Pana February 6, 1919, vashandi veSeattle vakarova—vose zvavo. Mukuita izvi vakatora guta.
Kuramwa mabasa uku kwanga kuri kutsigira vashandi vanosvika zviuru makumi matatu neshanu vezvikepe, panguva iyoyo vachipokana nevaridzi venzvimbo yezvikepe yeguta uye neUS Shipping Board yehurumende yemubatanidzwa, iyo yakanga ichiri kumanikidza zvibvumirano zvemuhoro munguva yehondo.
Kuramwa mabasa uku kwakaita kuti zviremera zvishaye simba. Zvechokwadi pakanga pasina simba raigona kupikisa vashandi. Kwakanga kune varwi muguta, uye mamwe akawanda paCamp Lewis iri pedyo, tisingadudzi zviuru zvevatevedzeri vachangobva kunyoreswa, vane zvombo—asi kuti vasunungure ivava muguta rine rugare? Mapurisa enguva dzose akaderedzwa kuva vaoni; vakuru vehondo vakazengurira.
Seattle's Central Labor Council, inomiririra mibatanidzwa zana negumi yakabatana neAmerican Federation of Labor (AFL), yakadana kuramwa. Iye CLC Union Record yakashuma mitezo yemubatanidzwa 65,000 100,000 iri kuramwa mabasa—kuramwa kwavo kukuru, kwokutanga uye bedzi kworudzi rwakwo muU.S. Zvichida vanhu vakawanda seXNUMX XNUMX vakapinda.
KUSHANDA-CLASS DESTINATION
Seattle muna 1919 raive guta re300,000. Guta rakabudirira uye rinofambira mberi, raiva nekodzero yevakadzi, kurambidzwa, uye kuronga. Kubudirira kwaro kwakavakirwa zvakanyanya pachiteshi chayo chezvikepe uye mapier ayo epamusoro-soro emanisipala. Seattle yaive yekumisa njanji yekuchamhembe, gedhi reAlaska, uye mazuva maviri padyo neChina kupfuura mukwikwidzi wayo, San Francisco.
Seattle kubva pakutanga yaive nzvimbo yevashandi. Vafungidziri vemahara uye mautopians vaive vadzika musasa pedyo muma1890s, vaine chinangwa chekuvamba democracy yemaindasitiri. MaSocialists, kusanganisira Eugene Debs, akange akurudzira kugara muWashington, zvino mumaonero ake "yakanyanya kufambira mberi" nyika yeU.S.
Mibatanidzwa yaSeattle yaive mubatanidzwa wekuchinja. Vaitsigira kodzero yevakadzi, vakapatsanurwa pakurambidzwa, uye vakatsigira veruzhinji varidzi vemisika nekuwachira. Vazhinji vaida kutonga kwevashandi kwenzvimbo dzezvikepe. Mumakore ekuma1910, vakatamira kuruboshwe, vachisundwa nekunetsana nevashandirwi uye mukufambirana nemubatanidzwa mutsva, mubatanidzwa wezvekutengeserana wakakura wakavakirwa pasimba revashandi pabasa, uye masaisai ekuramwa mabasa enyika akatanga uye akawedzera munguva yehondo.
MaSocialists akatungamira mibatanidzwa yeguta, kusanganisira CLC uye ine simba Metal Trades Council, asi mamwe akawanda mibatanidzwa zvakare. Vaive vatsigiri vemubatanidzwa wemaindasitiri. Seattle aivewo kumba kune Industrial Worker, bepa rekumadokero reIndustrial Workers of the World (IWW). Yakave basecamp yevashandi vane hunyanzvi muWashington neAlaska, pamwe neOregon nemataundi emigodhi eMontana.
Apo U.S. Commission on Industrial Relations yakasangana muguta racho muna 1914 kwemazuva mashanu ekutongwa, nyanzvi yezvebasa yeWisconsin John R. Commons akapinda, achiona kuti muSeattle “akawana kushushikana kukuru pakati pevashandirwi nevashandi kupfuura mune chero rimwe guta reUS.”
MUNYONGA UNOPARUKA
Indasitiri yemapuranga yeWestern Washington yaitonga hupfumi hwedunhu, uye mumaindasitiri mashoma maive nekunetsana kwakanyanya. Murongi weIWW James Thompson akapupura pamberi peIndustrial Relations Commission kuti vanotema miti “vanofema mweya wakashata mumisasa. Ndizvo zvinoparadza mapapu avo. Vanodya chikafu chakaipa. Ndizvo zvinoparadza matumbu avo. Mamiriro ezvinhu akaipa anopfupisa upenyu hwavo uye anoita kuti upenyu hwavo hupfupi huve husina kunaka.”
Mvura yemuchando payakaita kuti basa mudondo risavepo, vatemi vemiti vakagara muSeattle, vachirara mudzimba dzeSkid Road, vachitsvaga zororo mudzimba dzayo dzepfambi nemasaloon akachipa. Ikoko vakakumbanirwa nevashandi vokurima vakanga vatama, vashandi vezvitima vakanga vasingachawani basa, uye vacheri vemigodhi vakanga vasina kunyorwa. Ivo vakasanganawo neaSeattle's radicals, kusanganisira kuwedzera nekukurumidza kwevashandi vepanzvimbo yengarava - yaive musanganiswa unoputika.
Sangano revashandi rakarongeka rakakura mumakore aya, kunyange zvisina kuenzana. Kuramwa kwemvura kwa1916 kwakarasika. Nechokuchamhembe muEverett, kurova kwevaruki veshingle kwakapera munjodzi, nemaWobblies matanhatu akaurayiwa muEverett Massacre. Zvakadaro, IWW yakarwa. Muna Chikumi 1917, 50,000 vatemi vematanda nevashandi vezvigayo vakarova, pakupedzisira vakahwina zuva remaawa masere.
Muguta, munyori weCLC James Duncan akadana 1917 “gore rine mavara matsvuku munhoroondo yebasa rakarongeka. Mamibatanidzwa matsva gumi nemaviri akarongwa uye mibatanidzwa yese yeSeattle iri kubudirira. " Izvi zvaisanganisira nhamba huru yevashandi vechikadzi—“vasikana” verunhare, vanowachira, uye vashandi vebasa vomuhotera. Basa rakarongwa rakawedzera ne300 muzana mugore iroro roga.
HAPANA MUNHU AKAZONZWA Nzara
Muna 1919, hondo iri shure kwavo, vashandi vaSeattle vakanga vakarongeka uye vachigadzirira kurwa. Rakanga riri guta, akanyora Anna Louise Strong, uyo akazova musimboti pamutambo wacho Union Record panguva yekuramwa mabasa, "yakakamurwa kuita misasa miviri ine utsinye." Mitsetse yekirasi yakanga yaoma.
Kurova kukuru senzira yaizivikanwa zvakanyanya neIWW. Zvakadaro CLC yakanga yashandisa kutyisidzira kwekurova kwakawanda hafu yegumi nemaviri, sechipo chekurwira mukurwira mihoro nemabhenefiti, pamwe nekusimbirira kwayo kuti chitoro chakavharwa chibudirire. Asi kuna Kate Sadler, Seattle's anonyanya kuzivikanwa wesocialist, "Joan weArc" yevashandi, kuratidzira kwakawanda kwakange kwave kutonyanya - simba revashandi rekushandura nzanga: "tichafambira mberi kusvika pakuziva kuzere kuti hapana murume akakwana. kuva tenzi womumwe munhu. Kuti ivo varidzi vezvinhu zvakashandiswa zvakafanana kunofanirwa kuenda, uye hutongi hwemagariro hunotora nzvimbo. "
Apo vashandi vepanzvimbo yengarava, vakaramwa mabasa kubva muna Ndira 21, vakakumbira rutsigiro kuCLC, pakanga pasina anopikisa kutaura nezvayo. Nhengo dzemubatanidzwa dzakasarudza hutungamiriri hwekuramwa mabasa, komiti, mazana matatu akasimba, anosanganisira vashandi vakawanda. Ivowo vakasarudza komiti huru. Mitumbi iyi yaivimbisa utano, kugara zvakanaka, uye kuchengeteka kweguta.
Marara akaunganidzwa, zvipatara zvakapiwa, vacheche vakawana mukaka, uye vanhu vakapiwa zvokudya, kubatanidza vanenge 30,000 XNUMX pazuva kumakicheni evairamwa mabasa. Pangava pasina imwe nguva, zvisati zvaitika kana kuti kubvira ipapo, apo pakanga pasina munhu ainzwa nzara muguta.
Migwagwa yakanga yakakotsekana, isingawanzova yakakotsekana—yaigarwa nomurindiri wechibharo asina pfuti. Kunze kwemigwagwa, Seattle yaive mutambo - muhoro dzemubatanidzwa, misika yemubatanidzwa, "nzvimbo dzekudyisa," nenzvimbo dzevavakidzani kwaiungana vashandi nemhuri dzavo.
Musi weMugovera kwaive nekutamba. Uye musangano mukuru muGeorgetown—boka racho rakanga rakakura zvokuti chivako chacho, “chichigadzika,” chaifanira kubviswa. Uye munzvimbo dzese idzi kuramwa mabasa ndiyo yaive musoro. Yakaongororwa, yakatsoropodzwa, yakarumbidzwa, uye yakakakavadzana. Nokudaro, apo vamiririri vevashandi ava vakazadza misangano yeStrike Committee yaizadzwa nemirangariro yavakauya vakagadzirira—vakanga vachinyora nhoroondo uye vaizviziva.
VAKAITA POINT YAVO
The Seattle Star akabvunza kuti, “Mureza upi—mutsvuku, muchena, uye webhuruu kana kuti mutsvuku?” The Times, akatsamwa, akakumbira varwi vehurumende. Meya, Ole Hanson, vachinyatsoziva kuti izvi handizvo, vakazivisa shanduko iri kuitika. AFL inochengetedza yakabatana, ichishora varovi uye kutumira vashandi kubva kuMabvazuva neMidwest mumazana.
Kuramwa mabasa uku kwakagara mukupera kwesvondo, mazuva mashanu ekushanda. Ipapo mumwe nomumwe, ipapo muzvikamu zviduku, mibatanidzwa yakatanga kudzoka. NeChipiri, kuramwa mabasa uku kwakanzi kwapera. Kunyange zvakadaro, kubatana kwakatonga, kubudirira kwekuzvikudza kukuru. Mibatanidzwa yaSeattle yakaramba "yakada," ma-co-ops akabudirira, uye Union Recordkutenderera kwakapfuura 100,000. Kuramwa basa kwenzvimbo yengarava, zvisinei, kwakagara muchirimo, kuchizopera sezvo zviremera zvakaramba zvakasimba.
Zvakawanda zvinogadzirwa neizvi, kutsemuka kwevanorova. Duncan angadai akada kuti vese vadzokerane, asi chokwadi ndechekuti kwaive nevakawanda vaifarira kugara kunze. Zvakadaro, chinzvimbo uye faira, ruzhinji, vakanzwa vataura pfungwa yavo. “Takaita chimwe chinhu mukuramwa mabasa uku chisati chamboitwa,” akatsanangura kudaro Ben Neuman weHoisting Engineers, mutungamiriri wekomiti yokuramwa mabasa.
Nzira yekuongorora sei izvi? The Times yakataura, "Kumukira Kwapera." Samuel Gompers paAFL akabatana mukurumbidza "revolution" yakakundwa; akarumbidza vamiririri vake uye akavimbisa kubvisa mibatanidzwa yevanhu vane utsinye. Asi kwakanga kusati kwave kuri chimurenga kana kuti kwakanga kusina kuitirwa kuva kumwe. Kwakanga kuri kuramwa mabasa kwekutsigira vashandi vepanzvimbo yezvikepe, kunyangwe kuramwa kwacho kwakanyanyisa.
Vashandi vaSeattle, mibatanidzwa yavo yakasimba, vaizorarama kurwa rimwe zuva. Uye Max Eastman, muzivi weGreenwich Village, akataura nezvakawanda paakaona kuti kuramwa mabasa kwacho “kwazadza tariro nemufaro mwoyo yemamiriyoni evanhu munzvimbo dzese dzepasi… wakaratidza mukana wekubatana kwakavimbika kwevashandi iyo ndiyo tariro bedzi yasara yorusununguko nokuda kworudzi rwomunhu.”
Cal Winslow ndiye munyori we Seattle General Strike: Iyo Yakakanganwa Nhoroondo yeBasa Inonyanya Kushamisa Revolt, inouya kubva kuVerso muna Chivabvu, pamwe chete Hondo yeVashandi Yevagari muCalifornia: Iyo NUHW Kupandukira. Ndiye mupepeti we EP Thompson uye Kugadzirwa kweNew Left. Mwanasikana wake ndiSam Winslow weLabour Notes.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
dhoneta