwenyika yeAmerica.
Director weNational Intelligence's 2021 Kuongorora Kutyisidzira Kwepagore yakataura zvakajeka kuti dzimwe njodzi dzinoda kutarisirwa kupfuura ugandanga hwenyika yose. Chirevo chake chakasimbisa kutyisidzira kwakakura kunokonzerwa nekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze, denda, uye makwikwi emasimba makuru.
Imwe neimwe yeaya angangoita pivots anoratidza kupera kunogona kuitika kwehondo yehugandanga ine vanhu vakakuvara vanosanganisira zvakakosha zvedemocracy uye nyika iyi yakarambwa nazvo mari inenge isingafungidzike yemari apo inogara ichiwedzera nhandare yekushandiswa kwechisimba. Yave nguva yekubvisa masimba ehondo anogara achiwedzera Congress yakapa mutungamiri wenyika, kugumisa kuvharirwa kusingagumi kuGitmo, uye kubvuma kuti shanduko yezvakakosha yave kutoitika pasi pemhino dzedu papasi rinogara riri munjodzi. Zvichida ipapo vanhu vekuAmerica vanogona kutendeukira kune zvenguva pfupi uye zvenguva refu izvo zvinogona kunyatso vandudza hutano nekugadzikana kwenyika ino.
Copyright 2021 Karen J. Greenberg
Karen J. Greenberg, mumwe TomDispatch nguva dzose, ndiye director weCentre on National Security kuFordham Law uye munyori wezvichangobva kuburitswa Zvishandiso Zvisina Kujeka: Kubviswa kweDemocracy kubva kuHondo yeKutyisa kuenda kunaDonald Trump (Princeton University Press). Julia Tedesco akabatsira nekutsvaga kwechidimbu ichi.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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