Takaswera tiri pamhenderekedzo yegungwa muBrooklyn. Zvivakwa zvedenga zvakayangarara nechekure uye kamwana kangu kakaramba kachinditambidza masefa efodya yaakanga achera mujecha. Patakasvika kumba, ndakatarisa email yangu. Ndakanga ndatumirwa mufananidzo wegungwa rakasiyana zvikuru: rakasiiwa, rakarongwa nemisoro iri kure ine jecha risina kusvibiswa nemvura yakachena. Sezvazvakaitika, ndakanga ndisingatarisi mufananidzo, asi pamufananidzo wakaitwa nomumwe murume akanga akasungwa pamusasa wevasungwa weGuantánamo Bay.
Zvakadaro 780 vanhu akambosungwa imomo, mumwe wevasungwa 41 vakasara, mayadhi anogara kure neGungwa reCaribbean. Nhapwa dzeGlobal War on Terror yehutungamiri hwaBush dzakatanga kusvika kujeri rekumahombekombe muna Ndira 2002. Sezvo Guantánamo iri panzvimbo yemauto kuCuba uye vasungwa vaive. rakanyorwa "varwi vevavengi vatorwa," vaive nyore kuve vasina kodzero pasi peUnited States kana mutemo wepasi rose uye saka vakavhurika kumakore ezvose zvavaida kuvaitira varindi vejeri (kusanganisira kurwadziswa) Mutungamiri Barack Obama vakaburitsa zana nemakumi mapfumbamwe nevanomwe mumakore avo ari pachigaro, asi havana kukwanisa kuzadzisa vimbiso yaakaita pazuva rake rekutanga: kuvhara Guantánamo.
Murume ane pendi yandakaona ave achichengetwa kwemakore anoda kusvika 15 pasina kutongwa, pasina kana mhosva yaari kupomerwa. Iyo email yakabva kugweta rake rakazvipira kudzivirira vasungwa vakati wandei vekuGuantánamo. Vamwe vakanga vasunungurwa pashure pokunge avabatsira kuti dare remauto ribvume kuti vakanga vasisiri “kutyisidzira” United States. Vamwe vacho vanoramba vakavharirwa nokusingaperi. Vazhinji vevatengi vake vanopedza nguva yavo nekugadzira art uye, pazvinhu zvese zvandaisatarisira kuuya muhupenyu hwangu, akange ave kutsvaga muchengeti aida kuratidza mamwe emifananidzo yavo.
Kuunganidza Art yeGuantánamo
Ndiri purofesa paJohn Jay College muNew York City. Iyo ine diki art gallery uye saka rimwe zuva muna Nyamavhuvhu 2016 ndakazviwana ndiri muhofisi yegweta pakati pedhorobha reManhattan ndichigadzirira, zvisinei nekukahadzika, kuona hunyanzvi hwevatengi vake. Akanga achisundira padivi masipikafoni nemanotipadhi uye achiisa mifananidzo patafura refu muimba yemusangano ine mafafitera akatarisana neinoyevedza East River. Ndakamirira kudaro, ndakatarisa ndiri kumusoro semvura yaidzika runyararo muguta. Pandakazofunga nezveunyanzvi, ndakashamiswa kuona mamwe maonero anotyisa akafanana. Kupenda mushure mekupenda mvura. Mvura inoyerera nemutsanga dziri kumucheto kwedziva. Mvura yaiyerera kuita furo sezvayaiyerera nepamusoro pematombo munzizi. Mvura yaiyerera zvinyoro yairatidza zvivako zviri pedyo nemugero.
Asi pamusoro pazvose, pakanga pane gungwa. Kwose kwose, gungwa. Mumifananidzo iya yaiva mukamuri iroro remusangano uye mune rimwe basa rakatumirwa kwandiri apo shoko rakapararira pakati pevasungwa namagweta avo kuti ndakanga ndichidisa kuronga chiratidziro, ndakawana mazana emifananidzo yegungwa mumamirire aro ose. Mune mimwe mifananidzo, madutu akaparadza mapuranga ekupedzisira engarava dzainyura. Mune mamwewo, zvikepe zvaisungirirwa pazviteshi zvakakotsekana kana kuti kunyura mumvura huru pasina kana mhenderekedzo. Makore akaungana mumatenga ebhuruu masikati kana kuti orenji pakati pegungwa. Mumwe musungwa akatogadzira mhando dzezvikepe zvemaoresa nemakadhibhokisi, maT-shirt ekare, kepisi dzemabhodhoro, uye mamwe marara.
Ndavhiringidzika, ndakabvunza gweta, "Sei mvura yose?" Akabva akwenya. Pamwe mudzidzisi wemifananidzo pajeri, akataura kudaro, aipa vasungwa mifananidzo yakawanda yegungwa. Vasungwa, zvakazoitika, vanogona kutora zvidzidzo zvehunyanzvi chero bedzi vakaramba "vachienderana." Asi pakave nekupwanya, sezvakave, semuenzaniso, kwakaitika panguva ye nzara huru muna 2013, varindi vakakurumidza kuvatorera unyanzvi hwavo - uye ndicho chikonzero vatengi vegweta vakanga vamukumbira kuti atore. Vaida kuchengetedza basa ravo (uye chero zvazvaireva kwavari) zvakachengeteka kubva kuvarindi.
Sezvazvakazoitika, hunyanzvi hahubvi kuGuantánamo zviri nyore kupfuura vasungwa pachavo. Vakuru vemauto vaiongorora chidimbu chega chega kuti vaone mameseji akavanzika vobva vadhinda kuseri kwebasa rega rega, "Zvakabvumidzwa neUS Forces." Matampu iwayo aiwanzobuda ropa, achiyangarara pamusoro pemufananidzo kune rimwe divi. Gweta rakanga ratotumidza zita remadunhurirwa reimwe yemhando dzengarava kuti USS Approved nokuti zvinonhuhwira zvakanga zvatsika mashoko iwayo pamaseiri aro.
Saka ndakaona ndave kutanga kuronga ratidziro yerudzi rwandakanga ndisati ndambofungira muhope dzangu dzandisingafungire. Uye ndakatanga kunetseka. Muchengeti anoita sarudzo dzakawanda, kutonga, kududzira kwehunyanzvi. Asi ndaizovaita sei norudzi rupi norupi rwokururama apo ndaiva mukadzi, asiri muMuslim, uye mugari worudzi rumene rwakanga rwachengeta ava varume kwamakore akawanda kudaro pasina pomero kana kuti kutongwa? Handisi ini here, nemamwe mazwi, Mumwe wekupedzisira?
ChiGiriki kwandiri
Nekudzidziswa, ndiri munyori wenhoroondo dzekare. Ndinowedzera zvidimbu. Kana ndikaratidza vadzidzi vangu vase yekare yechiGiriki yakaputsika, ndinoshandisa mazwi angu kuigadzirisa. Ini ndinodurura mune mamwe mazwi kuti ndiizadze nendangariro yewaini yayakambotakura, zvakadaro kuwedzera kumutsa varume vakambonwa kubva mairi, uyezve zvimwe kupa vadzidzi vangu fungidziro dzedu dzepamusoro pane izvo zvavangave vachitaura nezvazvo se. vakanwa.
Iyi nzira yekubata nehunyanzvi yaizivikanwa nevaGiriki vekare. Vakazvidaidza ekphrasis: chiito chekutaura chekutsanangura basa reunyanzvi zvakadzama. Kwavari, ekphrasis chaiva chiito chekugadzira. Mukurukuri aiwanzotsanangura zvinhu zvisina kuratidzwa nomugadziri wacho, zvakadai sezvakaitika nguva pfupi yapfuura kana kuti ichangopera. Mhandara yemufananidzo uyu iri kunyemwerera nekuti ichangobva kugamuchira chiziviso cherudo, vangadaro.
Asi takatarisana nehunyanzvi uhu kubva kuGuantánamo, ekphrasis zvaiita sezvisina kufanira. Ava maartist vachiri vapenyu, kunyangwe vakavharirwa. Zviumbwa zvavo zvakaita sezvavaida ivo, kwete zvisaririra zveimwe nyika yakapfuura inoda chimiro chekududzira. Uye chero dudziro iyi ingangoda, sei munyika ndaizoipa? Ini ndaiva ani kuti ndidururire mashoko angu pamusoro pavo?
Asi ndaiziva kuti vaida kubatsirwa kana kuti gweta riya raizouyirei kwandiri? Chokwadi vasungwa vacho havana kukwanisa kugadzirisa zviratidziro zvavo muNew York nekuti vaizodaro kuvharirwa kubva kupinda muUnited States kunyange mushure mekusunungurwa kubva kuGuantánamo. Saka ndakazviudza kuti ndaizofanira kuvabatsira kuti vaone shuviro yavo yeshoo pasina kuisa mitongo yangu. Ndakazviudza kuti ndaizova manuensis avo.
Kubva muchiLatin: munhu, mushumiri weruoko, izwi iri raimboreva mumwe munhu aibatsira pakuita basa reunyanzvi kuburikidza nekutaura. Somuenzaniso, funga nezvevanasikana vaJohn Milton, Mary naDeborah, uyo akatora nhetembo yake huru yomuzana remakore rechigumi nemanomwe. Paradhiso Yakarasika mushure mokunge aita bofu. Aiva mabasa ake. Iye rakanyorwa mavhesi mumusoro make usiku. Zvadaro, mangwanani, sokunyora kwakaita mumwe wepanguva yake, “aigara akazembera neshure pachigaro chisina kuoma, gumbo rake rakakandwa pagokora racho” vachinyora zvaaidzokorora. Kana vakasvinura vachiuya kwaari, aichema-chema achiti anoda kukamwa.
Ndichaita saizvozvo regai vaimbi vataure ivo pachavo kubudikidza neni, kana saizvozvo ndakafunga. Ndakanyora rondedzero yemibvunzo yekuti magweta avo avabvunze, kusanganisira "Chii chaunoda nezvekugadzira art?" uye "Chii chaungada kuti vanhu vafunge nezvazvo pavanenge vachitarisa hunyanzvi hwako?" Ipapo ndakamirira kuti magweta iwayo aaratidze mukati meshanyo dzavo dzeGuantánamo mukati memisangano pamusoro penhau dzemitemo.
Mhinduro dzaive dzakafanana zvinoshamisa uye dzichiita sedzisina kubuda pachena. Vaida kuti vanhu vaone hunyanzvi hwavo, vakadaro, uye kuburikidza nazvo vazive kuti ivo vanhu chaivo. Chokwadi? Handina kuzviwana. Chokwadi, ivo vanhu. Chii chimwe chavanogona kuva?
Pakutanga, ndakanga ndisinganyanyi kunetseka kuti mhinduro dzavo dzaisava nemusoro kwandiri. Icho chikamu chebasa reamanuensis. Vanasikana vaMilton vaiva gumi nevatanhatu paakatanga Paradhiso Yakarasika. Zvaivatorera vese makore angada kusvika gumi kuti vaipedze. Mumakore iwayo, baba vavo vakavadzidzisawo kuvaverengera zvinonzwika mabhuku echiGiriki, chiLatin, nechiHebheru, avo vaisagona kunzwisisa kana shoko rimwe zvaro.
Ndainge ndajaira kuita manuensis ini. Pandakanga ndava negore nechidimbu uye amai vangu vachiri nepamuviri pehanzvadzi yangu, baba vangu vakaita tsaona ndokutyoka mutsipa. Mupendero wakatyoka wepfundo remuzongoza wakacheka muzongoza, zvichisiya maoko ake nemakumbo aremara. Patakanga takura zvakakwana—uye handichayeuki nguva yatakanga tisingarangarirwi kuti takura zvakakwana—ini nehanzvadzi yangu taipedza maawa akawanda pazuva tiri “maoko” ake. Takavhura tsamba, tikabhadhara mabills, slid computer disks in and out of the desktop yaaishanda nekubaya makiyi nepoint refu yakabatwa mukanwa. Kuburikidza nesu, vasikana vaviri vairota masikati, akaita basa rose remurume wemba - kugadzirisa midziyo yakaputsika, kurembera magetsi eKisimusi, kubika steak.
Kuve amanuensis, nenzira, chero chinhu kunze kwekuita. Mushure mezvose, hapazove nenguva yakakwana munyika kana iwe uchifanira kuudza maoko ako zvekuita mumamiriro ese ezvinhu: svika kune kapu yekofi, vhara chigunwe icho chakatenderedza mubato waro, uuye nacho kumuromo wako. Nenzira imwecheteyo, amanuensis inofanirwa kutarisira zvinodiwa, kugadzirira maturusi, uye kuziva kana chimwe chinhu chisipo.
Uye pfungwa iyi yekuti chimwe chinhu chaishaikwa - kukudzwa kubva kumakore angu nababa vangu - yaikura mandiri pandakatarisa mufananidzo uye kufunga nezvemhinduro idzodzo. Yakanga iri pakati pechirimo cha2017 uye kuratidzwa kwakagadzirirwa kuvhurwa mukudonha. Makabati emafaira aiva muhofisi mangu akanga akazara nemifananidzo, achifashukira kuita mirwi yaiva pauriri hwaikwira kusvika kumachira angu. Mushure mekutamburira kubvisa mifananidzo iyi kubva muGuantánamo, ndakashaya kuti ndotaura sei kuti chimwe chikamu chinofanira kuonekwa nenyika uye chimwe chinofanira kugara musungwa mune rimwe dhirowa rine rima.
Rusununguko rweMakungwa
Saka ndakabvunza zvakare - panguva ino nekutumira email Mansoor Adayfi, aimbova musungwa achishanda pane memoir nezvenguva yake kuGuantánamo. Iye akatsanangura kuti makamuri evasungwa akanga ari pedyo negungwa. Vainzwa kunhuwa nekunzwa kufefetera, asi nemhaka yekuti tara dzaivavharira kuona, vaisambozviona. Kamwe chete, apo dutu rakanga richiuya, varindi vakabvisa tarp dziya kubva pafenzi dzaiparadzanisa nemvura. Mazuva mashoma gare gare, pavakadzokera kumusoro, vasungwa vemifananidzo vakatanga kudhirowa mifananidzo yegungwa sechinotsiva chavainge vaona mukati menguva pfupi iyoyo yerusununguko rwekuona.
Kamwe kamwe, zviono zvisingaperi zvemvura - ndiko kuti, rusununguko - zvakava nemusoro kwandiri. Uye ndakanzwisisa chimwe chinhu zvakare. Guantánamo igadziriro yakagadzirirwa kupenda varume yainobata sezvikara, mhuka, vanhu vadiki vasingakodzeri kodzero dzakakosha semiyedzo yakanaka. Ndicho chikonzero vasungwa ivavo vaitaura, asi vasingatauri, neunyanzvi hwavo. Nei vaizotaura chero chinhu chingaisa mungozi yekudonha kubva mukubata chero kusina njodzi kwavakanga vachiri vanako?
Vaitarisira rimwe zuva kuti vasunungurwe, izvo zvaisaita kuti zviitike kana zviremera zvikagutsikana kuti vaive vakatsamwira United States. Uye kunyange kusunungurwa kwaisazoreva rusununguko rwokutaura, sezvo ivo aizotumirwa kunyika dzakanga dzatenderana kuvagamuchira. Zvichienderana nenyasha dzehurumende idzi, vaizoramba vachirarama hupenyu hwakamanikidzika mumamiriro ezvinhu akaomerwa, vasingambofi vakagumbura aya matsva ezviremera zvakare.
Ini zvechokwadi ndaiva Mumwe. Ndinogona kududzira zvisizvo uye kumiririra zvisizvo, asi hapana mubvunzo kuti chero munhu ari munyika yedu angataurira maartist aya. Uye vakanga vasingagone kutaura vega.
Saka ndakawedzera rondedzero yangu pakhathalogi, ichiita ekphrastic. Ndakavaratidza zvaifamba zvichishaikwa mumifananidzo yavo. Kwakanga kusiri kuti pakanga pasina vanhu mumifananidzo yavo. Zvaiva zvekuti mabasa iwayo aive nemakomba asingaoneki paifanira kunge paine vanhu. Mabhoti ose iwayo asina vanhu, achifamba achiyambuka mvura dzakashama idzodzo, akanga akatakura mifananidzo isingaonekwi yevanyori vemifananidzo sezvavakanga vasingatombozvifungi ivo pachavo: vakasununguka. Kunyangwe pakange pasina zvikepe, gungwa rine mukurumbira rinoshanduka rakashanda sechinhu chakavanzika. Mhepo dzayo uye masaisai nematombo zvaimiririra manzwiro ezvese-zvemunhu evanyori pasina kumboita kuti zvionekwe kune macensors.
Zvechokwadi, zvakanga zvisina ngozi zvikuru kwandiri kududzira zvavaitaura pane kuti vazvitaure zvakananga. Ndakanga ndavhurira baba vangu mikova yakawanda pandakanga ndiri mubatsiri wavo, ndichimhanyira mberi kuti ndione kuti nzira yakanga yakachena uye kuti pakanga pasina masitepisi aishamisa. Kana zvaivepo, zvaive kwandiri kutsvaga nzira itsva.
Izvi ndizvo zvandaida kuitira maartist. Vhura magonhi, ongorora nzira, asi magonhi avo anosarudzwa, nzira dzavo dzaanosarudza, kwete dzangu. Vakanga vandiudza kuti vaida kuti vanhu vavaone sevanhu uye ndiyo nyaya yandakaedza kuvaitira.
Zvakazoitika, sezviri pachena ndakabudirira zvishoma. Mushure mekunge chiratidziro chavhurwa uye chakagamuchira huwandu hunoshamisa hwe media media, magweta evanyori vakaona kuti zviremera zvakanga zvichitora nguva yakareba uye yakareba kubvisa mifananidzo kuti ibve muGuantánamo. Zvino, mavhiki matatu apfuura, Dhipatimendi reDziviriro Wapikisa kuti art yese yakagadzirwa kuGuantánamo ndeye pfuma yehurumende. Vasungwa vakataura kuti varindi vavo vakabva vavaudza chero hunyanzvi hwasara kana vakamboburitswa huchapiswa uye mashandiro ari muchitokisi avo anonzi "akawandisa" anongoraswa.
Sezvinei nemazhinji masarudzo esarudzo nezveGuantánamo, chikonzero chechokwadi cheichi chinoramba chakavanzika. Fungidziro yangu: zviremera zveUnited States ikoko zvakashamiswa kuti mifananidzo yavakanga vachinyatsoongorora nokuda kwemashoko akavanzika akanga ane aibatanidza avakanga vapotsa: kuti vaigadzira vaiva vanhu. Kunova ndiko chaizvo kuziva izvo zviremera zvinoda kumisa isu tose kuti tisave kana Guantánamo ichizoramba yakavhurika.
Erin L. Thompson, mubatsiri we“ “Ode kuenda kuGungwa: Art kubva kuGuantánamo” naCharlie Shields naPaige Laino, mubatsiri wepurofesa we art crime paJohn Jay College. Her bhuku, Possession: Iyo Inodadisa Nhoroondo yeVatengi Vega kubva kuAntiquity kusvika Ikozvino, raive NPR Best Book ra2016. Mutevere pa Twitter pa @artcrimeprof.
[Cherechedza: Chiratidziro "Ode kuenda kuGungwa: Art kubva kuGuantánamo” inoratidzwa muNew York City kuMutungamiriri weGarari yeJohn Jay College, 899 10th Avenue (6th Floor) kusvika Ndira 28, 2018.]
Chinyorwa ichi chakatanga kuoneka paTomDispatch.com, weblog yeNational Institute, iyo inopa kuyerera kwakadzikama kwemamwe masosi, nhau, uye maonero kubva kuna Tom Engelhardt, mupepeti wenguva refu mukutsikisa, co-muvambi weAmerican Empire Project, munyori we Mugumo Wekukunda Muitiro, serinovhero, Mazuva Ekupedzisira Ekudhinda. Bhuku rake razvino nderekuti Shadow Government: Surveillance, Secret Wars, uye Global Security State muNyika-Inotyisa (Mabhuku eShimarket).
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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