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Dzimwe nguva hupenyu hune nzira yekukuita kuti uzive zvinhu pamusoro pako. Nguva pfupi yadarika, ndakaona kuti kuda kwangu, angangoita makore makumi mana ekuzvarwa, kwakange kwakanyatsopesana nekwebhodhi rechikoro chekumaruwa Tennessee Ndira uno. Mune humwe hupenyu, ndakaita basa mune izvo zvinogona kufungidzirwa sekusarambidzwa kweiyo graphic novel mbeva.
Kwemwedzi yakawanda, ndanga ndichiverenga nezve kukura kwebato reTrumpist-Republican kurambidza chero mabhuku anoonekwa nenhengo dzayo seasinganakidze mune zvematongerwo enyika, kuti hupenyu hwevana veAmerica hurege kusvibiswa, toti, bhuku raToni Morrison. Ziso reblue kana Margaret Atwood's The Handmaid's Tale kana bhuku renhoroondo rakadai Vaizviti K.K.K. Ishuviro inongondikwesha nzira isiri iyo. Pashure pezvose, somukomana aikura muNew York City muma1950, apo upenyu hwevana pashure pechikoro hwakanga husina kurongeka zvikuru kupfuura zvahuri nhasi, ndaiwanzodzungaira mubazi romunzvimbomo reraibhurari yavose, ndichikarira kuti mutarisiri weraibhurari aizondibvumira. muchikamu chevakuru. Ikoko - ndisina ruzivo rwandanga ndichiita - ndaidhonza mabhuku evakuru anonakidza kubva pamasherufu ndonanga kumba.
Makore akati gare gare, tichichinjana ndangariro dzouduku neshamwari uye mutsigiri wandaishanda naye, Sara Bershtel, ndakaona kuti, pakusvika munyika ino, iyewo, akanga awana mushandi weraibhurari anonzwira tsitsi ndokunanga kumasherufu iwayo evakuru. Pamwe pamakore gumi nemaviri kana gumi nematatu, ingangoita zera revana vechikoro veTennessee, takanga tine tese - chishamiso chezvishamiso! - ndisingazive zvataiita, akadhonza Annmarie Selinko bestselling novel Desiree kubva pamasherufu. Yakanga iri pamusoro paNapoleon Bonaparte nemudiwa wake wechidiki uye isu tose tinoyeuka tichinakidzwa nazvo. Pamwe kufarira kwanguwo nhoroondo, uye kwake nemabhuku echiFrench, kwakatangira ipapo. Hapana mumwe wedu, ini ndinofungidzira, akakuvadzwa nekuverenga rudzi rwekutengesa zvakanyanya izvo maRepublicans nhasi pasina mubvunzo vangasemesa.
Ah, uye kana iwe ukaregerera karukova kekuziva pano, shamwari yangu Sara akaberekerwa mumusasa weGerman vanhu vakadzingwa kuvabereki vechiJudha avo, nenzira inoshamisa, vakapona mumisasa yerufu yeNazi kuAuschwitz neBuchenwald, izvo zvinondidzosa. kunzvimbo yekusvetuka-kubva kune chidimbu ichi. Kunze kwekunge wanga uri muUkraine mavhiki apfuura, chimwe chinhu chausingapokane kuti unotoziva nezvacho, uchipihwa kutariswa kwayakaitwa: kuti, nevhoti gumi-10, bhodhi rechikoro muMcMinn, Tennessee, kurambidzwa kubva kune yayo yechisere-giredhi rekirasi kosi Art Spiegelman's Pulitzer Mubairo-anohwina graphic novel mbeva, nezvemakore eHolocaust evabereki vake muAuschwitz uye mberi (uye zvakaitika kwaari pachake achikura navo pashure). Pandakatanga kunzwa nezve chiitiko ichocho ndakanzwa, zvisinei kwenguva pfupi uye zvisina kunanga, ndakabvisa masherufu pachangu ndikarambidzwa. Uye zvakaipa! - hongu, ndinoda kuve nechokwadi chekuti chidimbu ichi chinorambidzwa zvakare! โ Ndakanzwa kudada nazvo!
Kungotsigira kwechinguvana: iyo bhodhi rechikoro cheTennessee rakarambidza bhuku raSpiegelman nechikonzero, pamwe nezita, iro raivemo. mbeva dzekatuni dzisina kupfeka - VaJudha vakakuvadzwa mumusasa wevasungwa uye amai vaSpiegelman, vakazviuraya, mubhavhu rekugezera - uye kutuka zvakare (senge izwi rekuti "damn!"). Munyika iyo, yakapihwa mukana, vazhinji vedu taizonanga kune yazvino yakaenzana neaya masherufu eraibhurari yevakuru - mazuva ano, hongu, chero mwana ane iPhone kana komputa anogona kuwana chipimo chechero chinhu chinoshamisa pane izvi. puraneti - bhodhi rechikoro iro rinogona kunge raive femu yekushambadzira inoshandira mbeva. Mushure mezvose, anopfuura makumi matatu emakore mushure mekutanga kurova bestseller rondedzero, zviito zvavo zvakaita kuti zviwedzere wekutanga kuAmazon, apo makopi akapiwa akatanga kudirana kumaruwa Tennessee.
Sezvo aimbove Secretary of Labor Robert Reich achangobva kuratidza, kana uchida zvechokwadi kuti wechiduku averenge bhuku ripi neripi nokufarira, chinhu chokutanga chaunofanira kuita, chokwadika, kurirambidza. Saka, ndinofunga kuti, nenzira yayo yakatarisana-pasi, bhodhi reMcMinn rakaitira nyika yedu rudzi runoshamisa rwenyasha. Mukufamba kwenguva, zvisinei, hasha dzinokura dzekurambidza mabhuku kubva kuzvikoro uye makiraibhurari (kana kunyange, munyaya ye Harry Potter mabhuku, kuapisa, Nazi-style) haipe tarisiro yakanangana nekwakananga nyika ino izvozvi.
"Chii Chinonakidza?"
Zvakadaro, sezvandine chokwadi chekuti wafungidzira, ndiri kungoenderera seizvi nekuti chiitiko muTennessee uye mhinduro yenhau kwairi yakadzosa nguva yekare muhupenyu hwangu. Saka, funga nezvechimwe chimedu ichi sechinyorwa chemuzasi chenyaya yeMcMinn uye kune kuwedzera kwemafungu ekurambidzwa kwemabhuku mumakosi nemaraibhurari ezvikoro mhiri kwakawanda kwenyika ino. Uye izvo hazvitombotauri nezve plethora ye "Gag order" mabhiri zvakapasiswa kana kuti zvichiri kutariswa muRepublican-inodzorwa nyika dzemitemo kudzivirira dzidziso yezvimwe zvidzidzo. Humwe humbowo, kana uchihuda, hwekuda kupukuta kubva mukuziva zvakanyanya zvekuti vanoshaya kugadzikana mune yedu yenyika yapfuura. Izvo zvakare pasina mubvunzo chikamu chekukurudzira kukuru kutora hurumende yeAmerica-chikoro chevanhu, kana kunyange. kutsiva, sezvakaita Donald Trump nevashandi vangada kuti vese-zvakare-vanozvitonga vatore nyika ino nekuishandura kuita hunhu husingazivikanwe, chidzidzo. TomDispatch yakafukidza kwemakore.
Nekudaro, nguva yangu muzuva yakatanga panguva iyo The Donald aive ave kuda kuvhura yekutanga yeakasino yake yeAtlantic City iyo yaizopedzisira yamushandura kuita. notorious bankuptee. Uye zvakaitika mukati menyika yekutsikisa, izvo zvakazoita sekunge zvakagadzirira kurambidzwa mbeva kubva pasi rino. Kare mukutanga 1980s, achiburitsa Holocaust "comic book" - kunyangwe izwi rekuti "graphic novel" kuvapo, inenge pasina munhu mukudhinda aiziva - umo vaJudha vaiva mbeva dzekatuni uye katsi dzeNazi, dzakaita sechiito chekuzviuraya kune muparidzi webhuku.
Uye mumamiriro ezvinhu aya, heino nyaya yangu pachedu nezvekatuni mbeva ingadai isina kumbobvira yasvika kuMcMinn County, Tennessee. Mumakore ekuma1980, ndakanga ndiri mupepeti wePantheon Books, imba inotsikisa inotungamirirwa naAndrรฉ Schiffrin uyo, nenzira isingawanzowaniki panguva iyoyo kana kuti gare gare, akapa vapepeti vake mukana wokusaina mabhuku angaita seasina fashoni zvikuru kana kuti ane ngozi mune zvematongerwe enyika.
Rimwe zuva, mutungamiriri wedu wemifananidzo anoshamisa, Louise Fili, akauya kuhofisi yangu. (Akashanda pane imwe uriri hwechivako cheRandom House muNew York City, imba huru yokutsikirira yatakanga tava rutivi rwayo panguva iyoyo.) Mumaoko ake, akanga ane magazini yakakura zvikuru yainzi RAW yandakanga ndisati ndamboona, yakaburitswa neshamwari yake inonzi Art Spiegelman. Yakanga izere nekuyedza cartoon art. Uye mumasowe ezvinyorwa zvitsva, anga achinyora zvitsauko zvidiki zvememoir yaakatanga kugadzira nezve zvakaitika kuna baba naamai vake muHolocaust. MaJuda kubva kuPoland, vaive vaguma kuAuschwitz uye vakakwanisa, kusiyana nemamiriyoni akawanda emaJuda akapondwa mumisasa yerufu yakadai, kuti vapone chiitiko. Louise aivewo naye chikumbiro kubva kuSpiegelman cheicho chaizove chinyorwa chake chekutengesa graphic mbeva.
Ndichiri kuyeuka achindiudza kuti yakanga yatorambwa nomuparidzi wose waungafungidzira. Mumazuva iwayo, chaive, ndinofungidzira, chimwe chinhu senge nzvimbo yekutengesa kwandiri. Zvakadaro, ndakatora zvitsauko zviviri zvechidiki uye chikumbiro kumba - uye makore ese aya gare gare, ndichiri kurangarira nguva yandakafunga kuti ndaifanira kuisa bhuku raSpiegelman kunze, zvisinei. Ndinozvirangarira nekuti ndaizvifunga semupepeti ane njere uye manzwiro andaifanira kuita mbeva yaive imwe yesarudzo mbiri dzisina musoro dzandakamboita mukutsikisa (imwe yacho kuva kuita bhuku raChalmers Johnson Blowback, zvakare mutengesi wemangwana).
Panguva iyoyo, ndinokahadzika kuti ndakanga ndamboverenga chakasvika pakuzivikanwa segwaro remifananidzo, asi pane chimwe chinhu kumashure kwangu icho, ndinofungidzira, chakandisiya ndichinyanya kuvhurika kwachiri. Amai vangu, Irma Selz, anga ari mutambi wemitambo uye gare gare wezvematongerwo enyika weNew York mapepanhau nemagazini (uye, muma1950s, New Yorker naizvo). Aive, kutaura zvazviri, achizivikanwa se "musikana weNew York's caricaturist" mumakoramu emakuhwa epanguva yake, sezvo aive iye ega mune imwe nyika yakawanda yevarume yevatambi vekatuni.
Nekuti aigara munyika iyoyo, mushure mefashoni yandakaita, zvakare. Ndinogona, semuenzaniso, kurangarira Irwin Hazen, musiki wekatuni akanganwa zvakanyanya Dondi, akagara padivi pemubhedha wangu apo zvimwe ndakanga ndava nemakore manomwe kana masere achindirongera chimiro chake pamapepa okuronda ndisati ndarara. (Kune imwe nzvimbo pamusoro pewadhiropu yangu, ndinofungidzira ndichine mifananidzo yake iyoyo!) Saka ndinofunga kuti ndakanga, neimwe nzira isingatarisirwi, mupepeti akakwana wechikumbiro chaSpiegelman. Ndaivawo muJudha uye, kunyange zvazvo sekuru vangu vakanga vauya kuAmerica kuma1890 vachibva kuLemberg (yava kunzi Lviv yeUkraine) uye vakazounza zvikamu zvinokosha zvemhuri yavo pano, ndinoyeuka ambuya vangu vachindiudza nezvenhengo dzemhuri dzakanga dzakamedzwa nechisimba. Holocaust.
Zvisinei, iyi ndiyo nguva yandichiri kurangarira. Ndakanga ndakarara ndichiverenga zvandakanga ndapiwa naLouise apo mudzimai wangu, Nancy, akandipfuura. Panguva iyoyo ndakabva ndabvaruka nekuseka. "Chii chinosekesa?" akabvunza. Mubvunzo wake wakandishamisa chose. Ndakambomira kwekanguva kairwadza chaizvo ndokubva ndati, zvishoma nezvishoma uye neimwe nzira isina kunyatsopindirana, zvakaita sekuti: โUhโฆ โฆโ
Ndakanzwa kunyara asi ini aiva ndanga ndichiseka uye zvakanditadzisa kufa. Panguva iyoyo chaiyo, ndakaona, zvisinei zvisina musoro, kuti chero bhuku iri rinoshamisa, rinonakidza, rinovhiringidza pamusoro penyika kubva kugehena rakazova, ini aiva kuzviita. Kubva panguva iyoyo zvichienda mberi, kunyangwe yakambotengesa kopi kana kwete yanga isiri nyaya kwandiri.
A Holocaust Comic Book?
Uye zvino, ungati, matambudziko akatanga. Ndakaenda kuna Andrรฉ, ndikamuudza nezvebasa racho, uye akaita sezvaaitarisira. Ndiani munyika, aizvibvunza, aizotenga bhuku reHolocaust comic? Ini zvechokwadi ndakanga ndisingazivi, uye ndakanga ndisina kana hanya ipapo. Neimwe nzira, ndaingoziva kuti nyika isina bhuku iri yaizova nzvimbo shoma. Zvakanga zviri nyore.
Ndatenda matenga, sasabhuku, Andrรฉ aitenda zvikuru muvapepeti vake, sezvaingoita isu vapepeti kutenda kune mumwe nemumwe. Aivenga zvakare kuti "kwete." Naizvozvo, panzvimbo pezvo, rudzi rwekukomba rwakavapo apo bhuku rakakarakadzwa richipfuura kubva muruoko kuenda kune ruoko uye vamwe vakatarira ndokuita, asi ndakaramba ndakatsunga uye ndichiziva kuti, pakupedzisira, kana ndaiva nenzira iyoyo, aizondirega ndichizviita, sezvakaita. zvirokwazvo akadaro.
Ini ndaitorwa sechimwe chinhu chemupepeti anotyisa mumazuva iwayo uye zvakadaro ndinokahadzika kuti ndakabata izwi rezvinyorwa zveSpiegelman. Zvazviri nhasi, ndezvekutenda kwaari chete, kwete ini. Ndakaenda naye kuzvokudya zvemasikati kuti ndimuudze nezvechisarudzo chedu chokubudisa mabhuku uye kugadzirira nzira yebasa redu remangwana. Ndichiri ikoko, ndakamuvimbisa kuti hapana chandaiziva nezvekugadzira bhuku rakadaro - iye, semuenzaniso, aida mhando yezviputi zvakawanikwa paFrench asi kwete mapepa ekuAmerica - uye aingoita zvaaida. Chinhu chimwe chete chandaida kuti azive, kunyanguvezvo, chaiva chokuti aisafanira kuwana tariro yake. Tichifunga nezvenyaya yacho, zvaisaita kutengesa makopi akawanda. (A Pulitzer Prize? Hazvina kumbouya mupfungwa dzangu.)
Sezvineiwo, sekuona kwangu, iye neungwaru haana kana hanya neni nezvenyaya iyi. Uye sezvazvakaitika, mimwe mwedzi gare gare (sezvandinorangarira), iyo New York Times Bhuku Rekuongorora yakazvipira peji yakazara kwaari uye, muchidimbu, kune ramangwana mbeva. Zvaiita sechishamiso. Takashamiswa uye, kubva panguva iyoyo zvichienda mberi, takaziva kuti takanga tine chimwe chinhu chikuru pamaoko edu.
Uye nenzira iyoyo, mune rimwe zana, unogona kutaura kuti handina kurambidzwa mbeva, kugadzirira nzira yeMcMinn County kuirambidza munguva yedu yeTrumpist. Handikwanise kuzvikudza nhasi kuti ndakave neruoko mukugadzira bhuku iro mutori wemifananidzo David Levine aizonyatso enzanisa nebasa raFranz Kafka.
Mukuvapo kwaro kunopfuurira kune zviitiko, sechinyorwa chakasiyana chezvinhu zvinotyisa zvamazvirokwazvo isu vanhu tinokwanisa kuitirana mumwe nomumwe, zvirokwazvo ibasa rounyanzvi. Inomutsa nyaya idzo isu tese, vabereki nevana, tinofanirwa kunetsana nadzo patiri nyika iri mungozi, nzvimbo yatine basa rakawanda kwazvo pamberi pedu kana, neimwe nzira inotyisa, tisingadi kuzvirambidza isu pachedu.
Copyright 2022 Tom Engelhardt
Tom Engelhardt akagadzira uye anomhanyisa webhusaiti TomDispatch.com, kwakatanga kubuda nyaya iyi. Ndiye zvakare mubatsiri wesangano re American Empire Project uye munyori wenhoroondo inorumbidzwa zvikuru yekukunda kweAmerica muCold War, Mugumo Wekukunda Muitiro. Mumwe we Type Media Center, bhuku rake rechitanhatu uye richangoburwa ndere Rudzi Risina Kuitwa Nehondo.
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