Pakutanga yakatumirwa mukati Resilience.

Mumusha uri kure wokumaruwa weDauphin, muruwa rweCanada rweManitoba, nyanzvi dzezveupfumi dzakaedza imwe nzira isingawanzoitiki. Mumakore ekuma1970, vakanyengetedza hurumende yepurovhinzi kuti ipe mari kumhuri dzine urombo kuti vaone kana mari yakavimbiswa inogona kuvandudza zvibereko zvavo. Mukati memakore ekuedza uku kwe“Mincome”, mhuri dzakawana mari yaisvika zviuru gumi nezvitanhatu zvemadhora ekuCanada (kana kuti yakawedzera kusvika pachiyero ichocho). Nevagari ve16,000, Dauphin aive akakura zvakakwana kuti ave yakanaka data set asi isina kunyanyokurisa zvekukanganisa hurumende.

Migumisiro yacho yaishamisa, kusanganisira kuderera kukuru kwezvipatara uye kuvandudzwa kwehuwandu hwekupedza chikoro chesekondari. Mushure memakore mana, zvakadaro, mari yekuyedza yakaoma, uye uyu muenzaniso wekutanga wepasi rose mari inowanikwa (UBI) yaive. kupotsa kukanganwika.

Nhasi, mapurojekiti akadaro eUBI ave akajairika. Mumujaho wemutungamiri weUS muna 2020, Andrew Yang akaita "mugove wake werusununguko" wemadhora chiuru pamwedzi semusimboti webato rake rezvematongerwo enyika. Mapurojekiti akati wandei ari kusimuka uye ari kushanda muCalifornia. Kutaura zvazviri, anenge maguta 1,000 eU.S parizvino ipa pasina-tambo-yakabatanidzwa mari nguva nenguva (sezvo vanogamuchira vese vane mari yakaderera, zvirongwa izvi hazvisi zvehunyanzvi "zvese"). Mune dzimwe nyika, zvakare, mabasa ekutanga emari ave akakurumbira, kusanganisira chirongwa chemugari mutsva chemari muguta reBrazil reMarica. Mapurogiramu ekutanga emari aive aripo, muchidimbu, muMongolia neIran. Masangano anomirira vagari akaita se Latin American Network yeBasic Income vakasundira shanduko kubva pazasi.

Kusiyana nepakati pemakore ekuma1970, mari inowanikwa pasi rose inofanirwa kukwikwidzana nezvinhu zviviri: huremu hwemagariro echinyakare asi ane masangano emagariro uye zvinodikanwa zvezvitsva zvekutanga, kunyanya zvakatipoteredza.

"Maitiro ezvehutano ekare akavakirwa pakusimukira kwehupfumi, pakukura kwehupfumi izvo zvinounza mabasa nemari," anodaro nyanzvi yezvehupfumi Ruben Lo Vuolo, nhengo yeCentro Interdisciplinario de Estudios de Políticas Públicas kuArgentina, at. kurukurirano yazvino uno yeUBI inotsigirwa neEcosocial Pact yeSouth uye Global Just Transition. “Izvo zvakarongwa zvichibva pakuti vanhu vachange vaine mabasa nekupa mukurarama kwavo uye nyika inenge iine mari yekuvabhadhara. Asi parizvino nyika inoti haikwanise kuramba ichikura uye haikwanise kuunza mabasa sezvayaiita kare. Tiri kuona kukura kushoma pane kuma1950 kana 1970s asi kwakawanda kusaenzana uye kuwedzera kabhoni emissions. Naizvozvo, hwaro hwegadziriro yenzanga yakapokana zvakakomba nokuchinja kwemamiriro okunze.”

Uku kukakavara pakati pepfungwa dzenharaunda-yemagariro ehurumende uye zvakakosha kuderedza kushandiswa kwezviwanikwa zvinoreva izvozvo

“Tinofanira kurega kufunga nezvenyika inogona kugadzirisa zvinenge zvakuvadzwa totanga kufunga imwe iyoyo zvinodzivirira zvinokuvadza: nyika isina hanya nekukura kwehupfumi uyezve kugovera asi kugovera pachayo, "

Lo Vuolo anoenderera mberi. Sangano reSocial Welfare rinopa muripo kune vakarasikirwa nemabasa, vakawirwa nenjodzi yeutano, kana kuti vanoda zvimwe zvinhu zvokudyisa mhuri. Pane kudaro, itsva eco-social state inofanirwa kunge iri kufunga nzira dzekudzivirira izvo zvakaipa mhedzisiro pakutanga.

Chinokosha kune iyi dambudziko rekugovera patsva, hongu, inyaya yemuchina. Nyika inovimba nemusika kuzadzisa zvidikanwi kana pane dzimwe nzira dzekuongorora uye nekuzadzisa izvo zvinodiwa? Imwe yekuremara kukuru kwemusika ndeyekutarisa kwayo pamhedzisiro yenguva pfupi.

"Nehupfumi hunoenderana nezvinodiwa nemusika, hazvigoneke kugadzira chibvumirano chemarudzi chinotora shanduko yemamiriro ekunze," Lo Vuolo anowedzera. "Kana tikaramba tiri munzira iyi, zvizvarwa zvinotevera hazvizove nenharaunda ine hutano."

Imwe yezvinonyanya kukoshesa nyika yerubatsiro rwemagariro ndeye kuona kuti avo vane zviwanikwa zvakakwana havawane rubatsiro. Izvi zvakakonzera kunowanzo kuoma masisitimu e "nzira yekuyedza."

Universal nzira dzekuwana mari, Lo Vuolo anonongedza, flip nzira iyi mumusoro wayo. Panzvimbo pekutarisisa zviwanikwa zvevanhu vakawanda pakuona kuti vakapfuma havagamuchire mabhenefiti, chimiro chepasi rose cheUBI chinovimbisa kuti hapana anoda rubatsiro anosiiwa. Zvichakadaro, mutemo unofambira mberi wemutero unonangana nezvikamu uko hupfumi hwakanangana kugadzirisa mibvunzo “yekugovewa zvisina tsarukano” pamwe nekupa mari zvikomborero zvepasi rose. Yakadaro "inoenderera mberi yekugovera" sisitimu ine imwe bhenefiti yekudzvinyirira kushandiswa pakati pevapfumi kunyangwe ichiwedzera kushandiswa pakati pezvikamu zvakanyanya kutambura.

A UBI zano harigone kushanda, zvisinei, kana vanhu vachifanira kubhadhara kune veruzhinji zvinhu senge dzidzo uye zvekufambisa. Kudzikiswa kwekabhoni yenyika, zvakadaro, hakudi chete hurongwa hweveruzhinji hwakasimba padanho renyika asi masangano ari padanho repasi rose anoronga kudzikiswa. Nekudaro, rekodhi kusvika parizvino yekutevedzera zvibvumirano zvepasi rose zvekudzikisa kuburitswa kwekabhoni zvave zvakashata.

Muenzaniso weStockton

Stockton iguta repakati nepakati muCalifornia rine huwandu hwevanhu vanopfuura mazana matatu ezviuru. Inowanikwa anenge 300,000 mamaira kumabvazuva kweSan Francisco mune zvekurima-rakapfuma Central Valley. Muna 85, zvakare yakaratidza kubhuroka, guta guru reU.S. kuita kudaro panguva iyoyo. Mukupindura, hurumende yemanisipala akarova mabasa eruzhinji. Kushaikwa kwemabasa kwakawedzera, uye kushaikwa kwedzimba dzisingadhuri kwakakonzera kuwedzera kukuru kwekushaya pekugara. Mumwe muvagari vana aigara pasi mutsara wehurombo.

Muna 2017, Stockton akasarudza kutora chikamu mukuyedza kwakafanana nekwakaitika muDauphin kuma1970s. Sangano reStockton Economic Empowerment Demonstration (SEED), sekutaura kunoita zita rayo, rinosimbisa sarudzo dzinoitwa nevanhu uye sangano ravanoshandisa mukuita sarudzo idzodzo. Kuti ukwanise kutora chikamu muSEED, waifanira kunge uri mugari wemuStockton munharaunda yaive iri kana kuti pasi pemuhoro weguta wepakati pemadhora makumi mana nematanhatu. Vatori vechikamu vakasarudzwa zvisina tsarukano. Vanhu zana nemakumi maviri nevashanu vakapihwa mazana mashanu emadhora pamwedzi kwemakore maviri. Vamwe vatori vechikamu muchirongwa, pasina kugamuchira chinhu, vakaumba boka rekutonga.

Kuti vaone kushanda kwekuyedza, vaongorori vakabvunza mibvunzo mitatu: mari yekuwedzera yakakanganisa sei kusagadzikana kwemari pamwedzi, kusagadzikana uku kwakakanganisa sei kugara zvakanaka, uye mari yakavimbiswa yakavandudza sei kugona kwevatori vechikamu kudzora ramangwana ravo?

Sekutsanangura kunoita SEED's Research and Program Officer Erin Coltrera, boka rakatambira mari yepasi rose raive nekushomeka kwemari.

"Kune huwandu hunogara huchitaurwa hwekuti vangangoita hafu yevagari vemuUS vangasarudza kusabhadhara mari yekukurumidzira yemadhora mazana mana nemari kana mari yakaenzana," anodaro. "Vanogona kushandisa chikwereti panzvimbo. Asi izvi zvine zvazvinoreva kwenguva refu nekuti zvinoreva kuti emergency yemadhora mazana mana inodhura nekufamba kwenguva. ”

Nekuwedzera kwemadhora mazana mashanu pamwedzi, vatori vechikamu veSEED vaive nemukana wekukwanisa kubata emergency nemari.

Sezvakaita Dauphin, kuyedza kweStockton kwakaratidza kuvandudzwa kwakajeka kwehutano hwepfungwa. Coltrera anodzokorora mumwe mutori wechikamu:

“Ndaiva nekutya uye kuzvidya mwoyo. Ndaifanira kunwa piritsi. Handina kutora izvozvo kwenguva. Ndaigara ndichifamba nemapiritsi.”

Mari yavanotambira yakaita mutsauko chaiwo kuvakadzi vaiita basa rekuchengeta vasina kubhadharwa.

"Mari yeSEED yakavabvumira kuti vazvikoshese nenzira dzavasina kufuratira, semuenzaniso kubata nezvekurapa kwavo kana kuzviisa munhoroondo yavo," Coltrera anotsanangura.

Kumwe kushoropodzwa kwemari dzemihoro idzo dzinoita kuti vanotambira vasatsvage basa. Chirongwa cheSEED chakaratidza zvakapesana. Pakutanga kwekuedza, 28 muzana chete yevakagamuchira vaiva nebasa renguva yakazara. Gore rimwe gare gare, nhamba iyoyo yakanga yawedzera kusvika ku40 muzana.

"Vakagamuchira vakakwanisa kuwedzera mubhadharo kuti vavandudze tarisiro yavo yebasa," Coltrera anodaro. "Iyo $500 yakabvumira vatori vechikamu kuderedza basa renguva pfupi kuti vapedze kudzidziswa kana kosi izvo zvakazoita kuti vashande nguva yakazara."

Mumwe aigamuchira, semuenzaniso, anga achikodzera kuwana rezinesi rezvivakwa kwegore asi haana kukwanisa kutora nguva yekupedzisa rezinesi. $500 yakabvumira munhu kuti atore nguva yekuenda uye kupedza rezinesi rake, kuvhura basa nemimwe mikana yehupfumi.

Mari iyi yakapawo vanhu mukana wekusarudza. Vaigona kusarudza kurega kugara nemhuri, semuenzaniso, izvo zvaireva kusunungura nguva yaimboshandiswa pabasa risina kubhadharwa.

Coltrera anotsanangura kuti: “Kana zvinodiwa zvinokosha zvangoitwa, vanhu vanogona kutsanangura nzira duku uye dzine musoro dzokuvimba, kusarudza, uye pfungwa yokuchengeteka.”

Critiques yeUBI

Kumwe kutsoropodza kukuru kwemari yepasi rose ndeyekuti inokurudzira "parasitism." Kana vanhu vakagamuchira mari isina tambo dzakabatanidzwa, vanove vanovimba neaya anopihwa uye vorega kushanda. “Pane pfungwa iyi yokuti kana usiri kuwana mubairo wechimwe chinhu, hapana zvauri kuita,” anoshuma kudaro Ailynn Torres, munzveri weCuba weRosa Luxemburg Foundation iri muEcuador. Sezvinoratidzwa nenyaya yeStockton, zvakadaro, mubhadharo hauna kudzikisira kutora chikamu mumusika wevashandi. Uye mari yacho inosvika kuvanhu vasingatarisirwi neimwe nzira yesocial welfare, vakadai sevaya vanoita mabasa epamba asingabhadharwi.

Chechitatu chekushoropodza, kubva kuruboshwe, ndechekuti UBI haisi anti-capitalist.

“UBI harisi piritsi remashiripiti rinogumisa zvinhu zvakaipa munzanga,” Torres anobvuma kudaro. "Asi nekuti ndeyepasirese uye haina zvisungo, inobatsira vanhu pasina chero chinhu. Zvinotibvumira kuti tifunge zvakare zvakasiyana-siyana uye kuongorora kudyidzana kwekodzero. Uye chii chinokosha kupfuura kutsigira upenyu? UBI haisi yeutopian asi chirongwa chezvematongerwo enyika chakaratidzwa kuti chinogona kuitika. "

Kutsoropodza kwekupedzisira kunosanganisira mutengo wakazara weUBI. "Takaona gakava pamusoro pekuti toita sei izvi nemari," Torres anoenderera mberi.

“Vatsoropodzi vanoti, ‘Kunodhura zvamazvirokwazvo, hatigoni kuripa nemari.’ Asi ungazviita here kupfurikidza nokubvisa betsero dzomunzvimbomo nokubatanidza zvirongwa pamwe chete, kubvisa ndyiko dzokutarisira uye zvomenemene kuwedzera betsero? Chokwadi, tinofanira kushandura mubvunzo. Haisi iyo yakawanda sei UBI inodhura. Ndiyo mari yakawanda sei kwete kuve neUBI."

Nyika dzinoverengeka muLatin America dziri kutarisa mune imwe vhezheni yeUBI. Uruguay iri kuongorora mari yeUBI kuburikidza nemutero wehupfumi hwemunhu. Mexico, zvakare, iri kutarisa kugadziridzwa kwemitero kunofambira mberi kuti ibvise penjeni yevakweguru uye mari inotambirwa nevana. Ajendina akatanga chirongwa cheEmergency Family Income panguva yedenda kuchengetedza vanhu vangangosvika mamirioni mapfumbamwe panguva yekuvhara uye kuderera kwehupfumi. Zvinoenderana nekumwe fungidziro, UBI yakawedzera inodhura 9 muzana yeGDP yeArgentina. Imwe fungidziro, yeBrazil, inoratidza kuti chikamu chimwe kubva muzana cheGDP chinogona kuvhara mari yekutanga kune varombo makumi matatu muzana vevanhu.

Zvakadaro, kutsvagisa kwakawanda kunodiwa kuratidza kuti UBI inogona kusimbisa sei nharaunda dzenharaunda, kuti inogona kuwedzera sei kuwana kune zvakakosha masevhisi anosanganisira mabhanga, uye rudzii rwemutsauko yainayo munharaunda dzakasiyana dzemadzinza. Kuunza mari yakawanda munharaunda dzechivanhu dzeAmazon, uko raramo isingaenderane nehukama hwemusika we capitalist uye vanhu vagara vachirwira kucherechedzwa kwekodzero dzevanhu, zvinogona kukonzera kukuvadza kupfuura kunaka, semuenzaniso. Nekudaro, munyika dzakasiyana siyana dzetsika, kunyanya dzakatenderedza vanhu veko, kuchinjika kwetsika dzeUBI zvinoenderana nesarudzo dzakabatanidzwa dzevanogamuchira kunogona kuve kwakarongeka.

Amaia Perez Orozco, nyanzvi yezvehupfumi yechikadzi kubva kuSpain, anotenda kuti UBI inogona kuve chikamu chepasuru yeshanduko yemagariro nehupfumi. Zvakawanda zvinoenderana, zvisinei, pamabatirwo azvinoitwa nemari uye kushandiswa. Dambudziko, anodaro, inyaya yakafararira yekuputsika kwezvisikwa, kusaenzana kwemarudzi, uye kuchengetedzeka kukuru kwehupenyu pasi pekuparadzira mercantilization. "UBI inogona kuita basa rekusunungura mumamiriro ezvinhu aya?" Anobvunza kudaro.

Saka, semuenzaniso, iyo UBI inopa vanhu mari yekubhadharira inishuwarenzi yehutano yakazvimirira here kana iyo UBI yakanyudzwa muhurongwa hwehutano hwenyika? UBI inobatsira here muchikwereti chikuru chenyika uye nekudaro kuvimba nemisika yemari yepasi rose? UBI iri kuwedzera kushandiswa kusingagoneki uye kuita kuti kuhodha zviwanikwa zviwedzere here? Varume, vanopihwa mari yekutanga, vachawedzera basa ravo rekuchengeta here kana kuti maUBI achasimbisa kupatsanurwa kwevakadzi nevamwe zvichibva parudzi rwedzinza sezvo vapfumi vachiramba vachiburitsa mabasa aya?

Kune rimwe divi, kana UBI ichidzikisa kutsamira pazvinhu zvevakadzi,

"Zvinogona kuvhura nzira yemabasa matsva, mikana mitsva yekuzorora, sarudzo yekusiya hukama hwechisimba," Ailynn Torres anowedzera. "Vakadzi vaizova nemikana yakawanda yekutaurirana nezvemamiriro avo ebasa."

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